Given the presumed importance of cardiovascular reactivity and the role of anger in the development of hypertension and coronary heart disease, this study is the first to jointly examine three related areas (i.e. gender effects, anger direction preference, and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress following an anger Inducing situation). The present study tested the following hypotheses: a) that cardiovascular reactivity would vary as a function of subjects' gender and direction preference; b) that the rate of cardiovascular recovery would vary as a function of anger direction preference and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress; c) that the subjective feelings of anger after harassment would vary as a function of gender, anger direction preference, and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress; and d) that the evaluation of experimenter's competency and performance would vary as a function of anger preference. 56 females and 49 males executed a math task while being harassed for "poor performance". Next, they were randomly assigned to either write a negative evaluation of the frustrator or to copy a neutral paragraph and then to circle some letters in another paragraph. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured intermittently throughout. Subjects' preferred mode of anger expression (i.e. anger-in versus anger-out) had been previously assessed and cross validated by self as well as peer evaluations. Results indicated that gender was a better predictor than anger direction preference for cardiovascular reactivity to harassment. Complex patterns of recovery were detected with Intriguing sex differences. Results on male diastolic recovery were consistent with a matching hypothesis of anger direction preference but only for anger-out males. In addition, subjective anger for males was related to opportunity/no opportunity conditions, whereas females did not show such a relationship. Female anger-ln's showed quicker systolic recovery than anger-out's. Lastly, the evaluation of experimenter's competency and performance did not vary as a function of anger preference. Therapeutic implications of the findings within the context of anger control as well as trends for future research are discussed. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19367号 / 医博第4044号 / 新制||医||1011(附属図書館) / 32381 / 新制||医||1011 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 横出 正之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background and Purpose - Women have worse stroke outcomes than men, especially after menopause. Few studies have focused on female-specific mechanisms, other than hormones. We investigated the role of the blood protein VTN (vitronectin) after ischemic stroke in mice. Methods - Adult male and female VTN knockout and wild-type littermates and C57BL/6 mice received a middle cerebral artery occlusion and the injured brain tissue analyzed 24 hours to 3 weeks later for cell loss and inflammation, as well as neurological function. Blood VTN levels were measured before and after stroke. Results - Intravenously injected VTN leaked extensively from bloodstream into brain infarct and penumbra by 24 hours after stroke. Strikingly, VTN was detrimental in female, but not male, mice, as shown by reduced brain injury (26.2±2.6% versus 13.4±3.8%; P=0.018; n=6 and 5) and forelimb dysfunction in female VTN knockout mice. Stroke increased plasma VTN 2- to 8-fold at 24 hours in females (36±4 versus 145±24 μg/mL; P<0.0001; n=10 and 7), but not males (62±8 versus 68±6; P>0.99; n=10 and 7), and returned to control levels by 7 days. Individually variable VTN levels at 24 hours correlated with stroke-induced brain injury at 7 days only in females. VTN promoted stroke-induced microglia/macrophage activation and leukocyte infiltration in females. Proinflammatory IL (interleukin)-6 greatly increased in the striatum at 24 hours in wild-type mice but was increased ≈60% less in female (739±159 versus 268±111; P=0.02; n=7 and 6), but not male (889±178 versus 1179±295; P=0.73; n=10 and 11), knockout mice. In individual wild-type females, plasma VTN levels correlated with striatal IL-6 expression at 24 hours. The female-specific effect of VTN-induced IL-6 expression following stroke was not due to gonadal hormones, as shown by ovariectomy and castration. Lastly, intrastriatal injection of IL-6 in female mice immediately before stroke reversed the VTN knockout phenotypes of reduced brain injury and microglia/macrophage activation. Conclusions - VTN plays a novel sexually dimorphic detrimental pathophysiological role in females and might ultimately be a therapeutic target to improve stroke outcomes in women.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-80).

