Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-23T21:24:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Walfredo da Costa Lucena Filho.pdf: 2083187 bytes, checksum: 72f63311dba60bbea7ef2d5cc474c601 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-11-30T19:51:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Walfredo da Costa Lucena Filho.pdf: 2083187 bytes, checksum: 72f63311dba60bbea7ef2d5cc474c601 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-11-30T19:55:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Walfredo da Costa Lucena Filho.pdf: 2083187 bytes, checksum: 72f63311dba60bbea7ef2d5cc474c601 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T19:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Walfredo da Costa Lucena Filho.pdf: 2083187 bytes, checksum: 72f63311dba60bbea7ef2d5cc474c601 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-03 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / An RFID system is typically composed of a reader and a set of tags. An anti-collision algorithm is necessary to avoid collision between tags that respond simultaneously to a reader. The most widely used anti-collision algorithm is DFSA (Dynamic Framed Slotted ALOHA) due to its simplicity and low computational cost. In DFSA algorithms, the optimal TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame size must be equal to the number of unread tags. If the exact number of tags is unknown, the DFSA algorithm needs a tag estimator to get closer to the optimal performance. Currently, applications have required the identification of large numbers of tags, which causes an increase in collisions and hence the degradation in performance of the traditional algorithms DFSA. This work proposes a power control mechanism to estimate the number of tags for radio frequency identification networks (RFID). The mechanism divides the interrogation zone into subgroups of tags and then RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) measurements estimate the number of tags in a subarea. The mechanism is simulated and evaluated using a simulator developed in C/C++ language. In this study, we compare the number of slots and identification time, with ideal DFSA algorithm and Q algorithm EPCglobal standard. Simulation results shows the proposed mechanism provides 99% performance of ideal DFSA in dense networks, where there are many tags. Regarding the Q algorithm, we can see the improvement in performance of 6.5%. It is also important to highlight the lower energy consumption of the reader comparing to ideal DFSA is 63%. / Um sistema de identificação por rádio frequência (RFID) é composto basicamente de um leitor e etiquetas. Para que o processo de identificação das etiquetas seja bem sucedido, é necessário um algoritmo anticolisão a fim de evitar colisões entre etiquetas que respondem simultaneamente à interrogação do leitor. O algoritmo anticolisão mais usado é o DFSA (Dynamic Framed Slotted ALOHA) devido à sua simplicidade e baixo custo computacional. Em algoritmos probabilísticos, tal como o DFSA, o tamanho ótimo do quadro TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) utilizado para leitura das etiquetas deve ser igual à quantidade de etiquetas não lidas. Uma vez que no processo de leitura, normalmente não se sabe a quantidade exata de etiquetas, o algoritmo DFSA faz uso de um estimador para obter um desempenho mais próximo do ideal. Atualmente, as aplicações têm demandado a identificação de grandes quantidades de etiquetas, o que ocasiona um aumento das colisões e, consequentemente, a degradação no desempenho dos algoritmos DFSA tradicionais. Este trabalho propõe um mecanismo de controle de potência para estimar a quantidade de etiquetas em redes de identificação por rádio frequência (RFID). O mecanismo baseia-se na divisão da área de interrogação em subáreas e, consequentemente, subgrupos de etiquetas. Tal divisão é utilizada para realizar medições de RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) e, assim, estimar a quantidade de etiquetas por subárea. O mecanismo é simulado e avaliado utilizando um simulador próprio desenvolvido em linguagem C/C++. Neste estudo, comparam-se os resultados de quantidade de slots e tempo de identificação das etiquetas, com os obtidos a partir da utilização dos algoritmos DFSA ideal e algoritmo padrão Q da norma EPCglobal. A partir dos resultados da simulação, é possível perceber que o mecanismo proposto apresenta desempenho 99% do DFSA ideal em redes densas, onde há grande quantidade de etiquetas. Em relação ao algoritmo Q, percebe-se a melhoria de 6,5% no desempenho. É importante ressaltar também a redução no consumo de energia do leitor em torno de 63% em relação ao DFSA ideal.

No description available.

Over the years, RFID (radio frequency identification) technology has gained popularity in a number of applications. The decreased cost of hardware components along with the recognition and implementation of international RFID standards have led to the rise of this technology. One of the major factors associated with the implementation of RFID infrastructure is the cost of tags. Low frequency (LF) RFID tags are widely used because they are the least expensive. The drawbacks of LF RFID tags include low data rate and low range. Most studies that have been carried out focus on one frequency band only. This thesis presents an analysis of RFID tags across low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and ultra-high frequency (UHF) environments. Analysis was carried out using a simulation model created using OPNET Modeler 17. The simulation model is based on the Basic Frame Slotted ALOHA (BFSA) protocol for non-unique tags. As this is a theoretical study, environmental disturbances have been assumed to be null. The total census delay and the network throughput have been measure for tags ranging from 0 to 1500 for each environment. A statistical analysis has been conducted in order to compare the results obtained for the three different sets.

