Este trabalho realizou o levantamento das áreas de APP (Área de Preservação Permanente) e das áreas de RL (Reserva Legal) do município de Engenheiro Coelho - SP e alguns aspectos sobre a situação sócio-econômica dos proprietários rurais, partindo da hipótese de que as informações geográficas e sócio-econômicas podem ser úteis para guiar um plano de intervenção prático e viável, que proporcione ao município a otimização ao cumprimento legal em relação a estas áreas. A metodologia empregada envolveu a elaboração e aplicação de questionários, com a finalidade de obter dados suficientes para traçar parâmetros sobre os aspectos sociais e econômicos, relacionando-os com a aceitabilidade no momento da implantação de um plano de intervenção ambiental local. O uso de geoprocessamento da área e a elaboração de mapas através de SIG (Sistema de Informação Geográfica) foram fundamentais para conhecer a realidade do município em relação às áreas de preservação em cada propriedade, identificando-as e localizando as áreas com passivos de cobertura florestal. Para a adequação dessas áreas foi levado em consideração de critérios legais, para a recomposição da APP e RL, sendo que a RL foi estabelecida para facilitar a criação de corredores ecológicos. A área total de APP do município corresponde a 9,96% da área total. Deste total 7,73% apresentaram uso inadequado com a legislação ambiental. Vários locais aparecem com uso agrícola ou até mesmo construção de imóvel. A RL para a região é de 20%, mas somente 4,41% está com cobertura vegetal, restando 15,59% para ser reflorestado adequadamente. Adequar estes locais ajuda no cumprimento da legislação, na diminuição da fragmentação e perda dos ecossistemas naturais. Espera-se que as informações diagnosticadas neste estudo sejam relevantes para o poder público municipal, estadual e federal, planejar e executar ações concretas para a adequação das áreas de preservação permanente de sua responsabilidade no município de Engenheiro Coelho-SP; bem como criar subsídios e incentivos aos proprietários rurais. Ao realizar ações de reflorestamento ou conservação das áreas, espera-se também que haja parcerias entre as instâncias pública, privadas e educacionais do município, e que outros trabalhos surjam em conseqüência deste. / The research was based on an inventory of the legally protected areas from Engenheiro Coelho municipality (State of São Paulo, Brazil) and the social-economic condition of the rural population to guide a practical and feasible intervention plan aiming the adjustment to legal requirements. The methods were based on field surveys with questionnaires to build an empirical database of social and economic information that were related to the acceptance of an environmental adjustment plan. The use of geotechnologies resulting in Geographic Information System based maps was fundamental for the identification of the environmental standard of each rural property allowing the identification of areas that should be protected by natural forests and were used for other proposes. Legal criteria were considered for the adjustment plan of riparian forests (APP) and legal reserves (RL). RL were recommended to maximize the establishment of ecological corridors between the forest fragments. The APP corresponded to 9.96 % of the municipalities area. From these, 7.73 % didnt conform to legislation, i.e. were not covered by forests. Agricultural land use and even construction sites were observed in APP. The legal area of RL for this region is 20 %, but only 4.41 % was covered with forests, remaining 15.59 % to be reclaimed by natural forest plantations. The more adequate use of these land according environmental legislation contributes to reduce landscape patchiness and fragmentation and the lost of natural ecosystems. We hope that this academic information is useful to allow the municipal, state and federal governments plan and put into practice concrete actions to adjust legally protected areas of their responsibility in the municipality of Engenheiro Coelho; and also reinforce financial subsidy to encourage the rural land holders. The resulting reclamation and conservation actions may encourage cooperation among private, educational and public stakeholders bringing to new initiatives in the environmental sector.

