This thesis examines the widespread occurrence of rape of women and girls in conflict and refugee settings. It contains many horrendous and complex case studies of rape and sexual violence. Using an intersectional framework, a range of theories is used to analyse these and in doing so the compounding effects of rape and sexual abuse in conflict and refugee situations is identified. The study uses a feminist action research methodology, involving seven complex cycles. These involve field work in Kenya and Thailand and are informed by the theoretical frameworks of post-colonial feminism, critical and anti-oppressive social work, and human rights. The study explores the silences surrounding rape and the reasons why major advances in international law and policy have had such little impact. It begins with an examination of the systematic use of rape as a strategy of war and the ways in which this is addressed in law, policy and practice. It then examines the impact and sequelae of rape on refugee women and girls. This focuses on exploring the reasons for the continued failure of the Women at Risk (WaR) Program to fulfil its potential. An extensive range of risk factors is explored. The almost complete failure of measures to protect refugee women and girls is documented. During the field work, a new research methodology which draws on community development and human rights principles is developed to ensure that the voices and agency of refugee women and girls are included. The study examines the lack of viable risk identification and response mechanisms and critiques the frequent failure to actively involve refugee women in finding and implementing solutions. It also identifies a number of political and ideological barriers, including the damaging impact of negative staff attitudes and the continued characterisation of refugee women as universally vulnerable and oppressed by their cultural contexts. In an activist approach to theory and practice, the study draws on a range of theories to understand the problems and to inform advocacy for changes in policy and practice. These include the development of new tools, law and policy informed by anti-oppressive participatory rights based approaches.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis reports on the ways in which rape perpetrated by males on females is constructed in news stories and the advice column, Dear Dolly, published in the South African publication, Drum magazine. The data collected for the study spans from 1984 to 2004, encompassing both 10 years before and 10 years after a democracy. The paper uses critical discourse analysis (Fairclough 2003) as main analytical tool and but also draws on critical feminist theory (Bourke 2007) and other strands of discourse analysis such as Van Dijk‟s (1998) socio-cognitive approach. The findings suggest that there is on the one hand a decrease in explicit victim blaming after 1994, but that subtle and opaque victim blaming is still evident in the news stories, letters to the advice column, and the responses from the columnist. These rape discourses presented in Drum magazine after 1994 are as Bakhtin (1981) suggests made up of multiple voices articulating different gendered discourses. Discourses that make women responsible for their safety and protection against rape are prevalent while at the same time rape is constructed as a “horror story” and the perpetrator as the “monster”. In this thesis, I argue that even though the use of less explicit victim blaming might seem like a positive move in the representation of rape and gender, this is not always the case. The more subtle forms of victim blaming avoid contestation and consequently often go unchecked (Fairclough 2003: 58). This makes the manufacturing of consent easier and makes it more difficult to counteract dominant discourses. I subsequently call for more studies on this underrepresented topic in discourse analysis in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis doen verslag oor die maniere waarop verkragting met mans as oortreders en vroue as slagoffer gekonstrueer word in nuus stories en in die advies kolom Dear Dolly in die Suid-Afrikaanse publikasie, Drum magazine. Die data verteenwoordig die tydperk vanaf 1984 tot 2004 (insluitend tien jaar voor en 10 jaar na demokrasie). Die tesis gebruik kritiese diskoers analise (Fairclough 2003) as hoof analitiese instrument maar leen ook van kritiese feministiese teorie (Bourke 2007) en ander tipes diskoersanalise soos Van Dijk (1998) se sosiokognitiewe benadering. Die bevindinge van die tesis stel voor dat daar aan die een kant ‟n afname in is in die eksplisiete blamering van slagoffers na 1994, maar dat subtiele en ondeursigtige blamering van slagoffers nog steeds voorkom in die nuusstories, briewe na die advies kolom en in die antwoorde van die kolomskrywer. Die diskoerse wat in Drum magazine na 1994 gevind word bestaan soos Bakhtin (1981) voorstel uit vele verskillende stemme wat verskillende diskoerse oor geslagsverhoudinge verteenwoordig. Diskoerse wat vroue verantwoordelik hou vir hul eie veiligheid en beskerming kom wyd voor, terwyl verkragting ook gekonstrueer word as ‟n “erotiese riller” en die oortreders gekonstrueer word as monsters. In hierdie tesis stel ek voor dat hoewel die gebruik van minder eksplisiete slagoffer blamering lyk soos ʼn positiewe beweging in die representasie van verkragting en geslagsgelykheid, is dit nie noodwendig die geval nie. Subtiele vorme van slagoffer blamering is moeiliker om te bevraagteken en word dikwels nie krities beskou nie (Fairclough 2003: 58). Dit maak die produksie van konsent makliker en maak dit moeiliker om dominante diskoerse teë te gaan. Gevolglik stel ek voor dat baie meer studies oor hierdie onderverteenwoordige onderwerp in diskoersanalise in Suid-Afrika gedoen moet word.

