<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga de värderingsmetoder som används för att fastställa verkligt värde på finansiella instrument och också granska hur dessa metoder redovisas. Därtill syftar uppsatsen till att diskutera problematiken för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde. Detta görs i två delar, utifrån standardsättarnas perspektiv och de finansiella institutens. Därefter utreds förbättringar inom konceptet som baseras på de två tidigare delarna.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Uppsatsens undersökning utfördes via en fallstudie som baserades på kvalitativ data. Data inhämtade från två separata områden, tre redovisningsstandarder (SFAS 157, IAS 39 och IFRS 7) och årsredovisningar från 2007, hämtade från de tio största finansiella instituten (baserat på balansomslutning) ifrån USA respektive Europa.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats: </strong>Undersökningen visade att rekommendationerna kring vilka värderingsmetoder som ska tillämpas är likvärdiga från de båda standardsättarna; prisnoteringar och värderingsmodeller, men inte toleransen kring värderingsmodeller, där FASB är mer tillmötesgående än vad IASB är. Vidare demonstrerar alla finansiella institut en relativt bra konsensus för hur verkligt värde implementeras jämfört med rekommendationerna. Emellertid finns det tydliga skillnader i de underliggande teknikerna för de två huvudmetoderna, framförallt med värderingsunderlaget (vilka inputs som nyttjas) när simuleringar används och i vilken omfattning dessa redovisas. Följaktligen mynnar ovannämnda resultat ut i att det finns utrymmen för förbättringar för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde, eftersom bolagens implementering inte är i linje med ramverkens syfte med finansiella rapporter.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Förslag till fortsattforskning:</strong> En undersökning bör göras om hur värderingsmodeller kan erhålla en lämplig trovärdighet inom redovisningen</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag: </strong>Uppsatsen bidrar till att öka förståelsen för verkligt värde som värderingskoncept och dess metoder för att värdera finansiella instruments samt problematiken med det. Dessutom har förståelse etablerats för vilka försvårande omständigheter nya instrument medför när de ska värderas till verkligt värde.</p>

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga de värderingsmetoder som används för att fastställa verkligt värde på finansiella instrument och också granska hur dessa metoder redovisas. Därtill syftar uppsatsen till att diskutera problematiken för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde. Detta görs i två delar, utifrån standardsättarnas perspektiv och de finansiella institutens. Därefter utreds förbättringar inom konceptet som baseras på de två tidigare delarna.   Metod: Uppsatsens undersökning utfördes via en fallstudie som baserades på kvalitativ data. Data inhämtade från två separata områden, tre redovisningsstandarder (SFAS 157, IAS 39 och IFRS 7) och årsredovisningar från 2007, hämtade från de tio största finansiella instituten (baserat på balansomslutning) ifrån USA respektive Europa.   Resultat &amp; slutsats: Undersökningen visade att rekommendationerna kring vilka värderingsmetoder som ska tillämpas är likvärdiga från de båda standardsättarna; prisnoteringar och värderingsmodeller, men inte toleransen kring värderingsmodeller, där FASB är mer tillmötesgående än vad IASB är. Vidare demonstrerar alla finansiella institut en relativt bra konsensus för hur verkligt värde implementeras jämfört med rekommendationerna. Emellertid finns det tydliga skillnader i de underliggande teknikerna för de två huvudmetoderna, framförallt med värderingsunderlaget (vilka inputs som nyttjas) när simuleringar används och i vilken omfattning dessa redovisas. Följaktligen mynnar ovannämnda resultat ut i att det finns utrymmen för förbättringar för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde, eftersom bolagens implementering inte är i linje med ramverkens syfte med finansiella rapporter.   Förslag till fortsattforskning: En undersökning bör göras om hur värderingsmodeller kan erhålla en lämplig trovärdighet inom redovisningen   Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen bidrar till att öka förståelsen för verkligt värde som värderingskoncept och dess metoder för att värdera finansiella instruments samt problematiken med det. Dessutom har förståelse etablerats för vilka försvårande omständigheter nya instrument medför när de ska värderas till verkligt värde.

