À l'heure actuelle, deux formes de sanctions pénales s'opposent et se complètent : une forme classique et rétributive, la peine, et une forme plus moderne et essentiellement préventive, la mesure de sûreté. Ces deux sanctions pénales, si elles ne possèdent ni les mêmes fondements, ni les mêmes objectifs, sont pourtant parfois difficiles à différencier. La question des rapports qu'elles entretiennent est récurrente mais au regard de l'augmentation constante du nombre de mesures de sûreté dans la loi pénale depuis ces dernières années, elle mérite désormais une réponse. Cette dernière sera apportée à l'aune de la notion d'autonomie qui permettra d'une part d'identifier clairement les mesures de sûreté et d'autre part de dégager un ensemble de règles plus ou moins spécifiques destinées à clarifier leur régime juridique. De cette manière, la légitimité de l'existence des mesures de sûreté pourra être confirmée. / At the moment, two forms of penalties oppose and complement each other: a classic shape and rétributive, the sentences, and a more modern and essentially preventive shape, the safety measures. These two criminal punishments, if they do not possess either the same foundations, or the same objectives, are nevertheless sometimes difficult to differentiate. The question of the relationships which they maintain is recurring but with regard to the constant increase of the number of safety measures in the penal law for these last years, it deserves from now on an answer. The latter will be brought in the form of the notion of autonomy which will on one hand allow to identify clearly safety measures and on the other hand to clear a set of more or less specific rules intended to clarify their legal regime. In this way, the legitimacy of the existence of safety measures can be confirmed.

The incidence of sexual assault inundates the courts with many cases each year. Given the unique nature of the crime, judges and juries are faced with an array of different scenarios to which they are required to make fair, justifiable and consistent decisions. I examine child sexual assault cases of Dallas County 1999-2005, I look at both legal and extralegal factors including case characteristics, institutional characteristics and characteristics of the defendants and the victims. First, I examine the impact of the independent variables on sentence length using regression analysis to determine influences on sentencing for judges and juries. Second, I examine the same factors using Probit analysis to determine which characteristics make a life sentence more probable for those decision-makers.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sentencing practice of the military courts. Since an independent and impartial military judiciary is essential to ensure that justice is done a further aim of this study is to investigate whether the military courts are impartial, independent and affords the accused his fair trial rights. The sentences imposed by military courts are investigated and concerns regarding the imposition of these sentences are identified. Finally the appeal and review procedures followed by the military courts are investigated with specific reference to the military accused’s right appeal and review to a higher court as provided for by the Constitution. The sentencing phase of a trial forms an important part of the whole trial process. This is also true for military trials, yet no research has been done on military sentencing practice. Because of the potential influence of the draft Military Discipline Bill and the Law Reform Commission’s revision of the defence legislation on sentencing, research in this area is critical in the positive development of sentencing law in the military justice environment. An extensive literature study is undertaken to evaluate current military sentencing practices against civilian practices. The result of this study identifies certain concerns regarding the independence of the military courts, the treatment of military offenders and the appeal and review powers of the military reviewing authority. To a large extent it is also found that many concerns are based on the apparent rather than the existence of any real dangers to the independence of the military courts or the rights of the military accused. This thesis contributes to the accessibility of military law for a civilian audience, creating a platform for the development of future military sentences. / Jurisprudence / LL. D.

This diploma thesis compares the performance of bilinguals and of interpreting students in simultaneous interpreting. The compared data are from the experiment, within which we tested 3 bilinguals (without any or with little experience in simultaneous interpreting) and 3 trained students of the interpreting MA study programme. The data were collected in the language combination Czech - German. Part of this thesis are also two questionnaires. When comparing the interpreting performances (in form of transcripts of recordings), following interpreting strategies and factors were put emphasis on: salami technique (and related aspects), finishing sentences, hesitation sounds and interferences. This diploma thesis aims at illustrating the effects of the simultaneous interpreting training. The whole thesis is being run through by the question, whether the skill of simultaneous interpreting is an accompanying effect of bilingualism, or whether (and alternatively to what extent) this skill is derived from interpreting training. Keywords: interpreting, simultaneous interpreting, interpreting strategies, interpreting lessons, practice in interpreting, salami technique, finishing sentences, hesitation sounds, interferences, bilingualism, didactics, psycholinguistics

