Logo após a sua publicação, 1943, a obra O Ser e o Nada de Sartre foi alvo de comentários críticos que apontavam seu caráter idealista. Essas leituras enfatizavam a incompatibilidade entre a afirmação sartriana de uma liberdade absoluta do homem e as condições históricas que acabariam por determiná- lo. Quando Sartre publicou em 1960 a sua Crítica da Razão Dialética (\"encontro\" com o marxismo), tudo se passou como a confirmação do idealismo presente em O Ser e o Nada, a ponto de se operar a divisão de seu pensamento em antes e depois da Crítica. Sartre, no entanto, ao defender o absoluto da liberdade afirma também que não há liberdade sem situação. Tentaremos enfatizar essa difícil relação entre liberdade e situação a partir da apresentação da concepção sartriana de liberdade, bem como pelo exame da proposta psicanalítica de Sartre. / Right after its publication in 1943, Sartre\'s Being and nothingness has received critical commentaries that pointed out its idealistic character. These lectures emphasized the incompatibility between Sartre\'s assertion of man\'s absolute freedom and the historical conditions which would determine it. When Sartre publishes, in 1960, his Critique of dialectic reason (\"encounter\" with Marxism), everything is seen as the confirmation of the idealism of Being and nothingness, overcoming the division of his thought in before and after the Critique. However, when Sartre defends the absolute of freedom he also affirms that there is no freedom without situation. We will try to emphasize this difficult relation between freedom and situation through the presentation of Sartre\'s concept of freedom, as well as through the examination of his psychoanalytic proposal.

Nossa pesquisa pretende mostrar a relação entre liberdade e situação presente na primeira fase da filosofia de Merleau-Ponty, especialmente na Fenomenologia da Percepção. Nosso objetivo é indicar que ela se apoia em uma dimensão ontológica, cuja característica principal é a recusa da tradicional separação entre ser e nada, e cujo fundamento encontra-se na temporalidade. / Our research intends to show the relation between freedon and situation present at the begining of Merleau-Ponty\'s philosophy, especially at Phénoménologie de la Perception. Our objective is to indicate that it is suported by an ontoligical dimension, whose main caracteristic is the refuse of the traditional separation between \"being\" and \"nothingness\", and whose fundament is found at the temporality.

Esta dissertação busca mostrar as questões envolvidas no teatro de Sartre. Para tanto, partese de uma descrição da consciência em geral para atingir uma caracterização da consciência imaginante - é esta consciência que toma o objeto estético como tal, posto que tal objeto é um objeto imaginário. A partir dessa caracterização da obra de arte em geral, busca-se descrever a especificidade da obra de arte teatral, de forma a mostrar a formulação do gênero teatral proposto por Sartre, o teatro de situações, a maneira como sua descrição sobre o evento teatral lhe serve como recusa do teatro burguês e para a crítica da produção dramatúrgica de sua época, e como o teatro opera uma descrição da vivência humana concreta que a filosofia descreve de forma estrutural. / This dissertation aims at opening up questions involved in Sartre\'s theatre. Firstly, beginning with a description of the consciousness in general one comes to a characterisation of the imaging consciousness - the one that takes into account the aesthetic object as such, given that this is an imagined object. Secondly, considering this characterisation of the work of art in general one intends to point out the characteristics of the theatrical work of art. The elaboration of the theatrical genre proposed by Sartre, i.e., the theatre of situations, is a description of the theatrical event that allows him to refuse the bourgeois theatre and to criticise the dramaturgical production of his period. For the French philosopher, the theatre operates a description of the concrete human lived experience that philosophy can only describe in a structural way.

