As one of the major energy consumers in the world, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector searches for efficient ways to cope with the energy expenditure of the infrastructure. One of the areas that tend to grow in the coming years, the Cloud Computing services providers look for approaches to change the energy expenditure pattern, concurrently reducing the operational costs. The most common strategy to cope with the energy consumption is related to its efficiency. However, there is the opportunity to encourage a new demand standard, based on the energy supply and price variation. A management approach that takes into account the uctuation of the energy to negotiate the contracts allocation is proposed. Contractible service terms regarding powering the services are established to enable the proposed management approach. Also, a new service layer able to deal with energy requirements is defined as an element of the Cloud Computing environment. Existing literature does not cope with the different terms of the energy supply and does not apply a management of the contracts simultaneously. The proposed method includes a service terms description, the energy-related service layer definition, and a framework for its implementation. A model designed to validate the approach applies a Use Case that simulates Data Centers (DCs) spread through the metropolitan area of S~ao Paulo. The obtained results show the ability of the model to manage the contracts allocation in accordance to the best exploitation of the self-generated energy. Taking into account the assignment costs range, to both user and services provider, the method negotiates the most affordable contracts assignment regarding the energy supply variation. / Como um dos maiores consumidores de energia do mundo, o setor de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) busca por maneiras eficientes para lidar com o consumo de energia da infraestrutura. Uma das áreas que tende a crescer nos próximos anos, os provedores de serviço de Computação em Nuvem procuram por abordagens para mudar o padrão de consumo de energia, ao mesmo tempo reduzindo custos operacionais. A estratégia mais comum para lidar com o consumo de energia é relacionada à sua eficiência. No entanto, há a oportunidade para incentivar um novo padrão de demanda por serviços de Computação em Nuvem, baseado na variação do fornecimento e preços da energia. Uma solução que considera a flutuação da energia para negociar a alocação é proposta. Termos de serviços contratáveis referentes a energizar os serviços são estabelecidos para permitir a solução de gerenciamento proposta. Também, uma nova camada de serviço capaz de lidar com requisitos da energia é definida como um elemento do ambiente de Computação em Nuvem. A literatura existente não lida com os diferentes termos do fornecimento da energia e com o gerenciamento de contratos simultaneamente. O método proposto inclui descrição dos termos de serviço, a definição da camada de serviço relacionada à energia e uma metodologia de implementação. Um modelo foi construído para validar a proposta através de um Caso de Uso que simula uma quantidade de Data Centers (DCs) espalhados pela região metropolitana de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos mostram a capacidade de gerenciar a alocação dos serviços buscando o melhor aproveitamento da energia auto-gerada pelo ambiente. Utilizando do critério de variação dos custos de alocação, tanto para o usuário quanto para o provedor de serviços, o método negocia a alocação mais favorável para os contratos em razão da variação do fornecimento de energia.

As one of the major energy consumers in the world, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector searches for efficient ways to cope with the energy expenditure of the infrastructure. One of the areas that tend to grow in the coming years, the Cloud Computing services providers look for approaches to change the energy expenditure pattern, concurrently reducing the operational costs. The most common strategy to cope with the energy consumption is related to its efficiency. However, there is the opportunity to encourage a new demand standard, based on the energy supply and price variation. A management approach that takes into account the uctuation of the energy to negotiate the contracts allocation is proposed. Contractible service terms regarding powering the services are established to enable the proposed management approach. Also, a new service layer able to deal with energy requirements is defined as an element of the Cloud Computing environment. Existing literature does not cope with the different terms of the energy supply and does not apply a management of the contracts simultaneously. The proposed method includes a service terms description, the energy-related service layer definition, and a framework for its implementation. A model