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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The stories and histories of the human race are littered with the remnants of utopia. These utopias always exist in some "far away" place, whether this place be removed in terms of time (either as a nostalgically remembered past, or an idealistically projected future), or in terms of space (as a place that one must arrive at). In our attempts to attain these utopias, we construct our worlddefinitions in accordance with our projections of these ideal places and ways of "being". Our discourses come to embody and perpetuate these ideals, which are maintained by excluding any definitions of the world that run counter to these ideals. The continued existence of utopia relies on the subjects of that utopia continuing their belief in its ideals, and not questioning its construction. Counter-discourse to utopia manifests in the same space as the original utopia and gives rise to questions that threaten the stability of the ideal. Questions challenge belief, and therefore the discourse of the ideal must neutralise those who question and challenge it. This process of neutralisation requires that more definitions be constructed within utopian discourse - definitions that allow the subjects of the discourse to objectify the questioner. However, as these new definitions arise, they create yet more counter-definitions, thereby increasing the fragmentation of the aforementioned space. A subject of any "dominant" discourse, removed from that discourse, is exposed to the questions inherent in counter-discourse. In such circumstances, the definitions of the questioner - the "other" - that have previously enabled the subject to disregard the questioner's existence and/or point of view are no longer reinforced, and the subject begins to question those definitions. Once this questioning process starts, the utopia of the subject is re-defined as dystopia, for the questioning highlights the (often violent) methods of exclusion needed to maintain that utopia. Foucault's theory of heterotopia, used as the basis for the analysis of the three texts in question, suggests a space in which several conflicting and contradictory discourses which seemingly bear no relation to each other are found grouped together. Whereas utopia sustains myth in discourse, running with the grain of language, heterotopias run against the grain, undermining the order that we create through language, because they destroy the syntax that holds words and things together. The narrators in the three texts dealt with are all subjects of dominant discourses sustained by exclusive definitions and informed by ideals that require this exclusion in order to exist. Displaced into spaces that subvert the definitions within their discourses, the narrators experience a sense of "madness", resulting from the disintegration of their perception of "order". However, through embracing and perpetuating that which challenged their established sense of identity, the narrators can regain their sense of agency, and so their narratives become vehicles for the reconstitution of the subject-status of the narrators, as well as a means of perpetuating the counter-discourse. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Utopias spikkel die landskap van menseheugenis as plekke in "lank lank gelede" of "eendag", in "n land baie ver van hier", en is dus altyd verwyderd van die huidige, óf in ruimte, óf in tyd. In ons strewe na die ideale, skep ons definisies van die wêreld wat in voeling is met hierdie idealistiese plekke en bestaanswyses. Sulke definisies sypel deur die diskoers, of taal, waarmee ons ons omgewing beskryf. Die ideale wat dan in die diskoers omvat word, word onderhou deur die uitsluiting van enige definisie wat teenstrydig is met dié in die idealistiese diskoers. Die volgehoue bestaan van utopie berus daarop dat die subjekte van daardie utopie voortdurend glo in die ideale voorgehou in en onderhou deur die diskoers, en dus nie die diskoers se konstruksie bevraagteken nie. Die manifestering van teen-diskoers in dieselfde ruimte as die utopie, gee aanleiding tot vrae wat die bestaan van die ideaal bedreig omdat geloof in die ideaal noodsaaklik is vir die ideaal se voortbestaan. Aangesien bevraagtekening dikwels geloof uitdaag en ontwrig, lei dit daartoe dat die diskoers wat die ideaal onderhou, diegene wat dit bevraagteken, neutraliseer. Hierdie neutraliseringsproses behels die vorming van nog definisies binne die diskoers wat die vraagsteller objektiveer. Die vorming van nuwe definisies loop op sy beurt uit op die vorming van teen-definisies wat bloot verdere verbrokkeling van die voorgenoemde ruimte veroorsaak. "n Subjek van die "dominante" diskoers van die utopie wat hom- /haarself buite die spergebiede van sy/haar diskoers bevind, word blootgestel aan vrae wat in teen-diskoers omvat word. In sulke omstandighede is die subjek verwyder van die versterking van daardie definisies wat die vraagsteller - die "ander" - se opinies of bestaan as nietig voorgestel het, en die subjek mag dan hierdie definisies bevraagteken. Sodra