Master of Science

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 14, 2009). Thesis advisor: Matthew J. Gray. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Världens kuster och stränder har en viktig roll i samhället, både för ekonomin, gröna områden för rekreation och naturliga aspekter. Viktiga aspekter som även kan medför negativa konsekvenser för världens stränder. I Sverige skyddas stränderna genom strandskyddslagstiftning, som har till syfte att trygga allmänna och enskilda intressen samt trygga goda förhållanden för djur- och växtlivet. Strandskyddslagstiftningen är en from av naturvårdföreskrifter som alltid ska beaktas vid fastighetsbildning. Strandskyddet är generellt vilket medför att alla stränder och vattendrag i Sverige berörs. Strandskyddet utgår från strandlinjen och 100 meter upp på land och 100 meter ut i vattnet. Vid fastighetsbildning tillämpar Lantmätare den berörd lagstiftning samt samråd med berörda myndigheter för att inte motverka strandskyddets syfte. Examensarbetets syfte är att analysera tillämpningen av strandskyddet i fastighetsbildning, utifrån lässtyrelens och Lantmäteriets beslut. Målet är att finna skillnaden mellan hur länsstyrelsen och Lantmäteriet tillämpar strandskyddslagstiftningen i fastighetsbildning. Metoden till studien består av en kvalitativ analys, en juridisk analys och en litteraturstudie. Studiens utgångspunkt låg i att granska strandskyddslagstiftningen utifrån lantmäteriförrättningar och länsstyrelsens yrkanden till överklagandena. Vilket genomfördes av den juridiska analysen samt delar av litteraturstudien. Den kvalitativa studien bestod av ett frågeformulär som skickades till alla medverkande länsstyrelser i Sverige samt intervjuer med lantmätare. Studien skulle ha genomförts i hela Sverige men genomfördes enbart i Hälsingland. Resultatet av studien visade att skillnader finns i tillämpningen av strandskyddslagslagstiftningen i Hälsingland. Skillnaden kan bero på att strandskyddslagstiftningen är svårtolkad och ger utrymme för olika tillämpningar vid olika fastighetsbildningsåtgärder. / The coasts and shoreline of the world have an important role in society, both for the economy, green areas for recreation and natural aspects. Important aspects that can also adversely affect the world's shoreline. In Sweden, the shoreline is protected by shore protection laws, which aims to protect public and private interests and ensure good conditions for animal and plant life. Shore protection laws is a form of conservation regulations that must always be taken into account when registration of property. The shore protection is generally, which means that all shore and waters in Sweden are affected. The shore protection starts from the shoreline and 100 meters up to land and 100 meters into the water. When registration of property, the surveyors apply the applicable legislation and consult with the relevant authorities in order not to counteract the purpose of shore protection. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the application of the shore protection laws in registration of property, on the decision of the country administrative board and the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority, Lantmäteriet. The goal is to find the difference between how the county administrative board and the Lantmäteriet applies the shore protection in registration of property. The method of the study is based on a qualitative analysis, a legal analysis and a literature study. The purpose of the study was to review the shore protection laws regulations from Lantmäteriet and the county administrative board's claims to the appeals, which was carried out by the legal analysis and parts of the literature study. The qualitative study consisted of a questionnaire sent to all participating county administrative boards in Sweden and interviews with surveyors. The study would have been carried out throughout Sweden but implemented only in Hälsingland. The result of the study showed that there are differences in the application of the shore protection laws regulations in Hälsingland. The difference may be due to the fact that the shore protection of the is difficult to interpret, which allows for different applications for different registration of property.

The aim of this doctoral thesis is to verify a possibilities of fibercement extrusion. A mixture for extrusion is typical for its high toughness and high fiber content, as the fiber content may be several times higher than when utilizing other production methods. The technology of a twin shaft kneader makes it possible to produce homogenous mixture for extrusion with low water/cement ratio. With use of auger moulder a mixture of high toughness is formed to final shape. The extreme shear and pressure stress is applied in the process. Therefore high requirements are posed on the equipment.