designed to validate the approach applies a Use Case that simulates Data Centers (DCs) spread through the metropolitan area of S~ao Paulo. The obtained results show the ability of the model to manage the contracts allocation in accordance to the best exploitation of the self-generated energy. Taking into account the assignment costs range, to both user and services provider, the method negotiates the most affordable contracts assignment regarding the energy supply variation. / Como um dos maiores consumidores de energia do mundo, o setor de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) busca por maneiras eficientes para lidar com o consumo de energia da infraestrutura. Uma das áreas que tende a crescer nos próximos anos, os provedores de serviço de Computação em Nuvem procuram por abordagens para mudar o padrão de consumo de energia, ao mesmo tempo reduzindo custos operacionais. A estratégia mais comum para lidar com o consumo de energia é relacionada à sua eficiência. No entanto, há a oportunidade para incentivar um novo padrão de demanda por serviços de Computação em Nuvem, baseado na variação do fornecimento e preços da energia. Uma solução que considera a flutuação da energia para negociar a alocação é proposta. Termos de serviços contratáveis referentes a energizar os serviços são estabelecidos para permitir a solução de gerenciamento proposta. Também, uma nova camada de serviço capaz de lidar com requisitos da energia é definida como um elemento do ambiente de Computação em Nuvem. A literatura existente não lida com os diferentes termos do fornecimento da energia e com o gerenciamento de contratos simultaneamente. O método proposto inclui descrição dos termos de serviço, a definição da camada de serviço relacionada à energia e uma metodologia de implementação. Um modelo foi construído para validar a proposta através de um Caso de Uso que simula uma quantidade de Data Centers (DCs) espalhados pela região metropolitana de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos mostram a capacidade de gerenciar a alocação dos serviços buscando o melhor aproveitamento da energia auto-gerada pelo ambiente. Utilizando do critério de variação dos custos de alocação, tanto para o usuário quanto para o provedor de serviços, o método negocia a alocação mais favorável para os contratos em razão da variação do fornecimento de energia.

Despite the impressive progress over the last two decades in which millions of people worldwide have gained first time access to improved water and sanitation infrastructure, the reality for many is that shortly after infrastructure construction the actual service received by users slips back to unacceptably low levels. However, due to inadequate research and inconsistencies with how data and cost data has been collected and reported, very little is known of the necessary levels of expenditure required to sustain an acceptable (so called “basic”) water and sanitation service and this inhibits effective financial planning for households, communities, governments and donors alike. This thesis sought to provide a better understanding of what has historically been spent to provide different levels of water and sanitation services as a means to better understand the necessary expenditure required. Empirical findings are based on a large data sample of nearly 2,000 water points, over 4,000 latrines, and over 12,000 household surveys, which have been collected as part of three research projects (WASHCost, Triple-S, and WASHCost Sierra Leone), across five country research areas (Andhra Pradesh (India), Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone). Findings for water supply systems show that the combination of high capital investments of: $19 and $69 per person for community point sources and $33 – $216 per person for piped systems; and low recurrent expenditures of: $0.06 - $0.37 per person per year for point sources and $0.58 - $7.87 per person per year for piped systems; results in less than half of users receiving a “basic” level of service. Evidence based estimates of the required expenditure for acceptable services are found to be far greater than the “effective demand” expressed in terms of the willingness to pay of service users and national government for these services. Findings for sanitation show that constructing a household latrine that achieves “basic” service standards requires a financial investment of at least $40 that is likely to be an unaffordable barrier for many households in lower income countries. In addition the costs and affordability of periodic pit emptying remains a concern. Ultimately this research suggests that if international standard of improved water and sanitation services are to be sustained in rural areas, the international sector will likely have to provide additional investments to meet a significant proportion of the recurrent costs of delivering these services.