hierdie proses begin, vind "n herdefinisie van ruimte plaas, en utopie word distopie soos die vrae (soms geweldadige) uitsluitingsmetodes wat die onderhoud van die ideaal behels, aan die lig bring en, in sommige gevalle, aan die kaak stel. Hierdie tesis gebruik Foucault se teorie van "heterotopia" om die drie tekste te analiseer. Dié teorie veronderstel "n ruimte waarin die oorvleueling van verskeie teenstrydighede (diskoerse) plaasvind. Waar utopie die bestaan van fabels en diskoerse akkommodeer, ondermyn heterotopia die orde wat ons deur taal en definisie skep omdat dit die sintaks vernietig wat woorde aan konsepte koppel. Die drie vertellers is elkeen "n subjek van "n "dominante diskoers" wat onderhou word deur uitsluitende definisies in "n utopia waar die voortgesette bestaan van die ideale wat in die diskoers omvat word op eksklusiwiteit staatmaak. Omdat die vertellers verplaas is na ruimtes wat hulle eksklusiewe definisies omverwerp, vind hulle dat hulle aan "n soort waansin grens wat veroorsaak is deur die verbrokkeling van hul sin van "orde". Deur die teen-diskoers in hul stories in te bou as verteltaal, of te implementeer as die meganisme van oordrag, kan die vertellers hul "selfsin" herwin. Deur vertelling hervestig die vertellers dus hul status as subjek, en verseker hulle hul plek in die opkomende diskoers deur middel van hulle voortsetting daarvan.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the representation of personal narrative and nationhood within the genre of literary non-fiction written around the theme of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The texts to be examined are Antjie Krog‟s, Country of My Skull, Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela‟s A Human Being Died That Night and Sindiwe Magona‟s Mother to Mother. The texts by Krog and Gobodo-Madikizela tell the story of apartheid‟s legacy from two different viewpoints. Their texts are filled with spatial patches of personal narrative which emphasize the impact apartheid had on two different South African cultures, thereby linking the personal to the national by exploring a subjective truth in their narratives. Both these authors were involved with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in a professional capacity and through their respective ideologies the psyche of the apartheid perpetrator is examined, interrogated and analysed. Within the genre of literary non-fiction these two writers grapple with capturing the real, the objective, but simultaneously insist on doing so from a subjective vantage point. Sindiwe Magona‟s, Mother to Mother also centres on the theme of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and on the psyche of the perpetrator. This time, however, the perpetrator‟s psyche is explored through the lens of a narrator-mother in an address to the victim‟s mother. The most significant difference between this text and the other two is that the Magona text provides a fictional account of the TRC case in question. The ethical implications of a literary text with documentary subject matter, of a text that explores the intersections between fiction and non-fiction, surfaces again, and to a larger extent than in the other two texts, thereby further unsettling the line between the reportorial and the imaginative. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die verteenwoordiging van persoonlike vertelling en nasieskap in die genre van die literêre nie-fiksie wat geskryf is om die tema van die Waarheids-en Versoeningskommissie (WVK). Die tekste wat ondersoek word is Antjie Krog se Country of My Skull, Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela se A Human Being Died That Night en Sindiwe Magona se Mother to Mother. Die tekste van Krog en Gobodo-Madikizela vertel die storie van apartheid-nalatenskap uit twee verskillende standpunte. Hul tekste bestaan uit gereelde ruimtelike kolle van persoonlike verhaal wat die impak van apartheid op twee verskillende kulture van die land beklemtoon om sodoende die persoonlike aan die nasionale te koppel en „n subjektiewe waarheid van hul narratiewe na vore te bring. Albei hierdie skrywers was in 'n professionele hoedanigheid betrokke by die WVK en deur hulle onderskeie ideologieë word die psige van die apartheid oortreder ondersoek, ondervra en ontleed. Dit is binne literêre nie-fiksie waar hierdie twee skrywers swoeg om die werklike en objektiewe ten toon te stel terwyl hulle dit terseldertyd vanuit „n subjektiewe oogpunt wil benader. Sindiwe Magona se Mother to Mother draai ook om die tema van die Waarheids-en Versoeningskommissie en die psige van die oortreder. Hierdie keer, egter, is die oortreder-psige ondersoek deur die lens van 'n verteller-ma in 'n toespraak aan die slagoffer se ma. Die belangrikste verskil tussen hierdie teks en die ander twee is dat die Magona teks 'n fiktiewe vertelling bied van die WVK saak betrokke in hierdie geval. Die etiese implikasies van 'n literêre teks met 'n dokumentêre onderwerp kom weer na vore en tot 'n groter mate as die ander twee tekste, en daardeur word die fyn lyn van die literêre genres met 'n dokumentêre onderwerp omver gegooi.