本研究在探討銀行業對於我國財務會計準則公報第28號公報之遵循現況，以及公司特性與遵循程度之關聯性。本研究以六項公司特性，包括負債比例、帳面價值對市值比、公司規模、盈餘水準變化、是否委任前五大會計師事務所查核以及是否委任勤業會計師事務所查核，探討與28號公報遵循程度之關係。 本研究之實證結果可分為28號公報之遵循現況、公報各條文遵循程度之差異以及遵循程度與公司特性之關聯性三部份。首先，在遵循現況方面，銀行在遵循28號公報之揭露規定並無困難。而在進一步分析後，發現銀行在第33、47與48段之遵循程度最差。 其次，在公報各條文遵循程度之差異方面，銀行在28號公報之遵循程度具有顯著差異，而在進一步分析後，發現銀行在第28、33與47段的遵循程度具有顯著差異。 最後，在遵循程度與公司特性之關聯性方面，僅是否委任勤業會計師事務所查核可解釋銀行在28號公報的遵循程度高低。 / This study investigated the disclosure status of banking industry to understand how they follow the requirements of SFAS（Taiwan’s Statements of Financial Accounting Standards） No. 28. This study designed criteria to examine how each firm followed the requirements of SFAS No. 28, and further explored the relationship between the SCORES and characteristics. This study had three main outcomes. First, banking industry had no difficulty in following the disclosure requirements of SFAS No. 28. Especially, we can find the extend of accordance to SFAS No. 28 was not be completely met in the scope 33, 47, and 48. Second, empirical study of the extend of accordance to SFAS No.28 was significant different. After further investigating, we find the extend of accordance to scope 28, 33, and 48 of SFAS No.28 was significant different. Finally, only the CPA firm which was chosen by banking industry was TN Soong & Co（Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu’s member firm in Taiwan） or not could explain the extend of accordance to SFAS No.28.

本研究的目的在於探討兩個問題：一、上市公司因應財務會計準則公報第三十五號公報的採用而宣告資產減損，市場的反應是正面的(positive)還是負面的(negative)？亦即，資產減損宣告對公司價值的影響為何？二、投資人對於資產減損宣告會過度反應(over-reaction)還是反應不足(under-reaction)？由於財務會計準則公報第三十五號公報的實施截至目前為止尚不足兩年，本研究對於本課題的研究著重在資產減損宣告和股價的關係突顯了這個課題的獨特性和重要性。本研究係採事件研究法以檢驗台灣上市公司採用財務會計準則公報第三十五號公報對於其股價的表現是否會造成影響。除了全數樣本的分析之外，亦將全數樣本依照減損公司的特性和減損資產的特性分成子樣本；或在事件研究法中傳統的市場模型當中加入利率因素或產業因素兩個控制變數並區分成對金融業和非金融業加以分析——目的在於探討這些分類或因素是不是造成資產減損宣告對股價反應的原因。實證結果發現：一、不論是採用哪一種子樣本的分類方式，市場對資產減損宣告的反應都是負向的；二、和利率因素相比，產業因素比較能解釋資產減損宣告前後的股價反應，且對於金融業或非金融業結論皆然；三、30天期的股價反應顯示，投資人對於資產減損宣告有過度反應的現象，因為在產業分類之下股價在12天至18天左右有迴轉(reversal)的現象。 / The purpose of this paper is to answer two questions: 1. Does the market react positively or negatively to asset write-down announcements? Or, what is the impact of asset impairment on the firm value? 2. Do investors over-react or under-react to asset write-down announcements? Given the recent enforcement of SFAS No.35 about asset write-down, this study supplements the importance of that pronouncement by demonstrating the relation between write-downs and security prices. This study employs the event study methodology to examine the impact of SFAS No.35 on the stock performance of those listed firms (i.e., whose stocks are listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange) that apply the regulation. Partitions methods based on write-down asset and write-down firm characteristics are adopted. Moreover, two other control variables—industry factor or interest rate factor—are added to the traditional market model for the financial industry and non-financial industries to see if these factors can also explain the market reaction around write-down announcements. The result shows that the market reacts negatively to asset written-down announcement whatever the partition method is adopted. And the industry return is proved to be the better factor that can explain the market reaction than the interest rate factor. The near-term stock performance in the (-30, 30) period shows that investors tend to over-react to write-down announcements, for the stock price signals a reversal after the announcement date.

Prior to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.121 (SFAS No.121): Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of, managers had substantial discretion concerning the amount and timing of reporting writedowns of long-lived assets. Moreover, the frequency and dollar amount of asset writedown announcements that led to a large “surprise” caused the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to consider the need for a new standard to guide the recording of impairment of long-lived assets. This study has two primary objectives. First, it investigates the effects of SFAS No.121 on asset impairment reporting, examining whether SFAS No.121 reduces the magnitude and restricts the timing of reporting asset writedowns. Second, the study compares the information content (surprise element) of the asset impairment loss announcement as measured by cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) before and after the issuance of SFAS No.121. The findings provide support for the hypothesis that the FASB's new accounting standard does not affect the magnitude of asset writedown losses. The findings also provide support for the hypothesis that SFAS No. 121 does not affect the management choice of the timing for reporting asset writedowns. In addition, the findings suggest that the market evaluates the asset writedown losses after the issuance of SFAS No. 121 as good news for “big bath” firms, while, for “income smoothing” firms, the market does not respond to the announcements of asset writedown losses either before or after the issuance of SFAS No. 121. The findings also suggest that, for “big bath” firms, the market perceives the announcement of asset impairment losses after the adoption of SFAS No. 121 as more credible relative to that before its issuance. This could be because the practice of reporting asset writedowns after the issuance of SFAS No. 121 is under the FASB's authoritative guidance, which brings consistency and comparability in asset impairment reporting.

