Belöningssystem används av många företag i syfte att rekrytera och behålla kompetent personal. Humankapital har blivit allt viktigare inom företag, därmed har det blivit allt viktigare att motivera anställda att arbeta i enlighet med företagets övergripande mål. En del forskning visar att belöningssystemet har positiv effekt på motivationen. Bankernas belöningssystem, i form av bonusar och andra förmåner, har lett till en hel del publikationer. Därmed blir det intressant att undersöka om belöningssystemet är en motivation för dem bankanställda. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om kundtjänstmedarbetare på SEB respektive Handelsbanken upplever att de motiveras av det belöningssystem som finns och hur respektive chef uppfattar detta ur medarbetarnas perspektiv. Författarna har använt sig av en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Underlag för analys samlades in med hjälp av intervjuer och enkäter som de anställda fick svara på inom respektive bank. Det författarna kommit fram till i slutsatsen är att belöningssystemet för respektive bank uppfattas olika av medarbetarna och därmed blir de motiverade olika mycket. En trolig teori till detta ges av författarna utförligt i slutsatsen.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento da técnica de execução de ensaios mecânicos a altas taxas de deformação (cerca de 1000 a 5000 s-1), por meio do desenvolvimento de um equipamento do tipo Split Hopkinson Bar (SHB), com corpos-de-prova no formato cilíndrico. A construção de tal equipamento fez-se necessária para a obtenção de informações acerca do comportamento dinâmico dos materiais, quando utilizados em condições de impacto, para aplicações de engenharia. Foram definidos os requisitos técnicos para a construção do equipamento SHB para a modalidade de ensaios em tração. Os elementos mecânicos foram projetados, usinados e montados, segundo a configuração de teste adotada. Determinou-se as dimensões e geometrias dos corpos-de-prova, confeccionados em aço ABNT 1020. Realizou-se ainda a instrumentação do equipamento SHB, para a determinação da resposta tensão-deformação dos corpos-de-prova. Adicionalmente, utilizou-se uma câmera de alta velocidade, com capacidade para filmar até 100.000 quadros/s, no intuito de estudar o comportamento do corpo-de-prova durante carregamento dinâmico. Os resultados dos testes realizados indicaram que, apesar da construção mecânica satisfatória do primeiro protótipo, a pressão usada no carregamento (8 kgf/cm²) foi insuficiente para assegurar que a falha do material testado ocorresse durante a propagação do primeiro pulso trativo ao longo do comprimento do corpo-de-prova, que sofreu sucessivos carregamentos até a fratura. Este comportamento é chamado efeito sanfona. Para que o corpo-de-prova se quebrasse após a propagação de apenas um pulso trativo foram sugeridas melhorias na vedação da câmara de gás e o aumento da pressão de trabalho. A utilização de extensômetros de menor grade também foi indicada como melhoria futura. A sincronização entre a câmera de alta velocidade e o sistema de aquisição deverá ser aprimorada, pois é fundamental para a precisão na determinação do instante da colisão entre o projétil e a barra incidente, assim como do instante da ruptura do corpo-de-prova. A continuidade dessa pesquisa, com a busca da solução dos desafios tecnológicos oriundos da construção e teste desse primeiro protótipo, será tema de trabalhos futuros desse grupo de pesquisa. / The present work consist in the development and improvement of execution technique of mechanical tests at high strain rates (about 1000 to 5000 s-1), with an equipment tensile split Hopkinson bar (SHB) using cylindrical specimen. The construction of such equipment was necessary to obtain information about the dynamic behavior of materials, when used under impact conditions, for engineering applications. Technical requirement are defined for construction of SHB equipment for tensile type tests. The mechanical elements were designed, machined and assembled according to the test configuration adopted. Determined the dimensions and geometries the specimens, made of AISI 1020. Also realized the SHB equipment instrumentation to determine the stress-strain response of specimen. Additionally, used a high speed camera, capable of record up to100,000 frames/s, with the aim of study the behavior of specimen during dynamic loading. The results of tests indicate that despite the satisfactory mechanical structure, of the first prototype, the pressure used in the load (8 kgf/cm²) was insufficient to ensure that the material failure occurred during the propagation of the first tensile pulse along the specimen length, which undergo successive loading until the fracture. This behavior is named concertina effect. For the specimen is broke after propagation of only one tensile pulse, improved in sealing the gas gun and an increase the work pressure, wave been suggested. The use of strain gages smaller grid was also suggested as a future improvement. The synchronization between high speed camera and the system of acquisition should be improved, because it is fundamental to the accuracy in determining the instant collision between the hammer and the incident bar as well as the instant failure of specimen. The continuation of this research, with the pursuit of technological solutions arising from the construction and tests this first prototype will be the subject of future work of this research group.