This research project is an answer to the question, “What is the trouble with Gender and Gaming?” Distinguishing between sex and gender, the research examines how players learn to participate in gaming culture through a gendered lens and explores the voices of participant gamers who are learning and dealing with gendered violence and sexism in video games. Specifically, I examined the complicated nature of power, gendered representations/performances and language in gaming. To accomplish this, I used a poststructural feminist theory that I call ‘theory of disruption,’ which utilizes Butler’s (1991) theories on gender performance, Foucault’s (1978) concept of the docile body, and Harraway’s (1991) theory of disruption through the metaphor of the cyborg. Methodologically, I used digital ethnography, where I took on the role of participant-researcher by examining and analyzing my experiences as a video game player, on the one hand, and played with and interviewed 12 avid North American video gamers, all of whom are English speakers, including 8 women and 4 men, on the other. In analyzing my own and the participants’ narratives, gendered violence and sexual violence perpetuated within the context of gaming was deemed as a major deterrent for self-identified female gamers, often leaving them disconnected from the gaming community, and at times driving them to stop playing online games completely. In the case of female gamers, I show, they begin gaming already orienting their performance around a male narrative and in a male-dominated space. Throughout the thesis, we see that the trouble with gender and gaming is how gender is performed in games: cultural limitations, as well as design limitations influenced by culture, restrict players to the point where performativity (i.e. the pattern of gender performance) morphs into gender norms. These norms, I also show, are not left to perpetuate. In many cases, they are disrupted, subverted, dismissed or outright ignored. Nonetheless, I conclude, all gamers, male or female, have to negotiate gendered identities and their storylines as represented and made available by game designers. Approached as a ‘null curriculum’ (Eisner, 1985), video gaming is a site where most people, but particularly young people, invest in their identities and desires, thus turning it into a learning site. Here, particular representations and gendered norms and behaviours are learned. Pedagogically, I therefore conclude, we need to critically engage with it and show its creative as well as its ‘other’ (especially when it comes to female representation) side. Membership to the gaming community, it seems, is open to anyone with a gaming system and a desire to log into play; but if those community members were more attuned to how their actions, words, and conversations impact their greater community, perhaps we would begin to see a version of the gaming culture that is safer and more open to all.

Sexual violence among college students is one of the largest public health concerns of violence researchers and administrators of Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs). The vast majority of college students do not formally report incidents of sexual violence to IHEs, but the experiences of those survivors who do report these crimes have not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to (a) examine relationships between survivors’ evaluations of IHE responses, secondary victimization emotions, and future reporting intentions, and (b) determine what constitutes helpful and unhelpful IHE responses for student survivors. The sample was 115 college students at an IHE in the Pacific Northwest who were identified as victims of sexual violence incidents that were formally reported to the University of Oregon. Self-report, descriptive data included sample demographics, victimization type, substance use, revictimization, and academic departure following the reported incident. Participants evaluated three different aspects of the IHE response: the first staff member to whom they reported, the response by the institution’s victim services team, and the IHE’s overall response. Path analyses were conducted to determine relationships between survivors’ evaluations of IHE responses, voluntary substance use prior to the incident, secondary victimization emotions, and future reporting intentions. Qualitative data identifying participants’ experiences of helpful and unhelpful aspects of IHE responses was also collected. Path analyses revealed that (a) victim voluntary substance use and more negative evaluations of overall IHE response predicted secondary victimization emotions; (b) more positive evaluations of the IHE victim services team, more positive evaluations of the overall IHE response, and less secondary victimization emotions predicted future reporting intentions; and (c) secondary victimization emotions partially mediated the relationship between overall IHE response and future reporting intentions. Findings highlight the importance of assessing student survivors’ experiences of IHE responses to reports of sexual violence. Recommendations for improving IHE responses are provided and implications for future research and practice are discussed. / 10000-01-01