Background - A company’s distribution system is a critical component and businesses need to consider the aspects of customer service and total cost when designing the distribution system. A distribution system can be defined as the process of making products or services available for customers. The rise of e-commerce has increased the challenge of having a cost efficient distribution system together with a high standard of customer service.  The distribution system is put under heavy pressure to deliver goods as quickly as possible and at the lowest possible cost due to globalization and outsourcing. E-commerce involves a new approach of the distribution system with its small order sizes, daily order volumes and small parcel shipments that are often shipped the same day. Inventory management is being regarded as an important part of the distribution system. Inventory management is the ability to balance the demand of products with the supply of products in a cost-effectively way. Companies therefore need to use material planning methods to coordinate the flow of material effectively throughout the distribution system. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study Mionix’s current distribution system with focus on customer service and total cost. Based on the findings, this thesis will identify which costs that are possible to influence and reduce.  Secondly, the aim is to study how material planning methods can help Mionix to improve the inventory management function and propose measures for improvement. Method - This thesis has used a positivistic view with a deductive approach. It is a case study that contains elements of both qualitative and quantitative research strategy. In order to fulfil the purpose of the study the authors have conducted a flow and situational analysis in order to identify services and costs in the distribution system that Mionix can influence. Further, the authors conducted a situation analysis of Mionix’s current inventory management function. The authors then calculated and analysed how material planning methods such as EOQ, Total cost, Sensitivity analysis, Ordering points and optimal safety stock and service levels could improve Mionix’s inventory management function. Next, alternative solutions are presented together with the authors’ evaluations and recommendations for the company. The data that was needed to accomplish this was collected by performing interviews, observations and extracting data from computer system e.g. Excel. Conclusion - The authors have identified two distribution channels within the distribution system: the wholesaler channel and the retailers/e-commerce channel. Mionix has the opportunity to influence two particular costs: capital costs and cost of loss of sales, which are included in inventory- and customer service costs according to the total cost model. Material planning methods can improve Mionix’s inventory management function by deciding safety stock levels, ordering points and EOQ for all products in accordance with the theoretical framework. Further, if Mionix use the authors’ recommendation the company can reduce estimated total annual cost by 23% or 26% depending on what mode of transportation that is used

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4048.pdf: 15485540 bytes, checksum: 8217a8cf74addc37b8dd9a84c29ce96f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-28 / Beverage industries in Brazil are in pursuit of improvements in customer services to fulfill the new marketplace needs, taking into consideration both the change in consumer, habits which now show a preference for healthier goods, and the recent growth in all social economic levels. The services that need more attention are the sales and distribution departments. The former because it is trying to improve the service level to adjust to the new reality, the latter because it faces the challenge of optimizing and properly playing its role in terms of performance and cost effectiveness. Considering that improvements in sales service levels may result in a worse performance and higher distribution costs, conflict between the areas are probable and expected, especially when each one is trying to improve results individually. The service level in sales within the beverage industry could be divided into components, for example: weekly visit frequency, visit duration, weekdays for visiting clients and deadlines for delivering the goods. The primary objective of this study is to verify two hypotheses: (a) whether the manner in which sales functions are organized affects performance and costs in beverage distribution and, (b) in that case, to which degree it quantitatively affects the company s expenses. In other words, to verify that service levels defined by the sales planning team and offered to clients directly reflects the performance and delivery cost for each service level component, with an associated specific cost. Once this cost aggregation is proved, the intention is to analyze and quantify it. In order to validate these hypotheses, a case study is developed in a typical beverage company in Brazil, which has already defined their new service levels without considering its effect on performance and distribution costs. As a consequence of these actions, the studied company had observed a significant rise in these costs and to revert the situation, has considered new alternatives to balance the sales service levels, regarding delivery costs and distribution performance. The company then decided to support the development of a technique known as territory compacting, aiming to improve logistics performance and reduce distribution costs while