Work chair is considered as an important element for the users to improve comfort in work environment. An ergonomic chair design and engineering is therefore considered very important for its usability and comfort view of point for the users. The aim of the thesis is to improve the mobility and ergonomics of the existing chair in all aspects. Ergonomically designed chairs are important for long time seated workers to increase their productivity and also to reduce low back injuries which arise due to the poor design chairs in ergonomic aspects. In addition, ergonomically designed chairs help to increase the seating comfortability of the chair users. QFD and waterfall model was followed for the work execution. In this paper, we discuss a design of an ergonomically efficient chair with simple adjustments which gives more comfortability. This will give us a better likelihood to stay in a neutral position. The Ergonomics of the chair is improved in various steps. This thesis focuses on many ideas in which some of them are implemented and evaluated.

The main objective of this diploma thesis is to optimize the high lift device on the wing of the Phoenix Air U-15 ultralight aircraft, so that it complies with the UL-2 regulation regarding the stalling speed – 65 KPH. This is fulfilled by optimization of the slotted flap position. Methods used include the Response Surface Method and the Computational Fluid Dynamics approach – namely Ansys Fluent v6 software package. Furthermore, the paper deals with take-off flap optimization and construction of the flap deflection mechanism.

[ES] La industria se encuentra inmersa de pleno en la cuarta revolución industrial, y es gracias a la capacidad de digitalización y de procesamiento de grandes cantidades de datos, que se consigue mejorar y optimizar el rendimiento de los sistemas industriales actuales. Son muchos los paradigmas y conceptos que están dando forma a lo que se conoce como Industria 4.0, y uno de ellos ha sido el Internet de las Cosas (IoT: Internet of Things) o más concretamente el Internet Industrial de las Cosas (IIoT: Industrial Internet of Things), como se ha llamado al subconjunto con determinados requisitos orientados al sector industrial. Las redes de sensores inalámbricos (WSN: Wireless Sensor Networks) son tecnologías habilitadoras para estos sistemas IoT, ya que gracias a su fácil escalabilidad ofrecen gran capacidad de sensorización con un coste energético reducido. En el ámbito industrial, estas redes de sensores deben cumplir con requisitos estrictos de fiabilidad, y su aceptación está siendo lenta debido a que su robustez y facilidad de configuración no han podido rivalizar con las tecnologías clásicas. Con el desarrollo de esta tesis, se pretende hacer frente a determinados aspectos de mejora de las redes industriales de sensores inalámbricos. Para ello, se diseñan nuevos mecanismos para la sincronización, evaluando metodologías alternativas de enrutamiento y proponiendo modelos analíticos que permitan caracterizar fielmente el proceso de despliegue de estas redes, con el objetivo de cubrir aquellas lagunas que dejan los estándares y protocolos bajo estudio. Los mecanismos propuestos por el estándar IEEE 802.15.4e, en concreto el método de acceso al medio mediante TSCH (Time-Slotted Channel Hopping), presentan las bases sobre las que construir una red WSN fiable y robusta, y mediante los desarrollos propuestos en esta tesis se facilita su implantación en sistemas de Industria 4.0. / [CA] La indústria es troba de ple en la quarta revolució industrial, i és gràcies a la capacitat de digitalització i de processament de grans quantitats de dades, que s'aconsegueix millorar i optimitzar el rendiment dels sistemes industrials actuals. Són moltes els paradigmes i conceptes que estan donant forma al que es coneix com a Indústria 4.0, i una d'elles ha sigut la Internet de les Coses (IoT: Internet of Things) o més concretament la Internet Industrial de les Coses (IIoT: Industrial Internet of Things), com s'ha anomenat al subconjunt amb determinats requisits orientats al sector industrial. Les xarxes de sensors sense fils (WSN: Wireless Sensor Networks) són tecnologies habilitadores per a sistemes IoT, ja que gràcies a la seua fàcil escalabilitat ofereixen gran capacitat de digitalització amb un cost energètic reduït. En l'àmbit industrial, aquestes xarxes de sensors han de complir amb requisits estrictes, i la seua acceptació està sent lenta a causa de factors que fan que aquests sistemes no substituïsquen a les tecnologies clàssiques. Amb el desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi, es pretén fer front a determinats aspectes de millora de les xarxes industrials de sensors sense fils. Per a això, es dissenyen nous mecanismes per a la sincronització, avaluant metodologies alternatives d'encaminament i proposant models analítics que permeten caracteritzar fidelment el procés de desplegament d'aquestes xarxes, amb l'objectiu de cobrir aquelles llacunes que deixa l'estàndard. Els mecanismes proposats per l'estàndard IEEE 802.15.4, en concret el mètode d'accés al mitjà TSCH, presenten les bases sobre les quals construir una xarxa WSN fiable i robusta, i mitjançant els desenvolupaments proposats en aquesta tesi es facilita la seua implantació en sistemes d'Indústria 4.0. / [EN] The industry is fully engaged in the fourth industrial revolution. Due to digital transformation and the processing of large amounts of data, it is possible to improve the value chain and provide a real-time optimization for the current industrial systems. There are many paradigms and concepts that that fall under the umbrella of Industry 4.0, and one of them is the Internet of Things (IoT) or more specifically the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), as the subset with certain industry-oriented requirements is known. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are an enabling technology for IoT systems, since its easy scalability offers a great sensorization capacity with a reduced energy cost. In the industrial field, these sensor networks must meet strict reliability requirements, so growth in the industrial market is slow as these systems fail to replace legacy technologies. This thesis addresses different aspects of improving industrial wireless sensor networks. To that end, new mechanisms for synchronization have been designed, evaluating alternative routing methodologies and proposing analytical models that allow a comprehensive characterization of the deployment process of these networks, aiming of covering those gaps left by the standard. The mechanisms proposed by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, specifically the medium access control method Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH), present the bases to deploy a reliable and robust WSN network, and through the developments proposed in the thesis, it is possible smooth the way for its implementation in Industry 4.0 systems. / Vera Pérez, J. (2021). Diseño y evaluación de mecanismos de optimización en redes de sensores inalámbricas industriales [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/179700

