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Cohesion is a critical area of investigation in the analysis of groups in that at least a minimum amount of cohesion is necessary for group formation and group elaboration. This research project was designed with two related purposes in mind. One purpose was to investigate the effects of a number of independent variables derived from the work of Kanter (1972) on group cohesion. The first model examined the effects of sacrifice, investment, renunciation, mortification, and transcendence on cohesion. On the basis of the results of the first model, a second model was tested in which the variables from the first model in conjunction with an additional independent variable, type of organization, was tested. Regarding the significance of the second model, Hillery (1972) has criticized the field of community theory by stating that there has been a confusion between community as sentiment and community as a human group. Using cohesion as a measure of sentiment, and defining community as communal organizations, the second purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between type of organization and cohesion. The first major finding of this study was that sacrifice is a powerful predictor of group cohesion: it explained 74 percent of the variance in-group cohesion. With the introduction of type of organization into the model, the findings of data analysis showed: (1) the effect of sacrifice on cohesion is stronger communal organizations, (2) among groups with sacrifice scores between 36.6 and 72.8 there is no statistically significant difference between types of organization and cohesion, and (3) among groups with sacrifice scores below 36.2, communal organizations are more cohesive than formal organizations, while among groups with sacrifice scores above 72.8, formal organizations are more cohesive than communal organizations. / Ph. D.

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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2002. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2956. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-105).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-188). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Tolerancija – viena plačiausiai pripažįstamų vertybių demokratinėse pasaulio valstybėse. Toleranciją kuria visuomenė, pasirinkdama tam tikras vertybes, puoselėdama arba smerkdama tam tikrus elgesio būdus. Demokratinėse šalyse vertinama lygybė ir taikus įvairių grupių sugyvenimas. Visais laikais skirtingos socialinės grupės buvo ir yra toleruojamos skirtingai. Šiandien tam tikrų individų, grupių toleravimo ir diskriminavimo problemos taip pat atsiduria mokslininkų ir visos visuomenės dėmesio centre. / Tolerance is one of the most widely recognised values in the world’s democratic states. A society creates tolerance by choosing certain values and nurturing or condemning certain ways of behaving. Democratic countries value equality and the peaceful coexistence of the various groups. In every period, different social groups were and are tolerated differently. Problems with tolerance and discrimination of certain individuals and groups have today also become a centre of attention for scientists and the entire society.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether perceptions of cohesion served as a mediator between motivation and future participation (operationalized as intention to return). The participants were 162 intramural athletes participating in various team sport activities. Each participant completed a questionnaire that assessed cohesion (individual attractions to the group-task and-social; group integration-task and-social), motivation (amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, intrinsic motivation), and intention to return (using a one-item statement). The results found two mediational relationships: (a) individual attractions to the group-task served to mediate the relationship between intrinsic motivation and intention to return, (b) group integration-task served to mediate the relationship between intrinsic motivation and intention to return. A number of aspects related to the specific results are discussed.