Building permits and dispensation from shore protection are today two, separate permits, which are legally independent of one other. Despite this, both a building permit and a dispensation from shore protection are normally required for proceedings measures within a shore protection area. This means that a building permit applicant, despite have been granted a building permit, cannot begin the proceedings until dispensation from shore protection has also been granted. The fact that both permits are usually handled by the same authority, i.e. the municipality, can lead to confusion for individual property owners. The municipalities' handling of the permits can also affect the cadastral authority's handling of property registration procedures within shore protection areas.The purpose of this study is to investigate how the permit examinations can be coordinated; partly to clarify the process for the public and partly to simplify the handling of the cadastral authority's handling of property registration procedures. The goal of the study is to present proposals for how the permit examinations can be coordinated.To achieve the purpose and goals of the study, a literature review was carried out as well as a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with municipalities, cadastral surveyors, and the county administrative board. In addition, a legal dogmatic method was implemented, implying that court decisions, municipal decisions on building permits, and dispensations from shore protection as well as proposals and the state's public investigations were reviewed.The results of the study show that the awareness that a measure may require a dispensation from shore protection is lower among the general public than the understanding that a building permit may be required. The results also show that the municipalities, the county administration, and the cadastral authority sometimes make different assessments in shore protection issues and that the need for a dispensation from shore protection is often only discovered in connection with property registration procedures. Many municipalities do not experience any major problems with how the current legislation is designed, however, the results show that some municipalities have established their own routines to simplify permit examinations. The study also shows that the consequences of a building permit applicant neglecting to apply for a dispensation from shore protection can be great, not least financial. In the worst case, property owners can be prosecuted for environmental crimes or forced to demolish an already constructed building.Overall, there is a need to change the legislation; a building permit according to the Planning and Building Act should be able to be declared suspended while waiting for the issue of a dispensation from shore protection to be decided.ivIn addition, the study shows that there is a need for increased competence development regarding shore protection legislation at both the municipal and the cadastral authorities. / Bygglov och strandskyddsdispens är idag två, från varandra, oberoende tillståndsprövningar. Trots det fordras normalt såväl bygglov som strandskyddsdispens för åtgärder inom strandskyddsområde. Det innebär att en bygglovssökande, trots att denne beviljats bygglov, inte kan påbörja åtgärden förrän strandskyddsdispens har beviljats. Att de båda tillståndsprövningarna vanligtvis handläggs av samma instans, kommunen, kan dessutom leda till förvirring för enskilda fastighetsägare. Kommunernas hantering av tillstånden kan även påverka lantmäterimyndighetens handläggning av fastighetsbildningsförrättningar inom strandskydd.Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur tillståndsprövningarna hanteras idag samt hur de bättre kan samordnas, dels för att förtydliga processen för allmänheten, dels för att förenkla handläggningen vid fastighetsbildningsförrättningar. Målet med studien är att presentera förslag på hur tillståndsprövningarna kan samordnas.För att uppnå studiens syfte och mål genomfördes en litteraturstudie samt en kvalitativ studie bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer med kommuner, förrättningslantmätare och länsstyrelsen. Därtill genomfördes en rättsdogmatisk metod innefattande en granskning av domstolsavgöranden, kommunala beslut om bygglov- och strandskyddsdispenser samt propositioner och statens offentliga utredningar.Resultatet av studien visar att kännedomen om att en åtgärd kan kräva strandskyddsdispens är lägre hos allmänheten än kännedomen om att det kan krävas bygglov. Resultatet visar också att kommunerna, länsstyrelsen och lantmäterimyndigheten stundtals gör olika bedömningar i strandskyddsfrågor och att behovet av strandskyddsdispens många gånger uppdagas först i samband med lantmäteriförrättningar. Flertalet kommuner upplever inte någon stor problematik kring hur nuvarande lagstiftning är utformad, däremot visar resultatet att vissa kommuner har upprättat egna rutiner för att förenkla tillståndsprövningarna. Studien visar även att konsekvenserna av att en bygglovssökande förbiser att söka strandskyddsdispens kan bli stora, inte minst ekonomiska. I värsta fall kan fastighetsägare åtalas för miljöbrott eller tvingas riva en redan uppförd byggnad.Sammantaget finns det ett behov av att ändra lagstiftningen; ett bygglov enligt plan- och bygglagen bör kunna vilandeförklaras i väntan på att frågan om strandskyddsdispens avgörs. Dessutom visar studien att det finns det ett behov av ökad kompetensutveckling gällande strandskyddslagstiftningen hos såväl kommunerna som hos lantmäterimyndigheterna.