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento da técnica de execução de ensaios mecânicos a altas taxas de deformação (cerca de 1000 a 5000 s-1), por meio do desenvolvimento de um equipamento do tipo Split Hopkinson Bar (SHB), com corpos-de-prova no formato cilíndrico. A construção de tal equipamento fez-se necessária para a obtenção de informações acerca do comportamento dinâmico dos materiais, quando utilizados em condições de impacto, para aplicações de engenharia. Foram definidos os requisitos técnicos para a construção do equipamento SHB para a modalidade de ensaios em tração. Os elementos mecânicos foram projetados, usinados e montados, segundo a configuração de teste adotada. Determinou-se as dimensões e geometrias dos corpos-de-prova, confeccionados em aço ABNT 1020. Realizou-se ainda a instrumentação do equipamento SHB, para a determinação da resposta tensão-deformação dos corpos-de-prova. Adicionalmente, utilizou-se uma câmera de alta velocidade, com capacidade para filmar até 100.000 quadros/s, no intuito de estudar o comportamento do corpo-de-prova durante carregamento dinâmico. Os resultados dos testes realizados indicaram que, apesar da construção mecânica satisfatória do primeiro protótipo, a pressão usada no carregamento (8 kgf/cm²) foi insuficiente para assegurar que a falha do material testado ocorresse durante a propagação do primeiro pulso trativo ao longo do comprimento do corpo-de-prova, que sofreu sucessivos carregamentos até a fratura. Este comportamento é chamado efeito sanfona. Para que o corpo-de-prova se quebrasse após a propagação de apenas um pulso trativo foram sugeridas melhorias na vedação da câmara de gás e o aumento da pressão de trabalho. A utilização de extensômetros de menor grade também foi indicada como melhoria futura. A sincronização entre a câmera de alta velocidade e o sistema de aquisição deverá ser aprimorada, pois é fundamental para a precisão na determinação do instante da colisão entre o projétil e a barra incidente, assim como do instante da ruptura do corpo-de-prova. A continuidade dessa pesquisa, com a busca da solução dos desafios tecnológicos oriundos da construção e teste desse primeiro protótipo, será tema de trabalhos futuros desse grupo de pesquisa. / The present work consist in the development and improvement of execution technique of mechanical tests at high strain rates (about 1000 to 5000 s-1), with an equipment tensile split Hopkinson bar (SHB) using cylindrical specimen. The construction of such equipment was necessary to obtain information about the dynamic behavior of materials, when used under impact conditions, for engineering applications. Technical requirement are defined for construction of SHB equipment for tensile type tests. The mechanical elements were designed, machined and assembled according to the test configuration adopted. Determined the dimensions and geometries the specimens, made of AISI 1020. Also realized the SHB equipment instrumentation to determine the stress-strain response of specimen. Additionally, used a high speed camera, capable of record up to100,000 frames/s, with the aim of study the behavior of specimen during dynamic loading. The results of tests indicate that despite the satisfactory mechanical structure, of the first prototype, the pressure used in the load (8 kgf/cm²) was insufficient to ensure that the material failure occurred during the propagation of the first tensile pulse along the specimen length, which undergo successive loading until the fracture. This behavior is named concertina effect. For the specimen is broke after propagation of only one tensile pulse, improved in sealing the gas gun and an increase the work pressure, wave been suggested. The use of strain gages smaller grid was also suggested as a future improvement. The synchronization between high speed camera and the system of acquisition should be improved, because it is fundamental to the accuracy in determining the instant collision between the hammer and the incident bar as well as the instant failure of specimen. The continuation of this research, with the pursuit of technological solutions arising from the construction and tests this first prototype will be the subject of future work of this research group.