Au cours du XIIe siècle, au cœur des villes du royaume de France rendues prospères par les développements des échanges commerciaux, apparaît un nouveau monument qui incarne l’autorité du haut justicier local et son emprise sur l’espace urbain. Ce poteau armorié, appelé dès l’origine « pilori », est certes un instrument pénal qui permet d’exposer les criminels à la vindicte populaire. Ses usages sont pourtant plus riches que sa fonction punitive. Le pilori est aussi un outil de prévention du scandale, une institution au service de la paix du marché, où il est implanté, ainsi qu’un symbole de l’état du rapport de forces entre les différentes juridictions urbaines. Alors qu’il est central dans le paysage urbain, l’étude de ce signe de justice a longtemps été délaissée par l’historiographie. Le renouveau continu de l’histoire de la justice médiévale depuis les années 1990 invite à l’analyser avec le même sérieux dont les fourches patibulaires ont récemment bénéficié. Pour rendre compte de la pluralité de facettes du pilori et de la peine qui porte son nom, nous avons privilégié une approche anthropologique, centrée sur les parcours des agents confrontés à ces objets juridiques. Cela nous a amené à explorer les stratégies discursives des juges et juristes qui ont contribué à l’invention du pilori, puis à sa rapide diffusion dans tout le royaume. Nous observons ensuite comment les sens et usages de la peine d’exposition évoluent à mesure que de nouvelles juridictions s’en emparent. En parallèle, nous décrivons la prise en charge du rituel d’exposition par le public, moment de refondation, autour du personnel de justice et aux dépens du condamné, d’une confiance commune. Enfin, une sociographie des condamnés au pilori débouche sur une réflexion plus large visant à brosser le devenir des infâmes dans la société médiévale. / During the 12ᵗʰ century, at the heart of the French kingdom’s towns that thrive thanks to the development of trade, a new monument, embodying the local high justice and its foothold on the urban space, emerges. While this armorial stake, called « pillory » from the beginning, is indeed a penal device used to submit criminals to popular punishment, it has many other uses. The pillory also prevents scandals, helps protect peace on the market, where it stands, and embodies the balance of power between the different urban jurisdictions. Despite the pillory’s central location in the urban landscape, its study has been long neglected by historiography. The ongoing renewal of medieval justice studies since the 1990s encourages an analysis of the pillory as thorough as the recently-studied gallows have been. In order to expose the many facets of both the pillory and the punishment bearing the same name, an anthropological approach was favored, focusing on the stories of all the different people who were faced with these objects of justice. This brought us to explore the storytelling strategies of the judges and lawyers who contributed to the pillory’s invention and its subsequent fast spread throughout the entire kingdom. We then observe how the meanings and uses of the public exhibition sentence evolve as new jurisdictions make it their own. In the meantime, we describe how the public takes over the penal ritual, and how it rebuilds trust in each other. Finally, a sociography of the convicted to the pillory leads to broader thoughts on the fate of the infamous in medieval society.

The Diploma thesis analyses the existential construction there is/are and its Czech translation equivalents. The existential construction is used to present a new phenomenon and is thus one of the basic forms of the presentation scale. Even though it is a commonly used construction in English, there is no direct equivalent in Czech. It was, therefore, assumed that the most common means of translating the existential sentences to Czech would be the verb být, the Czech equivalent of the verb be (as in There is a long way ahead of us. = Je před námi dlouhá cesta.), mít, the Czech equivalent of the verb have (as in There is a long way ahead of us = Máme před sebou dlouhou cestu) or other lexical verbs explicitly expressing existence of the given phenomenon, such as existovat (=exist), objevit se (=appear) and others. The theoretical part summarizes literature and previous work on the problematics of the presentation scale, presentation sentences and the construction there is/are. It also provides information about the functional sentence perspective, which is essential to the discussed topic. The final part of the theoretical section briefly discusses the previous work on the Czech translation equivalents of the existential construction. The aim of the empirical part was to gather 200 English...