The freshwater-saltwater transition zone was investigated in an unconfined aquifer on Virginia’s Eastern Shore. The Steelman’s Landing study site consisted of a well transect which began in an 800 meter wide upland agricultural field, and proceeded seaward through a 300 meter wide mesic forest, 300 meter wide saltmarsh, and 550 meters offshore into Magothy Bay. Wells in the surficial, Columbia aquifer were screened over 30 centimeters at depths of 3.05, 9.14, and 15.25 meters below the surface. Most monitoring sites consisted of clusters of multiple wells which were periodically sampled for inorganic nutrients and salinity. In the saltmarsh portion of the study site, salinity of monitoring well samples indicated the presence of two horizontal flow systems. The deeper flow system contained freshwater flowing seaward from upland areas. The shallower system contained saline water recharged by the tides and concentrated by evaporation. Salinity measurements and positive vertical (0.019-0.046 meters/meter) and horizontal (0.001-0.005 m/m) hydraulic gradients of wells located across the marsh suggested movement of freshwater offshore which was confirmed by the direct measurement of submarine groundwater discharge (SGWD) using seepage meters. Upland wells contained high nitrate freshwater (>600μmol / 1 NO₃⁻, <1.0% salinity), while shallow (3.05m) wells located from the marsh-forest interface across the saltmarsh to Magothy Bay contained increasingly saline water and reduced nitrate levels (<1μmol / 1 NO₃⁻, 4-21% salinity). Deeper (9.14m) wells across the study site from the agricultural field seaward 420 meters offshore, contained fresh water (<1.0%). A deep (9.14m) well located 550 meters offshore contained water of nearly equal salinity to ambient water in Magothy Bay (30-32%). This represented a point on the saline side of the transition zone. In order to more completely identify and account for movement of nutrients in groundwater across the study site from upland agricultural fields to Magothy Bay, the second portion of the study consisted of an investigation of nutrient movement through a small tidal creek located adjacent to the Steelman’s Landing study site. Creek water had a higher velocity and shorter residence time in comparison to groundwater. Exercises describing nutrient movement were conducted in February and May, 1993 in Wall’s Landing Creek. A seasonal component of nutrient reduction was investigated as indicated by ambient creek samples, and bulk flux of nutrients across the sediment-water interface using light and dark benthic dome chambers. Nitrate flux measurements for the February and May sampling exercises were approximately 14,500 μmol/sec (17.6kg/day as N) and 5400 μmol/sec (6.5kg/day as N), respectively. The primary mechanism of nitrate reduction on reaching the creek channel was physical dilution by seawater. / Master of Science

The movement of nitrogen from the surface, where it is applied as fertilizer, to groundwater is of importance due to the health concerns associated with nitrate and potential eutrophication of groundwater impacted surface water. The computer model, PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model) was used to simulate the transportation of nitrogen through the soil column, past the crop root zone to groundwater. Then MOC (Method of Characterization), a groundwater model, was used to transport the nitrogen that had reached the water table offsite. Results were compared to existing field data in an attempt to verify the validity of the simulation. / Master of Science