Les flavohémoglobines (FlavoHbs) sont des protéines fixant l’oxygène qui possèdent un domaine globine N-terminal lié de manière covalente à un domaine C-terminal réductase contenant une flavine adénine dinucléotide (FAD) et un site de fixation du nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H). Ces protéines que l’on retrouve exclusivement chez les microorganismes possèdent une action NO dioxygénase et interviennent donc dans la défense des microorganismes contre les dommages générés par le NO. De par ce rôle essentiel de défense microbienne, les flavoHbs sont considérés comme des cibles attractives des antibiotiques. En particulier, les dérivés azolés ont montré la capacité d’inhiber la fonction NO dioxygénase des flavoHbs par un mécanisme inconnu. Afin de mieux comprendre le mode d’action de ces antibiotiques, nous avons entrepris une étude structurale, enzymatique et spectroscopique sur trois flavoHbs d’intérêt. Les structures tridimensionnelles de la flavoHb de R. eutropha (FHP) en complexe avec le miconazole, l’éconazole et le kétoconazole ainsi que celle de S. cerevisae (YHB) seule et en complexe avec l’éconazole ont été obtenues à des résolutions satisfaisantes permettant de décrire précisément les interactions entre la protéine et les inhibiteurs. Les structures ont révélé des réarrangements conformationnels importants selon la nature chimique de l’inhibiteur et la présence d’acides gras dans la poche de l’hème. Afin de comprendre le rôle fonctionnel des acides gras dans le cycle catalytique de l’enzyme, la structure tridimensionnelle de la FHP en complexe avec l’acide linolénique a été obtenue et des analyses enzymatiques et spectroscopiques ont montré l’importance des acides gras dans la modulation de l’activité de la protéine. Parallèlement, des études sur la FHP, la YHB et la flavoHb de S. aureus (Shb) ont permis de mieux appréhender le rôle des inhibiteurs dans le processus de transfert d’électrons au sein de la protéine. / Flavohemoglobins (FlavoHbs) are oxygen binding proteins which consist of a heme-globin domain fused with a ferredoxin reductase –like FAD and NAD-binding domain. FlavoHbs have been identified exclusively in microorganisms where they play a key role in defence against NO damages by using their NO dioxygenase activity. These proteins are therefore considered as targets for new antibiotic drugs. Recently, azole derivatives were proven to be attractive nitric oxide dioxygenase inhibitors by a mechanism that remains elusive. In order to explore their binding characteristics, we determined the X-ray structure of the flavoHb from Ralstonia eutropha in a complex with miconazole (FHPm), econazole (FHPe), and ketoconazole (FHPk) as well as the X- ray structure of S. cerevisae flavoHb in both ligand-free and econazole-bound forms. We describe the interactions between the protein matrix and the inhibitors in a comparative manner and how the bulky structures of the azole inhibitors dictate the profile of the hemebinding pocket and vice versa in flavoHbs.Although the azole compounds were able to push the lipid out of its binding site, a fatty acid fragment is still bound inside the heme pocket of FHPe and FHPk and dictates the state of the protein. To go further in the compréhension of the fatty acid function in the flavoHbs, we determined the three dimensionnal structure of FHP in complex with linolenic acid. Spectroscopic and enzymatic analyzis confirmed the important role of fatty acids in enhancing the protein activity. We also made studies to understand how azoles modulate the electron transfer process in the flavoHbs.

<p>Shb is a ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein with the ability to bind several tyrosine kinase receptors and intracellular signaling proteins. Previous studies have implied a wide spectrum of Shb-mediated cellular responses, which motivated me to further investigate the role of Shb in differentiation and angiogenesis. Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into endoderm and mesoderm from a bipotent mesendodermal cell population. Interregulatory signals between these germlayers are required for further specification. ES cells overexpressing Shb with an inactive SH2 domain (R522K-Shb) altered the expression of endodermal genes as a consequence of upregulated FGF expression. This response was enhanced by addition of activin A, suggesting a synergistic mechanism operative between FGF and activin A signaling in endoderm specification. To investigate a role for Shb in mesodermal specification, Shb knockout ES cells were established. These cells showed a reduced ability to form blood vessels after VEGF stimulation and delayed downregulation of genes associated with mesendoderm, indicating a reduced capacity for these cells to enter later stages.</p><p>To assess a role for Shb in tumor cell apoptosis, Shb expression was silenced in angiosarcoma endothelial cells. FAK-phosphorylation was reduced in Shb knockdown cells and this made them more susceptible to apoptotic stimuli both in vitro and in vivo.