Typical accounting studies attempting to explain accounting method choice employ positive theoretical hypotheses and test for association between adoption method or adoption timing and economic measures that focus upon specific firm stakeholders. Such studies addressing the adoption and impact of SFAS 87, "Employer's Accounting for Pensions," yield mixed and contradicting results. Various researchers have suggested that traditional economic analysis often fails to capture important explanatory variables and is far too simplistic. The purpose of this study is to expand analysis by evaluating a particular accounting choice by means of three different characterizations. SFAS 106, "Employers' Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions," allows management to choose between two very different methods of adopting the standard. The principal question explored in this study is: why did managers of firms that employ defined benefit postretirement plans for benefits other than pensions choose to adopt SFAS 106 using a particular method? The research question is explored by means of three different characterizations: 1) a traditional economic characterization; 2) a sociopolitical characterization); and 3) a joint decision characterization. Logit methodology is used with method of SFAS 106 adoption as the binary dependent variable of interest. Results indicate that all three characterizations are important in understanding the SFAS 106 adoption method choice. Further, each characterization adds separate information toward comprehension of the choice, supporting the notion of the complexity of accounting choice issues.

To consider the international trend and enhance the global competitiveness of Taiwan enterprises, the Government committed to convert the domestic accounting standards to International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS). Taiwan Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No.10, ¡§Inventories¡¨, was revised to adopt IFRS and effective on January 1, 2009 under this background. New SFAS No.10 has different rules on inventory evaluation and has significant impacts on inventory decision-making and operating profits, which may cause much high pressure on companies¡¦ operating performance. Based on this assumption, this research would like to know whether adopting the new SFAS No.10 can affect earnings management behavior by studying the relations between inventories related financial factors and accrual-based earnings management. This research takes the absolute value of discretionary accruals (ADA) from the Modified Jones Model as a measuring indicator of earnings management; and selects six sequential quarterly financial statements of listed companies in Taiwan Stock Exchange Market before and after adopting new SFAS No.10. The total sampling periods are twelve quarters from the third quarter of 2007 to the second quarter of 2010. The empirical results of this study are summarized as follows: 1.After adopting New SFAS No.10, the levels of using discretionary accruals for earnings management are significantly reduced. 2.Gross Profit Margin and Inventory Turnover Rate both have significant correlations with using discretionary accruals for earnings management. 3.Companies have shorter product life cycles are more evident in using discretionary accruals for earnings management. 4.Fixed Assets to Total Assets Rate and Provision of Inventory Loss both have no significant correlations with using the discretionary accruals for earnings management.

由於資產的減損會大幅影響會計盈餘與資產價值，且一般公認會計原則給予公司管理階層在資產減損的處理上有很大的彈性，因此長久以來，長期性資產減損的議題都吸引著經理人、會計資訊使用者、媒體、政府規範單位以及學術界的注意。美國財務會計準則委員會在2001年10月發佈了財務會計準則第142號與第144號公報來修正原本規範長期性資產減損的第121號公報，其中第144號公報主要規範的資產類別為非商譽類的長期性資產減損會計處理。雖然144號公報施行至今已有數年的時間，但與144號公報相關的實證研究極少，因此本文將時序拉回公司採用144號公報的首年度，分析公司認列長期性資產減損的決定性因素以及股票市場對公司資產減損宣告的反應。 在公司認列長期性資產減損的決定性因素方面，實證分析結果顯示公司長期性資產減損之金額會受到公司之經濟因素（股票報酬、資產報酬率成長率）以及報導動機（總資產、盈餘平穩化、經理人變動）影響，由此可知公司認列資產減損的行為與動機除了包含144號公報內所規範的經濟因素外，尚包括傳統盈餘管理理論中所提出的報導動機。 而在分析股票市場對公司資產減損宣告反應的研究中，先前的研究均是假設市場上對於資產減損的認列為非預期的，然而市場上對於資產減損損失的認列並非全然皆為非預期的，投資人亦有可能透過公開資訊的蒐集以及理性分析後會將預期資產減損損失考慮在投資策略中；因此本文利用迴歸模型預測，將長期性資產減損分為投資人預期與非預期兩種類型進行分析，以分別探討投資人對預期與非預期的資產減損宣告有何不同的反應。實證結果顯示，不論資產減損是否被投資人預期，股票市場對於資產減損的消息並沒有顯著反應。