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la conception d'antennes multi-faisceaux. Ces dernières permettent à plusieurs faisceaux de partager la même partie rayonnante et offrent la possibilité d'avoir simultanément un fort gain et une grande couverture angulaire. Pour leur fonctionnement, ces antennes se basent sur des réseaux à formation de faisceaux, qui peuvent être groupés en deux catégories : les réseaux formateurs de faisceaux de type quasi-optique et les réseaux formateurs de faisceaux de type circuit. Plusieurs structures antennaires reposant sur ces types de réseaux à formation de faisceaux sont proposés dans cette thèse : structures pillbox simples intégrant les deux variantes de la technique mono-pulse pour augmenter la résolution angulaire de l'antenne, lentilles de Rotman bicouche et multicouche, pour le cas quasi-optique ; réseaux phasés pour applications SATCOM (projet ANR) et matrice de Butler avec circuit de contrôle des niveaux de lobes secondaires pour le cas circuit. Les différents concepts ont été étudiés dans différentes bandes de fréquences : Ku, K et V. Pour des raisons de coût essentiellement, deux technologies ont été retenues : La technologie SIW (Substrate Integrated Waveguide), qui associe les avantages de la technologie des circuits imprimés et celles de la technologie guide d'ondes. Des efforts particuliers ont été faits pour l'implémentation de structures multicouches car nous arrivons à ce stade à la limite du savoir faire industriel national dans ce domaine. La technique de « Diffusion Bounding » développée au « Ando and Hirokawa lab » du TIT (Tokyo Institute of Technology) et qui consiste à assembler de fines couches métalliques sous haute température et haute pression. Cette technique permet le développement d'antennes en guides creux avec des efficacités supérieures à 80% en bande millimétrique. / This PhD thesis deals with the design of multi-beam antennas. A single radiating aperture is used to generate several beams with high gain and a large field of view. The multi beam operation is achieved by using two topologies of Beam Forming Networks (BFN): quasi optical BFN, and circuit-based BFN. For each category, several solutions have been proposed and validated experimentally. In particular, for the quasi-optical configurations, pillbox structures, mono-pulse antennas in pillbox technology, and multi-layer Rotman lenses have been considered. On the other hand, for circuit-based multi-beam antennas, two solutions have been analyzed: a phased array for SATCOM applications in the framework of a national ANR project and a Butler matrix with controlled side-lobe levels for the radiated beams within a collaboration with the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. The proposed concepts and antenna solutions have been considered in different frequency bands: Ku, K and V. Two technologies have been mainly adopted for the fabrication of the various prototypes: Substrate Integrated Waveguide technology (SIW) which combines the advantages in terms of cost of the printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication process with the efficiency of classical waveguide technology. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the implementation of multilayer SIW structures to overcome and go beyond the current state of the art at national level on PCB fabrication process. Diffusion Bounding Technique, developed at “Ando and Hirokawa lab” at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, which consists of bonding laminated thin metal plates under high temperature and high pressure. This technique allows the fabrication of planar hollow waveguide structures with efficiencies up to 80% in the millimeter wave-band.