Orientador: Maria Elena Guariento / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:12:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tadoni_MariaInes_M.pdf: 1368324 bytes, checksum: 5aa0a80a0d82f4ea35667ce075e41259 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma das principais síndromes crônicas que acomete o homem moderno que interfere na qualidade de vida e sobrevida dos indivíduos, especialmente os idosos, e apresenta dificuldade para manutenção do controle metabólico e para tratamento. Entretanto o DM é passível de prevenção e/ou de postergar-se seu aparecimento e suas complicações, embora nem sempre estas medidas estejam disponíveis e acessíveis à população. O presente estudo objetivou analisar, no município de Campinas, as associações entre diabetes autorreferido, medidas antropométricas: Índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e Relação cintura quadril (RCQ) e acesso aos serviços de saúde, variáveis controladas por idade, gênero, escolaridade, renda e Índice de Condições de Vida (ICV), um indicador para distinguir níveis de vulnerabilidade social. É um estudo descritivo e transversal. Os idosos, com 65 anos e mais, foram selecionados do banco de dados do "Estudo da fragilidade em idosos brasileiros" (FIBRA), estudo multicêntrico e multidisciplinar atualmente em curso. A amostra contou com 286 indivíduos, que cumpriam as condições: a) ter cerca de 100 idosos de cada um dos três estratos de ICV b) todos os casos incluídos na subamostra deveriam ter 100% de informações acerca das variáveis de interesse para esta investigação. As variáveis foram submetidas a análises descritivas de natureza univariada e para análise das principais variáveis categóricas foram utilizados os testes X2 ou exato de Fisher, o teste de Mann-Whitney, e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. 22,38% dos idosos referiram ter diagnóstico médico de DM; não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre sexos, faixas etárias e níveis de renda.Encontrou-se maior referência à DM em áreas com ICV baixo e médio, com IMC alto (62,5%), com elevado risco de doença cardiovascular medido pela RCQ (50,85%) e entre os idosos com baixa ou alta escolaridade. Em caso de necessidade 53,85% dos idosos disseram usar mais o SUS e 46,15% relataram utilizar serviços privados de saúde. A maior procura pelos serviços públicos vinculados ao SUS foi dos homens (65,85%), nos idosos com menor escolaridade e renda e nos idoso que residiam em áreas com ICV baixo. Os idosos filiados a plano ou seguro de saúde eram 48,42%, com maior cobertura para mulheres (53,92%) e estes serviços eram procurados por idosos com maior numero de escolaridade formal ou maior renda. Não houve diferença estatística entre procura ou não de serviços públicos considerando-se os idosos que referiam ser diabéticos e os que não referiram. 89,47% dos idosos que referiram DM faziam tratamento. As associações encontradas realçam a importância de se ter um sistema de saúde eficiente, com mais equidade, integrado a outros setores em que o cuidado com os idosos diabéticos seja abrangente e contínuo, em que os idosos se tornem competentes para prevenir-se do diabetes e suas complicações. Sobressai a importância dos fatores ambientais e alimentares expressos pela obesidade e sobrepeso muito altos. Destaca-se, também, uma interessante forma de se pesquisar os determinantes sociais de saúde, através de índices mais próximos da realidade, como o ICV. / Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main chronic syndromes that affects modern man. This syndrome interferes with quality of life and survival of individuals, especially older people, who show difficulty in maintaining metabolic control and treatment. It's possible to reduce the risk of the disease and its complications, however there isn't always adequate care available .This study analysed, in Campinas (São Paulo), associations between diabetes self-mentioned, anthropometric measurements (BMI and WHR) and access to health services. Variables indicated age, gender, education, income and Index of Living Conditions (ILC), an indicator to distinguish different levels of social vulnerability. It is a descriptive and transversal study. The elderly, aged 65 and over, were selected from the databank "Study of Fragility in the Elderly in Brazil" (FIBER), a multicenter and multidisciplinary study. In Campinas the sample counted 286 individuals, who fulfilled the conditions: a) should be about 100 older people from each of three strata of ICV; b) all cases included in the sub-sample should have 100% of information about the variables for this research. These variables were first subjected to descriptive a univariate analysis: the main categorical variables were used the tests: X2 or Fisher exact, Mann- Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. 22.38% of the older people reported having physician-diagnosed DM; and there was no statistical significance between gender, age and income levels. There was a greater percentage of DM in areas with low and medium ICV, with high BMI (62.5 %), with high risk of cardiovascular disease measured by WHR (50.85%), and among older people with low or high education. Concerning the type of health service accessed if necessary, 53.85% of the elderly told had used more SUS, and 46.15% reported using private health services. The increased demand for public services linked to SUS were from men (65.85%), in elderly people with lower schooling and income and living in areas with low ICV. Older people with insurance were 48.42%, with greater coverage for women (53.92%), and these services were sought by those with a greater number of formal schooling or higher income. There was no statistical difference between using or not public services, considering the elderly who reported being diabetic and those that not had reported. 89.47% of the elderly who reported DM were being treated. These associations emphasize the importance of having an efficient and integrated health system, with more equity, integrated to other sectors in which the care of elderly diabetics is encompassed and continuous, in which the elderly be qualified to prevent themselves from diabetes and its complications. The importance of diet and environmental factors expressed by obesity is a key point of this study and a interesting way to research the social determinats of health, through rates closer to reality, as the ICV. / Mestrado / Gerontologia / Mestre em Gerontologia