Stränder och strandnära områden utgör i många avseenden en värdefull miljö som i Sverige skyddas tack vare vår strandskyddslagstiftning. Strandskyddslagstiftningen är en naturvårdsföreskrift som syftar till att trygga allmänhetens tillgång till stränder och bevara goda livsvillkor för växt- och djurlivet. Skyddet är generellt, dvs gäller alla stränder i Sverige och innebär bl a ett förbud mot uppförande av ny bebyggelse. Fastighetsbildning inom strandskyddat område utgör en åtgärd där hänsyn måste tas till strandskyddsbestämmelserna. Åtgärden kräver en bedömning där förrättningslantmätaren, efter vederbörligt samråd med kommunen eller länsstyrelsen, avgör om strandskyddets syfte motverkas eller inte. Kort sagt, följderna för ett strandskyddat område vid fastighetsbildning grundas på en enskild bedömning där Lantmäteriet är beslutande myndighet. Examensarbetet syftar till att undersöka och analysera fastighetsbildning inom strandskyddat område. Målet är att ge förslag på hur Lantmäteriets arbetet vid fastighetsbildning inom strandskyddat område kan förbättras.   För att uppnå studiens syfte genomfördes en grundlig litteraturstudie som främst fokuserade på att studera den svenska strandskyddslagstiftningen. Dessutom genomfördes en kvalitativ analys där genomförda lantmäteriförrättningar, från två kommuner, granskades. Resultaten från de kvalitativa studierna sammanställdes i en jämförelseanalys för att visa på skillnader och likheter vid fastighetsbildning inom de utvalda kommunerna. Litteraturen bekräftar bl a att fastighetsbildning inom strandskyddat område initialt innebär en bedömning från förrättningslantmätaren, efter vederbörligt samråd med kommunen eller länsstyrelsen, vad gäller om strandskyddets syfte motverkas eller inte. De kvalitativa analyserna redovisar att den angivna arbetsgången enligt litteraturen inte alltid tillämpas i praktiken.  Jämförelseanalysen visar att fastighetsbildning inom strandskyddat område på vissa sätt skiljer sig mellan de studerade kommunerna. Fastighetsbildning inom strandskyddat område är ett komplext förfarande som kräver ett väl fungerande system där tolkningsutrymmet för lagstiftningen är mycket begränsad och där risken att strandskyddet försummas minimeras. Ett förslag som bör leda till förbättringar av arbetet är främst ökad kunskap bland förrättningslantmätare. / Shores and coastal areas are in many respects valuable environments which in Sweden are protected thanks to our shore protection provisions. The shore protection provisions are conservation regulations aimed at ensuring public access to shores and preserve good living conditions for flora and fauna. The protection is general which means it applies to all shores in Sweden and includes e.g. a ban for construction of new buildings. Registration of property within shore protected areas is a measure which must consider the shore protection provisions. The measure requires an assessment by a cadastral surveyor, after consultation with the municipality or the county administrative board, to determine whether the aims of the shore protection are countered or not. In short, the consequences of a shore protected area when registration of property is being completed, is based on an individual assessment where Lantmäteriet (the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority) is the decision-making authority. The thesis aims to examine and analyze registration of property within shore protected areas. The goal is to make suggestions on how Lantmäteriet can improve their work when registration of property is being completed within shore protected areas. To achieve the purpose of the study a thorough literature review was conducted that primarily focused on studying the Swedish shore protection provisions. In addition, a qualitative analysis was performed, where completed cadastral procedures from two municipalities were reviewed. The results of the qualitative studies were compiled in a comparative analysis to show the differences and similarities in registration of property within the selected municipalities. The literature confirms, among other things, that registration of property in shore protected areas initially involves an evaluation by the cadastral surveyor. The qualitative analysis shows that the specified workflow in the literature is not always applied in practice. The comparative analysis show that registration of property within shore protected areas differ in some ways in the studied municipalities. Registration of property in shore protected areas is a complex procedure which requires a well functioning system where interpretation of the legislation is very limited and where the risk of the shore protection being neglected is minimized. A proposal that should lead to improvements of the work is mainly increased knowledge among cadastral surveyors.

Beach nourishment provides an excellent opportunity for the study of intensified sediment transport gradients and associated morphological changes in a natural setting. The objectives of this study are to quantify and predict longshore and cross-shore transport gradients induced by 1) beach nourishment, 2) different storm wave conditions, and 3) the annual wave climate and long-term sediment supply. The details of sediment transport rates and gradients induced by gradual processes and high-energy events are analyzed on a macro-scale. Well-planned monitoring of the 2004 Upham Beach nourishment project in west-central Florida collected high-spatial and -temporal resolution field data. Three hurricanes passed by the project soon after nourishment was complete.Post-nourishment planform adjustment occurs immediately after nourishment via diffusion spit development at the end transitions. Thus, the initiation of planform adjustment may be abrupt, rather than gradual as pred icted by the typical diffusion models. Diffusion spit formation is dominant during relatively calm wave conditions on coasts with low wave heights and tidal ranges.Profile equilibration also may be an event-driven, rather than a gradual, process. Rapid profile equilibration following nourishment occurred not only due to hurricane passage, but also during a winter season. The duration between nourishment and the passage of the first high-energy event is an important factor controlling the time scale of profile equilibration.The passage of three hurricanes generated different wave conditions and induced different sediment transport directions, rates, and gradients due to their variable proximities to the project area. The direction of cross-shore transport was governed by wave steepness. Onshore sediment transport occurred during a storm event, in contrast with the concepts of gradual onshore transport during mild wave conditions and abrupt offshore transport during storm events, as cited in the literature.By formulating sediment budgets on various temporal and spatial scales, both event-driven and average transport rates and gradients can be resolved. Annual average transport rates for a region should not be arbitrarily applied to nourished beaches; rather, sediment budgets formulated with high-spatial and -temporal resolution field data should be formulated during the design phase of future nourishment projects.