Sexuellt våld drabbar en stor del av den kvinnliga befolkningen i världen och ger allvarliga konsekvenser där posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD), depression och känslor av skuld ofta ses. Livsvärld definieras som den subjektiva värld en människa erfar vid exempelvis förändringar som sker i livet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva kvinnors livsvärld efter sexuellt våld. Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturöversikt där sju vetenskapliga artiklar granskades, kodades och tematiserades. I Kvinnors förändrade livsvärld framkom att kvinnorna fortfarande var kvar i traumat, att kvinnorna förlorat sin samhörighet när de känt skam över händelsen, att kvinnorna hade känslor av kränkning och hade olika inställning till livet efter det sexuella våldet. I Kvinnors livsvärld vid avslöjande upplevde kvinnorna ett hot mot jaget genom att de inte blivit bekräftade eller förbisedda vid ett avslöjande men också att de kunde få en känsla av tillhörighet när de fick stöd från familjen eller samhället vid ett avslöjande. Sjuksköterskan kan med sin övergripande kunskap om kvinnors livsvärld lindra lidandet samt underlätta tillfrisknandet för de som utsatts för sexuellt våld. För att stötta sjuksköterskor rekommenderas vidareutbildning med mer förståelse för kvinnors livsvärld inom olika vårdinrättningar samt att riktlinjer tydliggörs och nyttjas. / Sexual violence affects a large proportion of the female population and causes serious consequences like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. The lifeworld is defined as the subjective world the person experiences and can describe feelings after a certain event. The aim of this literature study was to describe the lifeworld of women after sexual violence. A general literature review was conducted where seven scientific articles were analyzed and thematized. In Women's changed lifeworld , women were still in trauma, women lost their affinity when they felt ashamed of the incident, the women had feelings of violation, and had different attitudes to the life after sexual violence. In Women's lifeworld upon disclosure, women experienced a threat to the self, because they were not confirmed or overlooked when disclosing, but also that they could have a sense of belonging when they received support from the family or society when disclosing. The nurse, with overall knowledge of the lifeworld can alleviate suffering and facilitate recovery for women who are victims of sexual violence. To support nurses, further training in understanding women’s lifeworld is recommended in various healthcare establishments and guidelines need clarification and utilization.

Orientador: José Sterza Justo / Banca: Renata Maria Coimbra Libório / Banca: Maria de Fátima Araújo / Resumo: Esta pesquisa perpassa os campos de conhecimento do serviço social, política e gestão pública, direito e psicologia. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a efetividade da rede de proteção a crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência sexual intrafamiliar, especificamente, o impacto das intervenções de um Serviço de Enfrentamento à Violência, Abuso e Exploração Sexual. Este serviço, respalda-se no ECA e faz parte da política pública destinada à criança e adolescente vítimas de violência sexual e recebe recursos financeiros do governo federal e municipal. Tem como objetivo atender crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência sexual e suas famílias, sob o paradigma da proteção integral, garantindo-lhes o cuidado psicossocial, a promoção, defesa e garantia dos direitos. Foram construídos cinco indicadores de resolutividade das situações de violência que nortearam a coleta de dados e análise dos resultados. Nos Conselhos Tutelares da cidade pesquisada foram identificados 147 (cento e quarenta) casos denunciados de violência sexual intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes no período de 01/08/2008 a 30/06/2009 e passou-se então, a monitorá-los e pesquisar as intervenções da rede protetiva de atendimento até janeiro/2010. Baseada nos procedimentos da avaliação por triangulação de métodos e do marco lógico selecionou-se 10 (dez) casos para aplicação de testes e escalas aos sujeitos para análise do impacto das intervenções e entrevistou-se os profissionais envolvidos nas intervenções. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de adequações na implementação desta política pública e reformulação nas metodologias de intervenção e exercício das práticas intersetoriais / Abstract: This research encompasses the fields of knowledge of social service, politics and public administration, law and psychology. The aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the safety net for children and adolescents victims of sexual violence within the family, specifically the impact of interventions of a Service for Combating Violence, Abuse and Sexual Exploitation. This service draws upon the ECA and is part of public policy for the child and adolescent victims of sexual violence and receives funding from the federal and municipal government. It aims to assist children and adolescents victims of sexual violence and their families, under the paradigm of full protection, guaranteeing them the psychosocial care, promotion, protection and guarantee of rights. Were constructed five indicators of situations of violence that guided the data collection and analysis of results. In the Child Protection Council in the city surveyed were identified 147 (one hundred and forty) reported cases of sexual violence within the family against children and adolescents in the period from 01/08/2008 to 30/06/2009. It started then the monitoring of these cases and the search for the operations of the network of protective care until January/2010. Based on the evaluation procedures by triangulation methods and log frame, were selected ten (10) cases for application testing and scales to the subjects for analysis of the impact of interventions and were interviewed professionals involved in interventions. The survey results point to the need for adjustments in the implementation of public policy and recast of the procedures for intervention and exercise of practices within sectors / Mestre