</p><p>Shb knockout microvasculature in mouse kidney, liver, and heart showed irregular endothelial linings with cytoplasmic projections toward the lumen, a feature that was also related to increased vascular permeability. VEGF treatment failed to stimulate vascular permeability in Shb knockout mice.</p><p>In order to elucidate whether these features relate to reduced angiogenesis, tumor growth was examined. Tumors grown in knockout mice showed reduced growth capacity and lower vessel density. In conclusion, Shb is a multifunctional adaptor protein that may be involved in several cellular responses both during embryonic development and adult life. </p>

<p>The present study was conducted in order to assess a role of the SH2 domain-containing adapter protein SHB in development and cell differentiation.</p><p>Embryonic stem (ES) cells overexpressing SHB and SHB with an inactive SH2 domain (R522K-SHB) were obtained. Microarray analysis in the SHB clone revealed altered expression of genes connected with neural cell function. The R522K-SHB clone exhibited altered expression of several transcription factors related to development. ES cells were differentiated by forming aggregates named embryoid bodies (EBs). The morphology of EBs was altered in the R522K-SHB clones, which showed fewer cavities. Expression of endodermal markers was decreased in the R522K-SHB EBs. </p><p>To further investigate the role of SHB in differentiation, murine ES cell lines deficient for one (SHB+/-) or both SHB alleles (SHB-/-) were generated. SHB deficient clones increased the expression of mesendodermal and endodermal markers and decreased expression of two receptors, VEGFR2 and FGFR1, connected with blood vessel differentiation. Similarly, blood vessels showed an altered morphology in SHB+/- and SHB-/- EBs after VEGF stimulation. SHB-/- ES cells also formed fewer blood colonies than control ES cells.</p><p>Finally, the role of the SHB adapter protein in vivo was analyzed by generating a SHB deficient mouse (SHB-/-). SHB-/- animals are viable, fertile, but suffer from leukopenia and anemia. SHB-/- animals demonstrate an abnormal morphology of blood vessels in the liver and kidney. Breeding of SHB+/- animals revealed an abnormal segregation of the mutant allele with an increased number of SHB+/- animals and a decreased number of SHB-/- and SHB+/+animals. Backcross analysis of SHB+/- females with SHB+/+ males displayed an increased number of SHB+/- offspring already at the blastocyst level. Simultaneously, embryos from SHB+/- mothers show an increased malformation rate in comparison to embryos from SHB+/+ mothers.</p><p>In summary, the study suggests a role of SHB in reproduction and development and in mesodermal and endodermal specification. </p>

The present study was conducted in order to assess a role of the SH2 domain-containing adapter protein SHB in development and cell differentiation. Embryonic stem (ES) cells overexpressing SHB and SHB with an inactive SH2 domain (R522K-SHB) were obtained. Microarray analysis in the SHB clone revealed altered expression of genes connected with neural cell function. The R522K-SHB clone exhibited altered expression of several transcription factors related to development. ES cells were differentiated by forming aggregates named embryoid bodies (EBs). The morphology of EBs was altered in the R522K-SHB clones, which showed fewer cavities. Expression of endodermal markers was decreased in the R522K-SHB EBs. To further investigate the role of SHB in differentiation, murine ES cell lines deficient for one (SHB+/-) or both SHB alleles (SHB-/-) were generated. SHB deficient clones increased the expression of mesendodermal and endodermal markers and decreased expression of two receptors, VEGFR2 and FGFR1, connected with blood vessel differentiation. Similarly, blood vessels showed an altered morphology in SHB+/- and SHB-/- EBs after VEGF stimulation. SHB-/- ES cells also formed fewer blood colonies than control ES cells. Finally, the role of the SHB adapter protein in vivo was analyzed by generating a SHB deficient mouse (SHB-/-). SHB-/- animals are viable, fertile, but suffer from leukopenia and anemia. SHB-/- animals demonstrate an abnormal morphology of blood vessels in the liver and kidney. Breeding of SHB+/- animals revealed an abnormal segregation of the mutant allele with an increased number of SHB+/- animals and a decreased number of SHB-/- and SHB+/+animals. Backcross analysis of SHB+/- females with SHB+/+ males displayed an increased number of SHB+/- offspring already at the blastocyst level. Simultaneously, embryos from SHB+/- mothers show an increased malformation rate in comparison to embryos from SHB+/+ mothers. In summary, the study suggests a role of SHB in reproduction and development and in mesodermal and endodermal specification.