service levels remain unaffected. Among the precautions adopted to avoid possible service level deterioration, the studied company monitored client perception related to its distribution effectiveness, before and right after the territory compacting was implemented in the most relevantly attended city. Using the technique named Correspondence Analysis, client perception was then rated for various specific sales service levels to avoid damaging the most valued ones for each client. Main operational indicators in sales and distribution are also compared, taking into consideration variations of different periods in cities where territory compacting was applied. Bearing in mind the nature of this study and the participation of the research author, this case study can be sub-classified as action research. / As empresas de bebidas do Brasil buscam melhorar seu atendimento para satisfazer as necessidades do mercado atual, considerando as mudanças de hábitos dos brasileiros por produtos mais saudáveis e pela recente expansão de consumo em todas as classes sociais. As funções que merecem mais atenção neste trabalho são a comercialização e a distribuição. A primeira porque é a que tem buscado melhorar o nível de serviços em vendas para se ajustar às tais mudanças. Já a função distribuição ou entrega dos produtos aos clientes tem como principal desafio otimizar-se para cumprir seu papel em termos de desempenho e custos. Como a melhora nos serviços em vendas pode impactar em piores desempenhos e custos maiores na distribuição, é possível ocorrer conflito entre ambas as funções, especialmente quando cada uma delas busca otimizar-se individualmente. O nível de serviço em vendas na indústria de bebidas pode ser desdobrado em componentes, por exemplo: freqüência semanal de visitas a clientes, tempo de visita, dias da semana a ser visitado e prazo de entrega das mercadorias. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é verificar duas hipóteses: (a) se a forma como a função comercialização se organiza influencia o desempenho e os custos de distribuição de bebidas e, (b) existindo tal influência, em que grau ela ocorre, em termos quantitativos. Em outras palavras, que o nível de serviços em vendas, definido e oferecido aos clientes pelo planejamento da equipe de vendas, influencia o desempenho e o custo da entrega dos produtos, e que a cada componente do nível de serviços agrega-se um custo de distribuição. Comprovada a agregação desse custo, pretende-se analisá-la e quantificá-la. Para melhor avaliar essas hipóteses, desenvolve-se um estudo de caso em uma empresa típica do setor de bebidas no Brasil que, na busca pela melhoria de seus serviços em vendas, definiu sua ida ao mercado sem avaliar os reflexos dessa busca nos custos e desempenho da distribuição. Em razão disso, a empresa observou aumento significativo desses custos e para reverter a situação, procurou caminhos alternativos para balancear melhor o nível de serviço em vendas, considerando os custos e desempenho da distribuição. Para tanto, a empresa decidiu apoiar o desenvolvimento de uma técnica denominada adensamento de territórios como forma de melhorar seu desempenho logístico e reduzir seus custos logísticos sem deteriorar muito seu nível de serviço. Dentre os cuidados tomados para evitar esta possível deterioração do serviço, a empresa consentiu em realizar pesquisas com seus clientes antes e depois do adensamento na sua principal cidade de atuação. Com o uso da técnica estatística denominada Análise de Correspondência, avaliouse a percepção dos clientes em relação a alguns componentes do nível de serviço em vendas para, com isso, evitar prejudicar aqueles mais valorizados. Os principais indicadores operacionais de vendas e de distribuição também são comparados, avaliando suas variações em diferentes períodos e cidades em que o adensamento foi aplicado. Pela natureza do estudo e pelo tipo de participação do autor na pesquisa, este trabalho pode ser classificado como estudo de caso e pode ser subclassificado como pesquisa-ação.

The level of customer satisfaction largely depends on manufacturer’s ability to respond to customer orders with promptness. The swiftness with which the manufacturers are able to meet customer demand is measured by the service level. There are two service level measures typically used. The first one is type 1 service level which denotes the probability of not stocking out over a planning period. The other is fill rate which denotes the proportion of demand satisfied with the existing inventory. We review the rich and diverse literature available on inventory cost optimization under these service level constraints. Subsequently two optimization models are developed for the two different types of service level measures. The goal is to determine the safety stock values for all products in a multi product inventory required to achieve aggregate type 1 and type 2 service levels at the minimum inventory cost. For both the models we also maintain a minimum threshold for individual type 1 and type 2 service level for every product. The models are solved using Lagrangian relaxation techniques. The models are computationally solved in Microsoft Excel. We then carry out discrete event simulation to validate the results and to test the performance of the models. To provide the decision makers with an idea of variability in the service levels and the related risks associated with it on an immediate finite horizon planning scale we also carry out simulation for a time span of one, two and four years. The results obtained show desired type 1 and type 2 service levels for products with under both infinite and finite planning horizons.