Orientadores: Aloísio José Bedone, Arlete Maria dos Santos Fernandes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T06:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mathias_AnaKarinaRiosdeAraujo_M.pdf: 2333211 bytes, checksum: d2218a03e834f163f8301d8f07580bd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Introdução: A não efetivação dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos decorre não somente da não intervenção do Estado ou da falta de iniciativa das mulheres em busca de seus direitos, mas também pela falta de reconhecimento por estas do que é violência. As mulheres nem mesmo se consideram em situação de violência, o que dificulta a busca efetiva por seus direitos. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção de mulheres em relação à violência perpetrada por companheiro/parceiro em Municípios de São Paulo. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo com abordagem quantitativa, com o desenvolvimento de um estudo descritivo, de corte transversal. O estudo foi realizado a partir da análise secundária de dados coletados de questionário que foi aplicado em mulheres usuárias de Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) de 15 Departamentos Regionais do Estado de São Paulo, no período de agosto/2008 a maio/2009. Foram entrevistadas 2379 mulheres de 18 a 60 anos. Resultados: Das mulheres entrevistadas, 1319 (55,7%) referiram ter sofrido alguma violência do companheiro durante a vida ao responderem afirmativamente a perguntas específicas sobre atos de violência. No entanto, 51,3% das entrevistadas não perceberam a agressão sofrida. De 2367 entrevistadas, 53,2% referiram violência psicológica, 31,8% física e 12,3% violência sexual. Entre estas, 50,3% não perceberam a violência psicológica, 35,3% a física e 23,7% não perceberam a violência sexual. As mulheres que referiram outras religiões (não protestante e não católica), as sem companheiro com casamento anterior, as categorizadas nas classes econômicas mais baixas, as mulheres com menor escolaridade e as que referiram religião protestante tiveram uma percepção mais frequente da violência sofrida [respectivamente OR 2,37 (1,52 a 1,69; 95% IC), OR 2,28 (1,60 a 3,25; 95% IC), OR 2,02 (1,29 a 3,18; 95% IC), OR 1,70 (1,08 a 2,62; 95% IC), OR 1,39 (1,14 a 1,70; 95% IC) e OR 1,39 (1,13 a 1,69; 95% IC)]. Conclusão: A prevalência de violência psicológica foi mais elevada, no entanto foi a agressão menos percebida (49,7%). Necessária a implementação de políticas de conscientização das mulheres a respeito dos atos que devem ser considerados como violência doméstica. Mudanças neste panorama de violência e percepção da violência só poderão ser alcançadas com o envolvimento de todos os profissionais das diversas áreas que atendem casos de violência / Abstract: Introduction: The non-realization of sexual and reproductive rights stems not only of no government intervention or lack of initiative of women in seeking their rights, but also by what domestic violence means. Women don't even consider themselves victims of violence, making it difficult to search effectively for their rights. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the perception of women about domestic violence in the municipalities of São Paulo. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study with cross-sectional analysis from the secondary data collected from questionnaire that was applied to women users of the Basic Health Units (BHU) in 15 Regional Departments of the State of São Paulo in the period of August/2008 May/2009. We interviewed 2379 women aged 18 to 60 years. Results: Between the women interviewed, 1319 (55.7%) reported domestic violence during the lifetime after they responded affirmatively to questions about specific acts of violence. However, 51.3% of women respondents did not perceive the aggression. Between 2367 of women respondents, 53.2% reported psychological violence, 31.8% physical violence and 12.3% sexual violence. Among these, 50.3% did not perceive the psychological violence, 35.3% did not perceive physics violence and 23.7% did not perceive sexual violence. Women who reported other religions (not protestant/not catholic), the women without partner and no previous marriage, those women categorized in the lower economic classes, women with less education and the women who reported Protestant religion had more frequent perception of the violence suffered [respectively OR 2.37 (1.52 to 1.69, 95% CI), OR 2.28 (1.60 to 3.25, 95% CI), OR 2.02 (1.29 to 3.18; 95 % CI), OR 1.70 (1.08 to 2.62, 95% CI), OR 1.39 (1.14 to 1.70, 95% CI) and OR 1.39 (1.13 to 1 , 69, 95% CI)]. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychological violence was higher, however it was less perceived by the women (49.7%). its necessary to implement policies of awareness among women about the acts that must be considered as domestic violence. Changes to this situation of violence and perception of violence can only be achieved with the involvement of all professionals in various areas that meet the abuse cases / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Ginecológica / Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