La biomécanique des chocs vise à étudier les lésions, établir des limites de tolérance et de proposer des mesures de protections adéquates. La méthode des éléments-finis permet l’étude approfondie des mécanismes de lésions, évitant des problèmes liés à l’expérimentation et d’éthique. La biomécanique de la tête humaine chez l’adulte a pris ce virage très tôt, et des modèles de la tête de l’adulte existent, dont celui développé à l’Université de Strasbourg : le SUFEHM (Strasbourg University Finite Element Head Model). Le présent projet a pour but d’ouvrir cette thématique à la modélisation des traumatismes crâniens du nourrisson. Deux axes de travail ont été conduits successivement pour étudier des situations d’accidents et de maltraitances. Le premier axe consiste à développer un modèle de l’œil du nourrisson pour l’étude des hémorragies rétiniennes. Le deuxième consiste à améliorer le modèle de tête en intégrant d’une part les données de l’imagerie médicale comme l’orientation et la densité des fibres axonales, et d’autre part en validant la formulation du crâne pour prédire les fractures crâniennes. / Impact biomechanics aim at studying injuries, establishing tolerance limit and propose efficient protective systems. The finite-element method permits to study precisely injury mechanisms by avoiding questions linked to experimentation and ethics. For the human adult head biomechanics, this methodology was taken earlier and several stable and validated models exist worldwide, among which one can find the Strasbourg University Finite Element Head Model (SUFEHM). This thesis aims at widening the human head biomechanics by studying infant head trauma. The research work has been conducted in two steps. In the first one, an infant eye numerical model was developed in order to study retinal hemorrhages. The second one consisted in improving the infant head model by integrating medical images data such as axonal fiber density and orientations into the infant brain and by validating the mechanical formulation of the infant skull in order to predict skull fractures.

Orientador: Luzia Helena Queiroz da Silva / Banca: Wagner Andre Pedro / Banca: Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha / Resumo: O diagnóstico laboratorial da raiva em morcegos é realizado utilizando-se, principalmente, o encéfalo do animal suspeito. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que o método de aspiração com pipeta plástica (tipo Pasteur) é eficaz na obtenção de encéfalo de morcegos para a realização do diagnóstico comparado com o método tradicional de abertura de crânio. Para tanto, estudaram-se quatro espécies diferentes de morcegos, Molossus rufus (E. Geoffroy, 1805), Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Artibeus lituratus (Olfers,1818) e Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821), totalizando 200 amostras. A quantidade de massa encefálica obtida pelo método tradicional foi significativamente maior, contudo, o material colhido pela aspiração foi suficiente para a execução do diagnóstico da doença. Ambos os métodos detectaram indivíduos positivos, sendo que o método de aspiração teve a vantagem de preservar o crânio possibilitando melhor identificação das espécies. / Abstract: Rabies diagnosis in bats is usually performed using the brain of suspected animals. The main hypothesis tested by this work was that aspiration method using plastic pipette (Pasteur type) was effective in the collection of bat brain sample for rabies diagnosis when compared to the opening skull method. A total of two hundred bats of four species were studied: Molossus rufus (E. Geoffroy, 1805), Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821). The proportion of brain weight compared to body weight was statistically higher when using the traditional method, although the brain mass collected by aspiration method was enough for rabies diagnosis. Results demonstrate that independently of the collecting method, both gated to detect positive samples and the aspiration method has the advantage of skull preservation, permitting the identification of the species. / Mestre

Dans le cadre de la vitrification des déchets nucléaires de haute activité à vie longue, un nouveau procédé a été mis en service à l’usine de La Hague en 2010 : le procédé creuset froid. Dans ce procédé, des gradients thermiques apparaissent au sein du bain de verre. Celui-ci forme une couche solide au contact de la paroi froide, appelée « auto-creuset ». Dans cette zone, le verre est soumis à des températures où il peut potentiellement cristalliser. L’objectif de ce travail était de déterminer la microstructure de cet auto-creuset en précisant les zones de cristallisation. Parallèlement, il s’agissait d’évaluer l’impact du gradient thermique sur la cristallisation des verres considérés. La cristallisation de deux verres d’intérêt nucléaire a donc été étudiée à l’aide d’une méthode basée sur l’analyse d’images MEB en conditions de traitements isotherme et sous gradient thermique. Les analyses en isotherme mettent en évidence la cristallisation de cristaux d’apatite (660°C-900°C) et de powellite (630°C-900°C) et permettent de quantifier cette cristallisation (vitesses de croissance et de nucléation, fraction cristallisée) qui reste très limitée (< 3%). La comparaison des résultats issus de ces deux types d’expérimentations montre que le gradient thermique n’a pas d’impact mesurable sur les cristallisations observées. Afin de compléter les analyses surfaciques de la cristallisation, des mesures par microtomographie in et ex situ ont été réalisées à l’ESRF sur la ligne ID19. Cette étude a permis de suivre la cristallisation d’apatites dans un verre simplifié et de confirmer la fiabilité de la méthode de quantification de la cristallisation basée sur l’analyse d’images 2D. / In the context of the vitrification of high level nuclear waste, a new industrial process has been launched in 2010 at the La Hague factory: The skull melting process. This setup applies thermal gradients to the melt, which leads to the formation of a solid layer of glass: the “self-crucible”. The question would be to know whether these thermal gradients have an impact or not on the crystallization behaviour of the considered glasses in the self crucible. In order to answer that question, the crystallization of two glass compositions of nuclear interest has been investigated with an image analysis based method in isothermal and thermal gradient heat treatments conditions. The isothermals experiments allow for the quantification (growth speed, nucleation, crystallized fraction) of the crystallization of apatites (660°C-900°C) and powellites (630°C- 900°C). The comparison of the results obtained through these two types of experimentations allows us to conclude that there is no impact of the thermal gradient on the crystallization of the studied glass compositions. In order to complete the image analysis study (based on surfaces), in and ex situ microtomography experiments have been performed at ESRF (Grenoble) on the ID10 beamline. This study allowed us to follow the crystallization of apatites in a simplified glass and to confirm the reliability of the image analysis method based on the analysis of surfaces.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com deficiência de GH e síndrome de Turner, associados a baixa estatura, são beneficiados com o tratamento com GH. Há controvérsias sobre a atuação deletéria do GH no crescimento craniofacial, porém a maioria dos trabalhos é retrospectiva. Nosso objetivo foi realizar estudo prospectivo para avaliar o crescimento craniofacial de pacientes em tratamento com GH e o possível desenvolvimento de traços acromegálicos. CASUÍSTICA: 30 pacientes com idade cronológica de 4,6 a 23 anos e idade óssea de 1,5 a 13 anos divididos em 3 grupos baseados no diagnóstico e uso de GH: grupo 1- pacientes virgem de tratamento com GH portadores de hipopituitarismo e deficiência isolada (n=6); grupo 2: pacientes já em tratamento com GH: portadores de hipopituitarismo e deficiência isolada (n=16); grupo 3: pacientes com síndrome de Turner em tratamento com GH (n=8). A dose do GH utilizada foi de 0.1 a 0.15 U/kg/dia, via subcutânea, à noite, por 2 a 11 anos. MÉTODOS: medidas antropométricas (altura, pés e mãos), radiografia panorâmica, telerradiografia seguida pela análise cefalométrica de Ricketts e medidas lineares da base do crânio, altura facial, terço inferior da face, mandíbula e maxila, e fotografia facial de frente e perfil anualmente, por no mínimo 3 anos. As medidas lineares citadas foram comparadas com a média da população brasileira e entre si para avaliar o desenvolvimento craniofacial individual. As medidas de mãos e pés foram comparadas com atlas de morfometria e consideradas alteradas quando >P97. Os níveis de IGF1 e IGFBP3 foram mensurados a cada 6 meses para adequação da dose de GH. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente tomando-se como significantes valores de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: grupos 1 e 2 (deficiência isolada de GH ou hipopituitarismo): 3 pacientes com perfil desarmonioso obtiveram harmonia, 2 pacientes devido ao crescimento mandibular e um paciente devido ao crescimento maxilar, nenhum paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial; observamos aumento significante da base posterior do crânio, mandíbula e terço inferior da face (p<0,05). Grupo 3 (síndrome de Turner): 2 pacientes com face desarmoniosa obtiveram harmonia, devido ao crescimento mandibular e nenhuma paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial. Todos os pacientes, quando comparadas a análise cefalométrica de Ricketts inicial e final, mantiveram o mesmo padrão de crescimento facial. Observamos aumento das mãos em 2 pacientes (1 do sexo masculino com deficiência de GH e outra com síndrome de Turner), enquanto que o aumento dos pés foi observado em 50% das pacientes com síndrome de Turner e em 32% dos pacientes com deficiência de GH. CONCLUSÕES: A comparação das medidas cefalométricas do grupo de pacientes com deficiência de GH, virgem de tratamento, demonstrou maior atuação do GH no crescimento da base posterior do crânio e mandíbula; todos os pacientes mantiveram o mesmo padrão de crescimento craniofacial