La presente investigación lleva como título “Propuesta de Gestión para mantener la Rugosidad dentro de los Niveles de Servicio del contrato de concesión”. La investigación se enfoca en dar una alternativa de gestión que asegure mantener los niveles de servicio en lo referente a la calidad del pavimento cuando la carretera se encuentra en estado de conservación reduciendo el costo que se va a invertir en años futuros teniendo como base datos obtenidos desde el año 2010 al 2015. El deterioro prematuro del pavimento se ve afectado cuando no se tiene un plan de conservación adecuado que conlleve a programar y ejecutar actividades de mantenimiento rutinario y periódico con la finalidad de mantener los niveles de servicio en carreteras concesionadas. Esto conlleva que la condiciones de las redes viales se encuentren por debajo de lo que resulta deseable y conveniente, presentando un ciclo vicioso de la vía (Construcción – Abandono – Destrucción – Reconstrucción). La investigación es de tipo cuantitativo no experimental, descriptivo, correlacional y explicativo. Su diseño es longitudinal ya que tiene como referencia datos obtenidos desde el año 2010 al 2015. Se analizaron dos propuestas de gestión de conservación vial teniendo como base los datos procesados de los años 2010 al 2015 para obtener una alternativa que logre cumplir con el objetivo principal de ésta investigación. Finalmente se concluye que es posible formular una propuesta de gestión vial que permita optimizar el presupuesto de mantenimiento en los años proyectados conservando la calidad del pavimento. Analizando la posibilidad y conveniencia de postergar el mantenimiento periódico considerando que los valores de rugosidad, estén dentro de los niveles admisibles reemplazándolo por intervenciones de menor costo. This research is entitled "Management Proposal to maintain the roughness within Service Level concession contract." The research focuses on providing an alternative management to ensure maintain service levels in terms of the quality of the pavement when the road condition in reducing the cost to be reversed in future years on the basis of data from 2010 to 2015. Premature pavement deterioration is affected when there is no proper conservation plan that may lead to program and implement activities of routine and periodic maintenance in order to maintain service levels in toll roads. This means that the conditions of the road networks are below what is desirable and convenient, featuring a vicious cycle route (Construction - Abandonment - Destruction - Reconstruction). The research is not experimental, descriptive, correlational and quantitative explanatory. Its design is longitudinal and whose reference data from 2010 to 2015. Two proposals for road maintenance management on the basis of processed data for the years 2010 to 2015 for an alternative that would meet the main objective of this research is analyzed. Finally we conclude that it is possible to formulate a proposal for road management for optimizing the maintenance budget in projected years preserving the quality of the pavement. Analyzing the possibility and desirability of postponing regular maintenance considering that the roughness values, are within acceptable levels by replacing lower-cost interventions.

Bakgrund: För att företag ska lyckas uppnå en önskad servicenivå krävs ettsäkerhetslager. Vid för litet säkerhetslager riskerar företag att inte kunna levereramedan man vid för stora lager riskerar att binda ohållbart mycket kapital. För atteffektivisera och underlätta styrningen kan man dela in artiklar i olika klasser.Dessa klasser kan styras efter olika principer. Vid säkerhetslager dimensioneringkan målkonflikter mellan den säljande och operativa delen av verksamhetenuppstå. Detta då man arbetar efter olika mål, för att minska dessa kan S&OPimplementeras. Forskningsfrågor: 1. Vilken säkerhetslager dimensionering metod lämpar sig tillsammans meden ABC/XYZ-analys för Invacare REA? 2. Hur kan S&OP användas för att minska målkonflikter mellan den säljandeoch distribuerande delen av organisationen, genom en integrerad samsynpå säkerhetslager dimensionering? Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att fram till ett teoretiskt ramverk för hurInvacare REA skulle kunna arbeta med säkerhetslager dimensionering. Arbetetsyftar även till att ge en gemensam samsyn på servicenivåer av de olikaartikelklasserna genom att integrera säkerhetslager dimensionering i S&OPprocessen. Metod: Detta är en fallstudie genomförd på Invacare REA. För att möjliggöraresultatet av denna studie har både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod använts.Primärdata för denna studie har inhämtats genom åtta semi- och ostruktureradeintervjuer. Sekundärdata består av sammanställd litteratur men också avinsamlade affärsdata från det studerade fallföretaget.  Resultat: Implementering av serv 2 med artikelklassificering bidrar till eneffektiv säkerhetslager dimensionering. Detta genom att minska och omfördelakapitalbindningen. Genom att inkludera säkerhetslager dimensioneringen iS&OP-processen kan målkonflikter kopplade till säkerhetslagret minska.  Studiens bidrag: Praktiskt bidrag i en metod som fallföretaget kan använda somsäkerhetslager dimensioneringsmetod samt lösning för de målkonflikter sompresenteras. Det teoretiska bidraget ligger i hur man kan klassificera artiklar iS&OP-processen samt hur säkerhetslager dimensioneringen kan inkluderas iprocessen.  Vidare forskning: Undersöka beställningspunkt och prognosframtagning samthur dessa kan inkluderas i S&OP-processen.