Adaptação e sensibilidade ao contexto andam juntos em diferentes tipos de aplicações. A sensibilidade ao contexto não necessariamente implica em adaptação, mas para que um sistema sensível ao contexto possa guiar uma adaptação efetiva, precisa acompanhar a ocorrência de determinados eventos no sistema e reagir de forma adequada a estes eventos. Este caráter adaptativo tem sido buscado em sistemas Web, de forma a se comportarem de maneira personalizada em atendimento às necessidades particulares do usuário. Dentre uma diversidade de sistemas Web que se propõem a apresentar como diferencial caráter sensível ao contexto do usuário, este trabalho estuda um domínio de aplicação específico: os sistemas de educação adaptativos baseados na Web. Este domínio se mostra crítico, pois necessita ser personalizado tendo em vista um usuário não comum e com uma série de particularidades que devem ser levadas em conta: o aluno. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar uma solução para o problema da adaptação de ações sensíveis às situações vivenciadas por alunos em um sistema de educação adaptativo baseado na Web. Este problema engloba diversas questões que são atualmente foco de pesquisa em áreas relacionadas à sensibilidade ao contexto, entre elas: (i) as formas de obtenção dos dados relativos ao contexto do aluno; (ii) a análise dos diferentes grupos e modelos de contexto que descrevem a situação em si, vivenciada pelo aluno no momento atual; (iii) as formas de avaliação e relacionamento dos dados de contexto do aluno, de forma a permitir inferência de sua situação atual. Para este fim, foi desenvolvida uma solução capaz de auxiliar o funcionamento de sistemas de educação adaptativos, de forma a apresentarem caráter reativo à situação vivenciada pelo aluno. A solução desenvolvida consiste de um módulo de sensibilidade à situação, construído com o objetivo de analisar as diversas particularidades existentes no cotidiano atual do aluno, se mantendo útil a ele independentemente do seu local atual, do dispositivo computacional utilizado e da tarefa em curso, respeitando as características individuais do aluno. De acordo com a situação detectada, ações de adaptação são fornecidas à mídia adaptativa, com intuito de prover uma experiência educacional voltada às necessidades reais do aluno. Ao final, o funcionamento da solução proposta foi simulado em conjunto a um ambiente de ensino real, de forma a verificar sua aplicabilidade prática. / Adaptation and context awareness walk together in different kinds of applications. Context awareness doesn’t imply necessarily in adaptation, but an adaptive system in order to guide an effective adaptation need to be aware about the occurrence of specific events and properly react to them. This adaptive character has been looked in web systems, in order to behave in a personalized way in attending the particular needs of the user. Among a variety of web systems that propose to present a context aware character, this work presents a case study in a specific application domain: web-based adaptive educational systems. This area is critical because the system needs to be customized in order to attend a not common user, with a variety of particularities that should be taken into account: the student. The main objective of this work is to present a solution to the problem of adaptation of situation-aware actions lived by students in a web-based adaptive educational system. This problem involves several issues that are currently focus of research in areas related with context-awareness, like: (i) the ways of obtaining student’s context data, which often lead to uncertain and ambiguous analysis (ii) the analysis of different groups and context models that describe the situation itself, experienced by the student at the present time, (iii) the ways of evaluating and correlating student’s context data, to allow the inference of their current situation. To this end, we developed a solution capable to assist the functioning of adaptive educational systems; in order to present a reactive character to the situations lived by the student. The solution consists on situation-aware module which aiming at evaluating the several particularities of the student’s actual routine to remain useful to him, regardless of his current location, the computing device used, day of week and the ongoing task, respecting the individual characteristics of the student. According to the detected situation, adaptive actions are presented to the adaptive hypermedia, aiming at providing a better educational experience to the student. At the end of this work, the solution developed is tested with a real e-learning environment to verify its practical appliance.

In the recent world championships of the simulated RoboCup league the winning teams possessed low level behaviours, such as kick and pass, that were close to perfection. In order to improve a team's performance you will need, beside perfect low level behaviours, a good management of the team. We present a model for managing a team in the simulated RoboCup league. The model is based on techniques used by the recent winners in the league and allows you to get a well coordinated team of agents striving for a common goal. The model supports different formations in different situations, which contributes to a dynamic team play, where the players can adjust to their opponents and other factors like time left and goal difference. For example if the game is near the end and the team is loosing a more risky and aggressive tactic is chosen.

Background: Surgeries history stretches far back in time. Stoma operations started being successfully in the 19th century. In the 1950s, a standard treatment for stoma operations was developed which still is being used today. The reason for getting a stoma may be due to various things such as illness or trauma. Getting a stoma can lead to a changed body perception and can affect the individual's experience of health and suffering. It´s up to the nurse to be able to approach these patients and their experiences in the best professional way. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe patients experiences of living with a stoma. Method: This study has been conducted as a qualitative litterature review. An analysis of eleven qualitative articles was carried out. Results: Three themes explaining the patient's experience of living with a stoma where identified as: the patient's path to acceptance, the patient's obstacles to the way of acceptance and the continued life with a stoma. Eight sub-themes: teaching and information, social support, an inner process, complications and leakage, uncertainty and concern, changed body perception, daily constraints, adaptation to a new life situation, where discovered. Conclusion: The experience of living with a stoma varies from person to person. There are factors that can affect the patient's life with a stoma. There are both positive and negative experiences that create an overall picture.