durante o acompanhamento; não houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre as medidas cefalométricas e a harmonia da face, portanto a associação dos métodos de cefalometria e análise facial por fotografia é necessária para avaliar a atuação do GH no crescimento craniofacial, houve melhora da harmonia facial em 28% dos pacientes retrognatas, devido ao crescimento mandibular, portanto pacientes retrognatas podem ser beneficiados com o tratamento com GH; não observamos desenvolvimento de desproporções faciais e nenhum paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial no decorrer do tratamento com doses padronizadas de GH. Observamos, no entanto, aumento das extremidades, principalmente dos pés. / INTRODUCTION: Patients with GH deficiency and Turner syndrome, associated to short stature can benefit from GH treatment. There are controversies on the deleterious effect of GH on craniofacial growth; however, most of the studies are retrospective. Our objective was to carry out a prospective study to evaluate the craniofacial growth of patients in treatment with GH and the possible development of acromegalic features. PATIENTS: 30 patients with chronological age of 4.6 to 23 years and bone age of 1.5 to 13 years divided in 3 groups based on the diagnosis and GH use: group 1- patients with hypopituitarism and isolated GH deficiency naïve to GH treatment (n=6); group 2: patients with hypopituitarism and isolated GH deficiency (n=16) and group 3: patients with Turner syndrome, both already on GH treatment (n=8). GH treatment (0.1 to 0.15 U/kg/day, subcutaneously) was carried out at the night for 2 to 11 years. METHODS: Anthropometrical (height, hands and feet) measurements, panoramic x-ray, teleradiography followed by cephalometric analysis according to Ricketts and linear measurements of the skull base, facial height, lower third of the face, lower jaw and maxilla, and frontal and profile analysis of face by photography were made annually, for at least 3 years. The mentioned linear measurements were compared with the average Brazilian population and among themselves to evaluate the individual craniofacial development. The hand and foot size measurements were compared with a morphometric atlas and were considered increased when >P97. The levels of IGF1 and IGFBP3 were measured each 6 months for GH dose adequacy. The results were analyzed statistically and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Group 1 and 2 with isolated GH deficiency or hypopituitarism: 3 patients with disharmonious profile attained harmony, 2 due to the mandibular growth and 1 patient due to maxillary growth; no patient developed facial disharmony; we observed a significant increase of the posterior skull base, inferior jaw and lower third of the face (P<0.05). Group 3 with Turner syndrome: 2 patients with facial disharmony obtained harmony due to the mandibular growth and no patient developed facial disharmony. All of the patients maintained the same pattern of facial growth when the initial and final cephalometric analyses according to Ricketts were compared. Hand size increase was observed in 2 patients (1 with GH deficiency and another with Turner syndrome); foot size increase was observed in 50% of the patients with Turner syndrome and in 32% of the patients with GH deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the cephalometric measurements of the group with GH deficiency naïve to GH treatment, demonstrated a greater GH effect on the growth of the posterior skull base and jaw; all of the patients had kept the same craniofacial growth pattern during the follow-up; there was no statistically significant correlation between the cephalometric measurements and facial harmony; therefore, the association of the methods of cephalometric and facial analysis through photography is mandatory to evaluate the effect of GH on craniofacial growth. There was an improvement in the facial harmony in 28% of the retrognathic patients due to mandibular growth; therefore, patients with mandibular retrognathism can benefit from GH treatment. None of the patients treated with standardized doses of GH developed facial disharmony during treatment. We observed however, an increase of the extremities, mainly of the feet.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a existência de variações da morfometria de base de crânio entre indivíduos com fissura labiopalatal, com deformidade dentofacial e sem deformidade dentofacial, grupo controle. Metodologia: Três grupos de indivíduos, um grupo com deformidade dentofacial sem associação com fissura labiopalatal (DFSF), outro com fissura labiopalatal (FS), e outro grupo de pacientes sem fissura e sem deformidade (CTRL - Controle), foram elencados por meio de registros de prontuários e de imagens em DICOM (Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine) de suas tomografias computadorizadas. Por meio da identificação dos pontos cefalométricos basio (Ba), sela (S) e nasio (N), no software Dolphin Imaging 11.9, obteve-se a distância entre os pontos Ba-S (DBaS), S-N (DSN) bem como o ângulo formado entre os pontos Ba-S-N (AnGBaSN). As variáveis cefalométricas em questão foram avaliadas considerando (p<0,05). Resultados: Vinte indivíduos compuseram cada um dos grupos. Verificamos que a distância S-N (DSN) não apresentou diferença estatística entre os grupos, mas a distância Ba-S (DBaS) e o ângulo Ba-S-N (AnGBaSN) apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quando comparados os três grupos. O ângulo Ba-S-N (AnGBaSN) não apresentou diferença estatística quando comparados o grupo controle (CTRL) e o grupo de pacientes portadores de fissura labiopalatal (FS), mas apresentou diferença estatística em relação ao do grupo de pacientes com deformidades faciais sem fissuras labiopalatais (DFSF). A distância BaS (DBaS) apresentou diferença estatística entre o grupo de pacientes portadores de fissuras (FS) em relação aos outros dois grupos. Conclusão: Diferenças na morfometria da base de crânio entre indivíduos com deformidade dentofacial associada ou não a fissuras labiopalatais sugerem que valores padronizados para análises cefalométricas que envolvam tais estruturas sejam usadas com cautela. Novos padrões cefalométricos, em especial por análise 3D, são desejáveis para compensação dessas diferenças anatômicas. / Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the existence of variations of the skull base morphometry between patients with cleft lip and palate, with dentofacial deformity group and without dentofacial deformity (control group). Methodology: Three groups of patients, one group with dentofacial deformity associated without cleft lip and palate (DFSF), another with cleft lip and palate (FS), and another group of patients without cleft and without deformity (CTRL) were included by means of medical records and DICOM (Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine) images of their CT (Computed Tomography) scans. By identifying the basio (Ba), sela (S) and nasio (N) cephalometric points in the Dolphin Imaging 11.9 software, the distance between the points Ba-S (DBaS), S-N(DSN) and the angle formed between points Ba-S-N (AnGBaSN) were the variables. They were statistically evaluated by means of the p> 0.05. Results: Twenty patients were included on each group. We found that the distance S-N (DSN) is not statistically different between the groups, but the Ba-S distance (DBaS) and the Ba-S-N angle (AnGBaSN) are statistically different when compared the three groups. The Ba-S-N angle (AnGBaSN) did not present statistically different when compared to the control group (CTRL) and the group cleft lip and palate patients (FS), but presented statistical difference in relation to the group of patients with facial deformities without cleft lip and palate (DFSF). The distance BaS (DBaS) presented statistical difference between the group of patients with fissures (FS) in relation to the other two groups. Conclusion: Differences in skull base morphometry among patients with dentofacial deformity associated or not with cleft lip and palate suggest that standardized values for cephalometric analyzes involving such structures should be used with caution. New cephalometric patterns, especially by 3D analysis, are desirable to compensate for these anatomical differences.

Buscando alternativas ao enxerto ósseo autógeno para reconstruções craniofaciais, propõe-se a utilização de aloenxerto ósseo de crânio criopreservado, irradiado e enriquecido com medula óssea autógena.Vinte e um coelhos foram sacrificados e tiveram seus ossos parietais retirados, criopreservados e irradiados com irradiação gama em dose de 50kGy. Os aloenxertos foram implantados em defeitos nos crânios de vinte e um receptores. À esquerda implantava-se o aloenxerto ósseo puro e à direita o aloenxerto adicionado de medula óssea autógena. Os coelhos foram sacrificados em duas, cinco e dez semanas e os enxertos submetidos à análise macroscópica e histomorfométrica. Todos os enxertos apresentavam-se fixos ao leito. Os parâmetros histomorfométricos não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significante. / Searching for alternatives to autogenous bone graft in craniofacial reconstructions, it is proposed deep-frozen, irradiated calvarial bone allograft added with autogenous bone marrow utilization. Twenty and one rabbits were sacrificed and their parietal bones harvest, deep-frozen and gamma irradiated with 50kGy. The allografts were implanted in twenty one other rabbits. At left side only allograft were placed, at right side were put allografts added with autogenous bone marrow. The animals were sacrificed in two, five and ten weeks. Macroscopical examination showed all grafts fixed at the host bone, the histomorphometric analysis did not showed significant statistical differences between the left and right sides.

Description cephalometric images and the characteristic points on the skull for cephalometric analysis. Theoretical analysis of digital image editing and image before the actual detection. The range of possible methods for determining the characteristic points on the face. Experimental verification of edge detectors, Hu moments with neural networks and Haar wavelets with Viola-Jones detector.