El congestionamiento vehicular es uno de los problemas que más se agudiza en la ciudad de Lima. Este problema se ve reflejada en casi todas las calles y avenidas principales de la ciudad, debido a factores como el incremento del parque automotor que hacen colapsar la capacidad de la infraestructura y dejan en desuso la gestión de tránsito para la que fue diseñada; dicho de otra manera, el incremento del flujo vehicular ocasiona gran congestión, largas colas, prolongadas demoras y niveles de servicio deficientes. La zona de estudio a tratar se encuentra en el distrito de Surco y la vía intervenida es la avenida Caminos del Inca en el tramo del jirón Batallón Callao hasta el jirón Cádiz atravesando avenidas importantes como Velazco Astete e Higuereta. Esta avenida es una de las más transitadas del distrito de Surco a causa de los centros comerciales, institutos, universidades, entre otros, que se encuentran cercanas a esta importante arteria vial. Por ello, este trabajo de tesis tiene como objetivo principal disminuir la congestión vehicular de la Av. Caminos del Inca en el tramo de estudio y mejorar los niveles de servicio en sus intersecciones con la implementación de la ola verde a través del modelamiento y simulación en el software Synchro 8. Para la elaboración de este trabajo se recopilaron datos de campo como el aforo vehicular para determinar la hora punta y el volumen horario de máxima demanda vehicular, asimismo se realizó la medición de los ciclos semafóricos y sus faces en un día típico de la semana. Con todos estos datos compilados en el trabajo de campo, se obtuvieron los grados de saturación y los niveles de servicio actuales para que posteriormente sean evaluadas a fin de implementar la ola verde y optimizar el tránsito. Finalmente, con la implementación de la ola verde y las modificaciones de gestión de tráfico se obtuvieron mejoras notables como optimización de los niveles de servicio en las intersecciones, por ejemplo, en la intersección N° 01 pasó de C a B, en la N° 02 de F a D, en la N° 03 de C a B y en la N° 04 de C a B; asimismo, las esperas en las intersecciones disminuyeron favorablemente como se indica a continuación, en la intersección N° 01 Bajó de 20.1s a 16.7s, en la N° 02 de 332.2s a 35.3s, en la N° 03 de 239.9s a 11.4s y en la N° 04 de 37.0s a 6.3s; de igual forma, el tiempo de recorrido de un punto extremo, intersección N° 01, al otro, Intersección N° 04, mejoró considerablemente de 6 minutos y 30 segundos aproximadamente a 1 minuto y 28 |segundos debido a la sincronización progresiva del color verde de los semáforos en cada intersección. / Traffic congestion is one of the most acute problems in the city of Lima. This problem is reflected in almost all the streets and main avenues of the city, due to factors such as the increase in the vehicle fleet that collapses the capacity of the road infrastructure and leaves the traffic management for which it was designed in disuse; In other words, the increase in the flow of vehicles causes great congestion, long queues of vehicles, prolonged delays and poor service levels. The study area to be treated is in the district of Surco and the intervened road is the Caminos del Inca avenue in the stretch from Batallón Callao street to Cádiz street crossing important avenues such as Velazco Astete and Higuereta. This is one of most heavily traveled avenue in the district of Surco because of the shopping centers, institutes, universities, among others, that are close to this important traffic artery. Therefore, this thesis work has as main objective to reduce the vehicular congestion of this avenue and improve the service levels of its intersections with the implementation of the green wave through modeling and simulation in the Synchro 8 software. For the elaboration of this research work, field data were collected, such as the vehicle capacity to determine the peak hour and the hourly volume of maximum vehicular demand, as well as the measurement of the traffic light cycles and their faces in a typical day of the week. With all this data compiled in the field work, saturation degrees and current service levels were obtained so that later they can be evaluated in order to implement the green wave and optimize traffic. Finally, with the implementation of the green wave and traffic management modifications, notable improvements were obtained such as optimization of service levels at intersections, for example, at intersection No. 01 it went from C to B, at No. 02 from F to D, in No. 03 from C to B and in No. 04 from C to B; in the same way, the travel time from an extreme point, intersection No. 01, to the other, Intersection No. 04, improved considerably from 6 minutes and 30 seconds approximately to 1 minute and 28 seconds due to the progressive synchronization of the green colour of the traffic lights in each intersection. / Tesis