Introduktion Övervikt och fetma är ett växande folkhälsoproblem i stora delar av världen, problemet kryper dessutom allt längre ner i åldrarna. Övervikt hos barn ger en betydligt ökad risk att som vuxen drabbas av tillstånd som diabetes, hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, vissa cancersjukdomar samt en ökad risk att dö i förtid. Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det föreligger skillnader i kroppssammansättning, energiomsättning, substratutnyttjande och insulinkänslighet mellan könen hos barn med övervikt och fetma i åldrarna 10-13 år, samt om det fanns några skillnader inom könen utifrån kategorisering efter BMI för övervikt (25-29,9) respektive fetma (≥30).   Metod Datainsamlingen skedde genom inhämtning av resultat från mätningar av kroppssammansättning, energiomsättning, substratutnyttjande och insulinkänslighet utförda på ett universitetsjukhus i Mellansverige under åren 2008-2014. Resultatet hämtades från 26 flickor och 29 pojkar med övervikt och fetma i åldrarna 10-13 år.   Resultat Det förelåg ingen signifikant skillnad avseende något av mätvärdena mellan könen. Det kunde dock ses en signifikant skillnad avseende insulinkänslighet mellan de med övervikt och fetma hos båda könen, hos pojkarna fanns det även en signifikant skillnad i energiomsättning (p=&lt;0,05). Det kunde ses att flickorna var mindre insulinkänsliga än pojkarna, även de med fetma var mindre känsliga för insulin än de med övervikt i respektive könsgrupp.   Slutsats Studien visade att det förelåg större skillnader avseende mätvärdena utifrån kategorisering i BMI inom respektive kön än mellan könen. Det kunde påvisas en signifikant skillnad mellan de med övervikt och fetma gällande flera resultat, med hänsyn till urvalets storlek krävs dock fler och större studier för att uppnå generaliserbarhet. / Introduction Overweight and obesity is a growing public health problem in many parts of the world. More concerningly, children are getting increasingly affected by this problem. Childhood obesity results in a significantly higher risk of developing conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers later in life. It also increases the risk of dying prematurely.   Objective The aim of this study was to examine sex characteristics in body composition, energy metabolism, substrate utilization and insulin sensitivity in children (10-13 years) with overweight and obesity, and differences within each sex based on categorization of BMI for overweight (25-29,9) and obesity (≥30).   Method 26 girls and 29 boys (10-13 years) were included in the study. Data was collected from medical records of previous tests measuring body composition, energy metabolism and substrate utilization and insulin sensitivity conducted in a university hospital in central Sweden during the years 2008-2014.   Results There were no significant differences in any of the measured values between the sexes. There was a significant difference in energy metabolism between the boys with overweight and obesity, as well as insulin sensitivity between the groups in both sexes (p=&lt;0,05). The girls were less insulin sensitive than the boys. Those with BMI overweight were less sensitive to insulin than those with obesity within in each sex.   Conclusion The study showed more pronounced differences regarding categorization by BMI within each sex than between the sexes. There were several significant differences between those with overweight and obesity, however, with consideration to the limited sample size more research is required to achieve generalizability.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. Linköping : Univ.

Thesis (M.S. )--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2007 / Title from title page screen (viewed on June 10, 2008). Research advisor: Edward F. Harris, PhD Document formatted into pages (xii,163 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-125).

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-115).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 turcio_khl_dr_araca.pdf: 522593 bytes, checksum: 16a5c3d3d4df222cf0e3443561a16a5f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A alta prevalência dos sintomas das desordens temporomandibulares (DTMs) em mulheres tem sido relacionada com a influência dos hormônios reprodutivos femininos. Isto sugere a ação dos hormônios sexuais como um fator coadjuvante no aparecimento das DTMs. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dor à pressão digital e algométrica, bem como a atividade elétrica do temporal e masseter durante o ciclo menstrual de um grupo de jovens. Para isto, foram avaliadas 28 mulheres, entre 18 e 32 anos, sendo que 15 delas não faziam uso de contraceptivo oral e 13 eram usuárias deste medicamento. Todas as mulheres foram avaliadas por meio de questionário, palpação digital e algométrica, e submetidas a registros eletromiográficos dos músculos temporal e masseter durante três ciclos menstruais consecutivos. Os resultados não apresentaram variações na sensibilidade à pressão entre as fases do ciclo menstrual, bem como entre os grupos. A atividade elétrica foi estatisticamente mais elevada no músculo temporal apenas durante a mastigação (lado de trabalho) naquelas que faziam uso de contraceptivo oral, mas não houve diferença entre as fases dentro de cada grupo. / High prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD in women has been related to sexual hormones. It suggests that sexual hormones can influence the beginning of Temporomandibular Disorders. The aim of this study was study sensibility to palpation and pressure-pain threshold of the temporal and masseter muscles, as well as electrical activity across menstrual cycle in young adults women. Twenty eight women participated in this study, 15 of them weren t oral contraceptive users, and another 13 were users of this medication. All of them answered questionnaires and were submitted to palpation, algometry and electromyographic exams of temporal and masseter muscles across three consecutives menstrual cycles. The results showed that sensibility to pain weren t different between phases and groups. However, the electrical activity of temporal (in the side of chewing) was significantly elevated in contraceptive users during chewing but not during rest in all phases. It didn t occur variation across cycle within each group.