Because of the non-recurring and transitory nature of discontinued operations, accounting standards require that the results of discontinued operations be separately reported on the income statement. Prior accounting literature supports the view that discontinued operations are non-recurring or transitory in nature, and also suggests that income classified as transitory has minimal relevance in firm valuation. Finance and management literature, however, suggest that firms discontinue operations to strategically utilize their scarce resources. Assuming that discontinued operations are a result of managerial motives to strategically concentrate resources into remaining continued operations, this dissertation examines the informativeness of discontinued operations. In doing so, this dissertation empirically tests the financial performance, investment efficiency, valuation, and analyst forecast accuracy effects of discontinued operations. In 2001, Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 144 (hereafter SFAS 144) replaced Accounting Principles Board's Opinion 30 (hereafter APB 30) and broadened the scope of divestiture transactions to be presented in discontinued operations. Some stakeholders of financial statements argued that discontinued operations were less decision-useful in the SFAS 144 era because too many transactions that do not represent a strategic shift in operations were separately stated as discontinued operations on the income statement. With the possibility that the discontinued operations reported in SFAS 144 era may not reflect a major strategic reallocation of resources, this dissertation examines whether the relationship between discontinued operations, firm performance, investment efficiency, and analyst forecast accuracy are different in the pre-SFAS 144 and SFAS 144 era. Using a sample of firms that discontinued operations between 1990 and 2012, this dissertation study finds limited evidence that firms experience improvement in financial performance following discontinued operations and that such improvement is only observed in pre-SFAS 144 era. The results also suggest that any improvement in financial performance documented is conditional on the profitability of the operations discontinued and provide no support for investment efficiency improvement following discontinued operations. Related to the valuation implications of discontinued operations, this dissertation shows that investors differentially value profitable and loss discontinued operations. However, such valuation differences are not dependent on the performance improvement implications. Finally, results support that analyst forecast accuracy of earnings decreases following the reporting of discontinued operations, but such effect is only observed in the pre-SFAS 144 era. This dissertation makes several contributions to the literature. First, this study extends the literature on corporate divestment by using a large sample of discontinuation decisions and hand-collected data on the profitability of the operations discontinued. Second, this research extends the literature on market studies by analyzing whether market response to a discontinuation decision is dependent upon the profitability of the operation discontinued. Third, based upon a review of the literature, it is believed that this is the first study to examine the possibility that analyst forecast accuracy may change following a discontinuation decision. Finally, this study extends the literature that examines the effects of changes in accounting rules and regulations on the informativeness of financial statement items. These results should be of interest to investors, regulators, and analysts.

我國財務會計準則公報第三十五號「資產減損之會計處理」規定，若有證據顯示相關資產可能發生減損，公司應進行減損測試，並據以認列資產減損損失。若已認列之資產減損已不存在或可能減少時，則可將該損失迴轉，但商譽之減損一經認列，即不得迴轉。本研究之目的在於探討商譽減損會計處理之改變，對於企業併購會計方法之選擇及財務報表會計資訊價值攸關性所造成的影響。 本研究之主要發現如下：（1）第三十五號公報發佈後，被併購公司的潛在商譽愈大，主併公司愈傾向採用權益結合法，以避免認列商譽；（2）企業依照該公報編製財務報表時，資產減損可能淪為其盈餘管理之工具，而導致盈餘對股價之解釋能力降低；以及（3）由於商譽減損損失不能迴轉，投資者認為企業較不會透過該類損失之認列，以進行盈餘管理。 / SFAS No. 35: Accounting for Impairment of Assets, requires that an enterprise should evaluate whether or not there are indications that an asset may be impaired on the balance sheet date. If such an indication exists, an impairment test should be performed to determine and recognize the loss. When there is evidence that an impairment loss recognized in prior years may no longer exist or has been reduced, it may be reversed; however, reversal of impairment loss on goodwill is prohibited. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the change on accounting for goodwill impairment affects the accounting for business consolidations and the value relevance of financial statements. Our major empirical results are as follows. (1) For the business consolidation occurred after the issuance of SFAS No. 35, the larger the potential goodwill of the acquired firm, the more likely the acquiring firm would adopt the Pooling method to avoid recognizing goodwill. (2) With the adoption of SFAS No. 35, since firms may utilize the Statement as an earnings management device, the value relevance of a firm’s earnings is decreased. (3) From the investors’ viewpoint, an impairment loss on goodwill is less likely to have earnings management effect because such a loss cannot be reversed.