Sexual violence is one of the few public health problems that can also be classified as a crime. Thus, it follows that approaches to prevention should be based in both public health principles as well as effective methods of crime reduction. Public health prevention typically focuses on interventions at levels of the Social-Ecological Model (SEM). The SEM is comprised of concentric circles that represent the individual, relational, community, and policy/environmental levels. Public health prevention goals include developing, implementing, and testing interventions at all levels of this model. For example, public health interventions for sexual violence prevention include approaches such as women’s self-defense training (individual-level) and bystander intervention training (relational). Although some interventions show statistically significant effects in changing knowledge and attitudes about sexual violence, very few show changes in preventing perpetration behavior. Criminologists have developed a crime prevention model, Situational Crime Prevention (SCP), which consists of five broad strategies that are further divided into twenty-five specific tactics. The goals of situational prevention are to deter crime by increasing the effort to perpetrate, increasing risks, reducing rewards, reducing provocations, and removing excuses. SCP has been utilized successfully, but the focus has primarily been prevention of property crimes. Very little attention has been paid to the potential utility of SCP for interpersonal violence, particularly for sexual violence. This dissertation proposes a new conceptual model for comprehensive sexual violence perpetration prevention that synthesizes the situational crime prevention matrix and the social-ecological model.

“Does marital rape exist?” Gelles (1987) asked this question in the early days when the judicial system started grappling with the matter. Prior to this legal debate, the sexual conduct of the husband towards his wife had not been treated as a crime, no matter how violent it could be. As Peacock states “the antiquated laws exempted a husband from charges of raping his wife” (1998: 226). However, the Rideout case in 1978 (cf. Russell 1982) brought much needed awareness to the issue of marital rape, thereby enabling all sectors of the social structure to publicly debate the merits and demerits of the spousal exemption law. Ever since then, many scholars in the legal, sociological, psychological and other sectors have produced well-researched documents that answer Gelles‟ question beyond doubt that marital rape does exist. 'Spousal exemption'1 came under rigorous revision in many countries as scholars and feminist organizations started to ask questions about this violation of the rights of women. Having said that, one may wonder what purpose this research study will then serve. The author would like to make it clear that the question was asked in the Western context. For the West, it has been a clearly defined matter that marital rape is a criminal offence. However, the question still needs to be asked in the African context. This study has been undertaken to explore the painful and traumatic experiences of Indigenous African (Black) married women who experience repeated sexual violence from their husbands. In the cause of the author's work as a minister in the Black Pentecostal church, I have come across women who have challenged my pastoral care praxis with their selfless giving to the church and community yet they have to live with terrible pain, shame and degradation in their homes because of the way their husbands treat them sexually. These women bear their lot with such courage and they have made me feel that we as ministers are not doing enough to lighten their burden. This study seeks to present the African community with well-researched evidence that African women are also crying out for liberation from the pain of marital rape. This study echoes Gelles' question ”does marital rape exist?” from an African pastoral perspective. Copyright / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Sexual violence against women in the time of conflict is a problem that appeared in many cases during wartime. Despite that it is a common problem, media and especially Western media through its coverage of war and rape during war did not give this concept its focus but rather researcher argued that media focus’s in its coverage on its ideology and agendas. In this study, which focus on media coverage during ISIS war in Iraq and Syria, critical discourse analysis was carried out on Western media and Arab media in order to understand media representation for Yazidi women who been subject to sexual violence and the potential outcomes for their representation. The results of the analysis showed that Western media represented Yazidi women as victims, on the other hand Arab media represented them as survivors, Western media portray put Yazidi women in the box of being the “other”, while both Western and Arab media had specific ideologies in their coverage, Western media with a political agenda and Arab media in justifying Islam from ISIS actions. In both cases media did not took sexual violence against Yazidi women in the wartime rape discourse.