Shb is a ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein with the ability to bind several tyrosine kinase receptors and intracellular signaling proteins. Previous studies have implied a wide spectrum of Shb-mediated cellular responses, which motivated me to further investigate the role of Shb in differentiation and angiogenesis. Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into endoderm and mesoderm from a bipotent mesendodermal cell population. Interregulatory signals between these germlayers are required for further specification. ES cells overexpressing Shb with an inactive SH2 domain (R522K-Shb) altered the expression of endodermal genes as a consequence of upregulated FGF expression. This response was enhanced by addition of activin A, suggesting a synergistic mechanism operative between FGF and activin A signaling in endoderm specification. To investigate a role for Shb in mesodermal specification, Shb knockout ES cells were established. These cells showed a reduced ability to form blood vessels after VEGF stimulation and delayed downregulation of genes associated with mesendoderm, indicating a reduced capacity for these cells to enter later stages. To assess a role for Shb in tumor cell apoptosis, Shb expression was silenced in angiosarcoma endothelial cells. FAK-phosphorylation was reduced in Shb knockdown cells and this made them more susceptible to apoptotic stimuli both in vitro and in vivo. Shb knockout microvasculature in mouse kidney, liver, and heart showed irregular endothelial linings with cytoplasmic projections toward the lumen, a feature that was also related to increased vascular permeability. VEGF treatment failed to stimulate vascular permeability in Shb knockout mice. In order to elucidate whether these features relate to reduced angiogenesis, tumor growth was examined. Tumors grown in knockout mice showed reduced growth capacity and lower vessel density. In conclusion, Shb is a multifunctional adaptor protein that may be involved in several cellular responses both during embryonic development and adult life.

<p>Är de svenska storbankernas presentation av finansiella nyckeltal jämförbara? Det är frågan jag ställt mig i syfte att skapa förståelse för omfattningen av skillnaden mellan bankernas jämförande information via finansiella nyckeltal.</p><p>Analysen har utförts genom en fallstudie, där ett systemsynsätt tillämpats, och har visat att vare sig bankernas presentation av finansiella nyckeltal, eller teorier kring nyckeltal, kan anses vara jämförbara. Stora skillnader existerar, både kring vilka nyckeltal som presenteras, vad de kallas och hur de beräknas. Finansiella nyckeltal kan således inte anses vara användbara som analysverktyg, eller bidra till den inre marknadens funktion.</p><p>Resultatet av studien baserar sig på analyser av bankernas presenterade finansiella nyckeltal, resultat- och balansräkningar, ägarstrukturer och börskurser. Grunddata har hämtats från bankernas årsredovisningar under perioden 2004 – 2008, från Finansinspektionen och Stockholmsbörsen. Jag har även intervjuat representanter från bankerna och Finansinspektionen, en analytiker och en ekonomijournalist. Den övergripande bilden och djupa förståelsen har jag fått av Jacob Palmstierna, som haft godheten att dela med sig av sin fyrtioåriga erfarenhet och ovärderliga kunskap om den svenska bankbranschen.</p><p>Uppsatsen innefattar även metodutveckling i form av en konceptuell omvärldsmodell.</p>

Le recours aux logiciels de simulation basés sur la méthode des éléments finis devenant de plus en plus systématique dans les différents secteurs de l'industrie, l'efficacité et la précision de ces derniers deviennent des propriétés déterminantes. Dans les situations les plus courantes, les structures minces nécessitent une analyse précise et efficace, rendue possible par les éléments coques. En présence de structures dans lesquelles coexistent des parties minces et des zones plus épaisses, l'utilisation de ces éléments est encore plus cruciale. Ce travail est une contribution au développement et à la validation d'éléments finis solide-coques. Les déplacements nodaux sont les seuls degrés de liberté et ils sont munis d'un ensemble de points d'intégration distribués le long d'une direction préférentielle, désignée comme “l'épaisseur”. Une intégration réduite dans le plan moyen est utilisée. La loi élastique 3D est modifiée pour s'approcher de la situation coque et atténuer les verrouillages. Grâce à ses formulations particulières, ces éléments solide-coques se connectent naturellement aux éléments 3D et présentent une bonne performance dans des applications de structures minces et pour des problèmes dominés par la flexion. Il s'agit des trois nouveaux éléments isoparamétriques SHB6, SHB15, et SHB20. L'analyse détaillée d'une potentielle déficience du rang de la matrice de raideur a révélé que ces derniers ne possèdent pas de modes à énergie nulle et qu'aucune stabilisation n'est donc nécessaire. Néanmoins, nous proposons des modifications basées sur la méthode bien connue “Assumed Strain”, pour l'opérateur gradient discrétisé de l'élément SHB6, dans le but d'améliorer sa vitesse de convergence. Pour illustrer les capacités de ces éléments, ses performances sont évaluées sur un ensemble de cas tests en configurations linéaire ou non-linéaire, communément utilisés dans la littérature pour tester les éléments finis de type coques. En particulier, il est montré que le nouvel élément SHB6 joue un rôle très utile en tant que complément à l'élément hexaèdre SHB8PS, ce qui nous permet ainsi de mailler des géométries arbitraires.