This thesis is a constructive attempt to unravel the dilemma posed by Mischel's (1968) work with trait and state theories of personality, through the use of a novel design. Mischel found a failure to predict behavior incrementally from inferences about underlying traits (personalities) and states (situations). This impasse is demonstrated in attribution theory by the difference between Kelley's (1967) emphasis on environmental cues (i.e., consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness) in attributional situations, and Russell's (1982) search for an attributional style (specific to the individual). This thesis shows the relative influence of the situation and one's personality in attributions to a successful subordinate. Subjects were 527 psychology students at Florida International University (FIU). They completed James' (1957) Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale, to distinguish between internal, mid-range, and external personalities. Each subject read one of the vignettes about an army event that varied according to Kelley's (1967) (1) internal, (2) ambiguous, and (3) external patterns, and was asked to make an attribution about the depicted event (i.e., they completed the locus of causality subscale of the Causal Dimension Scale [CDS]). These attribution making scores constitute a major dependent variable of interest. The degree of attributional difficulty experienced by the subject and the evaluative disposition of the subject toward the actions in the vignette were tapped as opportunistic dependent variables. Afterwards, subjects indicated their willingness to complete evaluative forms on the subordinates in the vignettes. This measured the subject's willingness to reward the subordinate, and constitutes another dependent variable of major interest in this study. MANOVA was used to account for the variance in the dependent variables (i.e., attribution making, attributional difficulty, evaluative disposition, and evaluative behavior). The 3 X 4 (personality X situation) MANOVA showed that the situation significantly accounted for the variance in all four dependent variables, while the subjects' personality significantly accounted for attributional difficulty and evaluative disposition. I discuss the possibility that personality distinguished the more private cognitions (since those analyses were significant) from the more public cognitions (which were not significant). I conclude that the strong situational influence supports Mischel's findings. Future researchers would do well to utilize an integrated research design (as this study has done) with processes involving personality and situation antecedents.

Les effets de la mobilité sur l’appartenance et l’engagement au sein des communautés francophones en situation minoritaire au Canada sont examinés grâce aux données de l’Enquête sur la vitalité des minorités de langue officielle. Ces phénomènes sont étudiés dans le contexte des communautés dans lesquelles habitent ces individus franco-mobiles en s’attardant à l’effet du milieu défini en fonction de la proportion de francophones vivant dans la municipalité. Ces données sont analysées à travers une série de tableaux croisés. Les analyses révèlent que l’incidence de la mobilité sur l’appartenance et l’engagement est moins grande que postulée. Toutefois, elle a des conséquences plus importantes au niveau de l’engagement que de l’appartenance. Le milieu tempère puisque les effets de la mobilité diffèrent de façon notable, selon le type de communauté. C’est dans les milieux où les francophones représentent moins de 10% de la population que s’observe l’influence la plus marquée de la mobilité.

This diploma thesis discusses inbound tourism of Australians to the Czech Republic and weighs its future potential. The theoretical part contains a situation analysis with a brief characterization of inbound tourism of the Czech Republic, marketing activities of the Czech Republic as a tourist destination and a thorough socioeconomic characterization of Australia and its outbound tourism. Furthermore, this paper evaluates what the Czech tourist destinations have to offer to the Australian market. The practical part covers the outcome of the primary survey of Australians´ travelling consumer behaviour and their perception of the Czech Republic.

Zapf Creation is well established German company making toys for girls for almost 100 years. As many other companies also Zapf Creaiton fights with changes of customer demand. Company has to react and its products and communication with customers adapt to actual trends. In effort to be succesful it is necessary to change the positioning of the company and to find new posibilites how to address to customers and convince them to buy Zapf Creation products. All that is included in Marketing plan for czech subsidiary of Zapf Creation AG.