El Expediente N° 183516-2008 versa sobre la materia de Restitución Internacional del Menor, esta se configura cuando en un primer momento, se genera un hecho de Sustracción Internacional del Menor, es decir, cuando un menor de edad, hasta los 16 años, es trasladado o retenido ilícitamente por uno de sus padres en un país distinto al de su residencia habitual. En ese sentido, con la finalidad de proteger al menor de edad, en el plano internacional, de los efectos perjudiciales que podría ocasionarle un traslado o una retención ilícita, y de establecer los procedimientos que permitan garantizar su restitución, así como de asegurar la protección del derecho de visita, es que el Perú se hace parte de la Convención de la Haya sobre los Aspectos Civiles de la Sustracción Internacional de Menores del 25 de octubre de 1980, que tiene como objeto asegurar la restitución inmediata de los niños, niñas o adolescentes, trasladados o retenidos ilícitamente en cualquiera de los países contratantes y que los derechos de custodia y de visita vigentes en dichos países sean respetados en los demás Estados contratantes, priorizando el principio rector del Interés Superior del Niño en cada proceso. / The file No. 183516-2008 deals with the matter of International Minor Restitution, this is configured when at first an act of International Child Abduction is generated, and that is when a minor, up to 16 years of age, is unlawfully transferred or detained by one of his parents in a different country than his habitual residence. In this sense, in order to protect the minor, at the international level, from the detrimental effects that an illegal transfer or retention could cause, and to establish the procedures that allow guaranteeing their return, as well as ensuring the protection of the access right, is that Peru becomes a member of the Hague Convention on the 1980 Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, which aims to ensure the immediate restitution of children or adolescents, transferred or detained illegally in any of the contracting countries, and that the custody and access rights applicable in these countries were respected in all the contracting states, prioritizing the guiding principle of the best interests of the child in each process. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

This is a semantic study, dealing with style and technique in the short stories of D. B. Z. Ntuli. The study as a whole analyses Ntuli' s first six volumes of short stories. The first chapter is an introduction, dealing with the aim of the study. The second sub-section after aim is Ntuli's biographical notes. Full details of this author from high school attendance to his contribution during his working experience are given. Ntuli's biography is followed by the scope of study. Under this sub-heading, short story volumes to be analysed are clearly stated. The fourth sub-heading is the method of approach and a conclusion. Chapter two deals with various types of repetition, a literary technique. It analyses Ntuli's use of language, and repetition of sentences approaching it from different angles. Chapter three and four deal with choice of words. The former chapter handles the various types of language elements semantically and the latter deals specifically with the ideophone. The ideophone is sub-divided into two sub-sections: classification and usage. Chapter five deals with proverbial expressions and these are sub-divided into two sections: idioms and proverbs. The usage of idiomatic expressions is discussed under: verbs, nouns and qualificatives, while the proverbs are analysed under classification and syntax. Imagery is dealt with in chapter six. Imagery is further sub-divided into four categories: metaphor, simile, personification and symbolism. Style and structure are discussed in chapter seven. In this chapter various elements of language forms are handled: types of sentenceidiophonic; negative forms of the ideophone, with conjunctives; sentences with adverbs; the demonstratives; titles of short story volumes and naming of characters. Chapter eight is the general conclusion, reflecting on Ntuli's style and technique with special emphasis on his unique use of the language. Reference is made to discoveries regarding the author's use of vocabulary, and his techniques in using repetition as well as avoiding it, which is part of his style. His choice of words and how he arranges them on paper is also discussed. Ntuli's choice of titles in naming his short story volumes is summed up showing that these have been influenced by his background. The study concludes by suggesting areas that still require further analysis in Ntuli 's short stories. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

A variety of tools have been developed to assist in the quantification and analysis of naturalistic language samples. In recent years, computer technology has been employed in language sample analysis. This study compares a new automated index, Scoring Sentences Developmentally (SSD), to two existing measures. Eighty samples from three corpora were manually analyzed using DSS and MLU and the processed by the automated software. Results show all three indices to be highly correlated, with correlations ranging from .62 to .98. The high correlations among scores support further investigation of the psychometric characteristics of the SSD software to determine its clinical validity and reliability. Results of this study suggest that SSD has the potential to compliment other analysis procedures in assessing the language development of young children.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise se veut une étude du projet de loi C-4 visant à modifier Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour les adolescents (ci-après L.S.J.P.A.). Spécifiquement, nous nous intéressons à la volonté d'ajouter la dissuasion et la dénonciation en tant que principe de détermination de la peine chez les adolescents. La compatibilité de ces objectifs avec les principes de la L.S.J.P.A., ainsi que la constitutionnalité de cette inclusion constituent les fondements de notre questionnement. Pour bien étayer nos conclusions, nous effectuons une étude comparative des dispositions de la L.S. J.P.A., et du Code criminel concernant la détermination de la peine. De plus, nous examinons les grands principes juridiques, internationaux et canadiens, en matière de justice pénale pour mineurs.