The scope of this study includes relevant background information on Peter Schat and his compositions and process, an explanation of the Tone Clock system and a detailed analysis of one of his compositions, the Etudes for Piano and Orchestra, Opus 39. The intent is to demonstrate how the Tone Clock naturally evolved from the practices of the Second Viennese School and how it relates to both new and existing modern music. The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 presents a brief introduction to Peter Schat and the Tone Clock. Chapter 2 provides a more detailed biography of Peter Schat and traces the development and evolution of his compositional techniques, ultimately culminating in the Tone Clock. Chapter 3 provides a basic explanation of the Tone Clock itself, with demonstrations of various components through musical examples and illustrations. Chapter 4 is a detailed analysis of the Etudes for Piano and Orchestra, Opus. 39. Chapter 5 summarizes the results of the study, with special attention to the impact of the Tone Clock on performance from the perspective of the performer. The analysis of the Etudes was completed by using the Tone Clock as an analytical tool, aided by the composer's original manuscript and sketches for the work. The goal of the study is to establish the value of the Tone Clock as both a compositional and analytical tool.

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This thesis addresses critical strategies that have been used, or might be used, to approach Pärt's tintinnabuli music. It has three main objectives: to question prevalent narratives drawn around the tintinnabuli concept, to suggest interpretative frameworks that could yield fresh insights into that concept's 'meaning', and to introduce new and neglected materials to anglophone Pärt discourse. In studying the mediating role of the tintinnabuli scholar, I also confront some of the ethical challenges associated with research on living composers. This project places special emphasis on localised narratives of production and influence in Pärt's music, and draws extensively on Estonian primary source material. A major hermeneutic guide has been the composer's 1994 description of seeking 'the appropriate system for the gesture', and this idea figures in each of the four main chapters. Chapter 1 describes and questions existing knowledge around tintinnabuli, approaching this task through a study of "Wenn Bach Bienen Gezüchtet Hätte ...", a work chosen for its critically fertile 'cusp' status. Chapter 2 concentrates on Pärt's explorations of 'Soviet serialism' from 1960-3, engaging with withdrawn and film scores in addition to the well-known "Nekrolog". I discuss this music in terms of a complex freedom-constraint interplay, and suggest links to the tintinnabuli style. Taking "Sarah Was Ninety Years Old" as a case study, Chapter 3 turns to listener-oriented frameworks of musical meaning. I offer an experiential reading of the piece that places tintinnabuli in dialogue with body-based theories of cognition. Lastly, Chapter 4 addresses texted tintinnabuli. I build up a reading of "Miserere" in terms of 'musical rhetoric', comparing Pärt's compositional strategies to those used by Josquin des Prez in the 1503 motet "Miserere Mei, Deus". I also consider the implications of music-rhetorical analogy for wider understandings of the 'tintinnabuli' concept.

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The objective of this paper is to show how Olivier Messiaen's Mode de valeurs et d'intensites influenced the development of postwar serialism. Written at Darmstadt in 1949, Mode de valeurs is considered the first European work to organize systematically all the major musical parameters: pitch, duration, dynamics, articulation, and register. This work was a natural step in Messiaen's growth toward complete or nearly complete systemization of musical parameters, which he had begun working towards in earlier works such as Vingt regards sur 1'Enfant-Jesus (1944), Turangalila-symphonie (1946-8), and Cantyodjaya (1949), and which he continued to experiment with in later works such as Ile de Feu II (1951) and Livre d'orgue (1951). The degree of systematic control that Messiaen successfully applied to each of the musical parameters influenced two of the most prominent post-war serial composers, Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen, to further develop systematic procedures in their own works. This paper demonstrates the degree to which both Boulez' Structures Ia (1951) and Stockhausen's Kreuzspiel (1951) used Mode de valeurs as a model for the systematic organization of musical parameters.

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In the summer of 1953, Karlheinz Stockhausen began composing his first piece of elektronische Musik at the Westdeutscher Rundfunk Studio for Electronic Music in Cologne. Up to that point, Stockhausen's only experience with electroacoustic music was his time spent at the Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française the previous year, where he assisted Pierre Schaeffer and composed a piece of musique concrète. An early case study in the marriage of serial aesthetics and electroacoustic techniques, Studie I is a rigorously organized work that reflects Stockhausen's compositional philosophy of a unified structural principle in which all musical materials and parametric values are generated by and arranged according to a single governing series. In spite of this meticulously wrought serial structure, Studie I displays features that are the consequences of the realities of electronic sound production either imposing on the sonic result, or altering the compositional plan entirely. I use a three-part approach to my analysis of Studie I by examining Stockhausen's serial system, the electroacoustic studio techniques in use in 1953, and the original recorded realization through spectrographic analysis. Using this methodology, I expose the blurring of the supposed divide between elektronische Musik and musique concrète by exploring the features that lie between the serial plan and the technical processes Stockhausen used to realize Studie I.

O principal objetivo desse trabalho é observar como o compositor italiano Luigi Dallapiccola trabalha, cria e manipula o material musical, as séries e seus desdobramentos, na composição da ópera Il Prigioniero. Por se tratar de uma obra conduzida por um percurso dramático, a análise também envolve, quando necessário, aspectos narrativos, dramatúrgicos, cenográficos e, consequentemente, psicológicos - ao abordar os personagens e suas interações na história. Durante a pesquisa, foram revelados processos composicionais idiossincráticos na maneira como Dallapiccola trabalha o serialismo, em particular, quando o compositor deriva coleções octatônicas de séries dodecafônicas, criando complexos harmônicos e melódicos, inter-relacionando materiais de natureza aparentemente antagônicas. A fim de demonstrar com a maior clareza possível a diversidade de materiais e técnicas utilizadas na criação da ópera, diferentes ferramentas analíticas foram aplicadas, muitas vezes de maneira complementar, durante as análises musicais. O trabalho está dividido em três capítulos sequenciais, além da introdução e das conclusões finais: o primeiro capítulo, introduz, de modo geral, a obra e o desenvolvimento técnico do compositor durante sua vida profissional; o segundo capítulo, aborda a construção dos materiais que alicerçam a composição da ópera; e o terceiro capítulo, expõe a maneira como o compositor cria e desenvolve a composição dramático-musical da ópera. / The main goal of this work is observing how the Italian composer Luigi Dallapiccola works, creates and manipulates the musical material, the series and its unfolding, in the composition of the opera \"Il Prigioniero\". Because it is a dramatic work, the analysis also involves, when necessary, narrative, dramaturgical, scenographic and, consequently, psychological aspects - in approaching the characters and their interactions in history. During the research, idiosyncratic compositional processes were revealed in the way Dallapiccola works serialism when the composer derives octatonic collections from dodecaphonic series, creating harmonic and melodic complexes, interrelating antagonistic materials. To demonstrate as clearly as possible, the diversity of materials and techniques used in the creation of the opera, different analytical tools were applied, often in a complementary way, during the musical analyzes. The work is separated into three sequential chapters, in addition to the introduction and final conclusions: the first chapter introduces, in a general way, the work and technical development of the composer during his professional life; The second chapter deals with the construction of the materials that sustain the composition of the opera; And the third chapter, exposes the way the composer creates and develops the dramatic-musical composition of opera.

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