The widespread adoption of photonic circuits requires the economics of volume manufacturing offered by integration technology. A Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor compatible silicon material platform is particularly attractive because it leverages the huge investment that has been made in silicon electronics and its high index contrast enables tight confinement of light which decreases component footprint and energy consumption. Nevertheless, there remain challenges to the development of photonic integrated circuits. Although the density of integration is advancing steady and the integration of the principal components – waveguides, optical sources and amplifiers, modulators, and photodetectors – have all been demonstrated, the integration density is low and the device library far from complete. The integration density is low primarily because of the difficulty of confining light in structures small compared to the wavelength which measured in micrometers. The device library is incomplete because of the immaturity of hybridisation on silicon of other materials required by active devices such as III-V semiconductor alloys and ferroelectric oxides and the difficulty of controlling the coupling of light between disparate material platforms. Metamaterials are nanocomposite materials which have optical properties not readily found in Nature that are defined as much by their geometry as their constituent materials. This offers the prospect of the engineering of materials to achieve integrated components with enhanced functionality. Metamaterials are a class of photonic crystals includes subwavelength grating waveguides, which have already provided breakthroughs in component performance yet require a simpler fabrication process compatible with current minimum feature size limitations. The research reported in this PhD thesis advances our understanding of the structure-property relations of key planar light circuit components and the metamaterial engineering of these properties. The analysis and simulation of components featuring structures that are only just subwavelength is complicated and consumes large computer resources especially when a three dimensional analysis of components structured over a scale larger than the wavelength is desired. This obstructs the iterative design-simulate cycle. An abstraction is required that summarises the properties of the metamaterial pertinent to the larger scale while neglecting the microscopic detail. That abstraction is known as homogenisation. It is possible to extend homogenisation from the long-wavelength limit up to the Bragg resonance (band edge). It is found that a metamaterial waveguide is accurately modeled as a continuous medium waveguide provided proper account is taken of the emergent properties of the homogenised metamaterial. A homogenised subwavelength grating waveguide structure behaves as a strongly anisotropic and spatially dispersive material with a c-axis normal to the layers of a one dimensional multi-layer structure (Kronig-Penney) or along the axis of uniformity for a two dimensional photonic crystal in three dimensional structure. Issues with boundary effects in the near Bragg resonance subwavelength are avoided either by ensuring the averaging is over an extensive path parallel to boundary or the sharp boundary is removed by graded structures. A procedure is described that enables the local homogenised index of a graded structure to be determined. These finding are confirmed by simulations and experiments on test circuits composed of Mach-Zehnder interferometers and individual components composed of regular nanostructured waveguide segments with different lengths and widths; and graded adiabatic waveguide tapers. The test chip included Lüneburg micro-lenses, which have application to Fourier optics on a chip. The measured loss of each lens is 0.72 dB. Photonic integrated circuits featuring a network of waveguides, modulators and couplers are important to applications in RF photonics, optical communications and quantum optics. Modal phase error is one of the significant limitations to the scaling of multimode interference coupler port dimension. Multimode interference couplers rely on the Talbot effect and offer the best in-class performance. Anisotropy helps reduce the Talbot length but temporal and spatial dispersion is necessary to control the modal phase error and wavelength dependence of the Talbot length. The Talbot effect in a Kronig-Penny metamaterial is analysed. It is shown that the metamaterial may be engineered to provide a close approximation to the parabolic dispersion relation required by the Talbot effect for perfect imaging. These findings are then applied to the multimode region and access waveguide tapers of a multi-slotted waveguide multimode interference coupler with slots either in the transverse direction or longitudinal direction. A novel polarisation beam splitter exploiting the anisotropy provided by a longitudinally slotted structure is demonstrated by simulation. The thesis describes the design, verification by simulation and layout of a photonic integrated circuit containing metamaterial waveguide test structures. The test and measurement of the fabricated chip and the analysis of the data is described in detail. The experimental results show good agreement with the theory, with the expected errors due to fabrication process limitations. From the Scanning Electron Microscope images and the measurements, it is clear that at the boundary of the minimum feature size limit, the error increases but still the devices can function.