Transdisciplinary focused work concentrates on the possibilities of the application of the system thinking in the various science branches. Out of system disciplines it studies in detail the system dynamics -- specifically Archetypes (general structures). Introduction to the general system theory can be found in the first section of the theoretical part. Next sections are more particular and refer to the main ideas of system dynamics and Archetypes. Next part of the work focuses on common methods of the economic analysis. Apart from their brief description there is also discussion about their main theoretical flaws. The economic analysis of the specific socio-economic issue (road speed limits) is performed in the last part of the work and it includes substantial usage of the Archetypes and general system-thinking attitude. Primary aim of this part is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis of the utility of Archetypes in the economic analysis.

Migration and the mobility of people have long shaped societies across the world. In the modern period, rapid developments in technology and transport, most notably the invention of railways and steamers, ushered in an age of mass mobility. Europe stood at the very centre of these developments in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, experiencing migration, mobility and movement of peoples at an unprecedented rate. Over the twentieth century migration and mobility have significantly changed the social, economic and cultural landscape of Europe’s heartlands – Germany. The articles in this issue address these developments, telling the stories of people who crossed German borders.

Racism as legislated by the government of South Africa, found its way into every sphere of South African life, political, social, economic and religious. Racism became another culture. It was in this culture that the Church of the Province of Southern Afiica (Anglican) and the diocese of Johannesburg found itself. To be credible and true to its calling, this church in its social teachings taught against racism on the grounds that it is anti-Christian and denies the essential truths of the gospel. However a contradiction in its teachings presented itself. Racism came to be found to be alive in its life and structures. The church came to not practice what it preached. Its practice did not follow its theory. For this church to be the church, racism needs to be purged from its life, practice and structures. A new way of life in the church has to be created and followed. / M.Th. (Systematic Theology)

The purpose of this study is to bring out the social economic residential segregation that exists in Bredäng and in Mälarhöjden by experiences and perceptions from local residents with a qualitative research. The study will also show how these expectations forms from local residents in these districts. Both these districts take place in southern Stockholm. Bredäng, the public housing neighborhood and Mälarhöjden, the garden neighborhood are two districts that was built up during two different eras but has a social economic difference bigger than the geographic distance. The majority of the local residents in Bredäng are low incomes and have a lack of university or college education. The majority of the local residents in Mälarhöjden have a higher percentage of university graduates and the average income per year are twice the size of Bredängs resident’s. The main focus of this study will be to inquire into why the social economic elements lead to residential segregation in these districts, but also in how Mälaräng will effect on this. The main focus will be to examine why the social economic elements leads to how segregation forms from the expectations that exist. It generally occurs similar beliefs and perceptions from all respondents about these districts. The results shows that all respondents confirms that it exist social economic differences between Bredäng and Mälarhöjden with consequences that Bredäng becomes the segregated district towards to Mälarhöjden that is considered the “fancier” district with higher “status”. We have used the concept segregation that is central in this study and two theoretical points, Goffman’s identity and Elias and Scotson who writes about established and outsiders. We use the theoretical perspectives to connect the empirical part about how individuals form experiences and perceptions toward to the opposite district. We also find how identity creations forms from the categories that the individual gets. / Med hjälp av en kvalitativ undersökning är syftet med denna studie att belysa hur bostadssegregation och hur områdets invånare formar föreställningar om både sitt eget område och i jämförelse med det motsatta området. Bredäng och Mälarhöjden ligger i södra Stockholm och är de två områden som kommer att undersökas. Vidare kommer vi i studien även belysa hur dessa står i relation till varandra utifrån lokalinvånarnas upplevelser och uppfattningar. Bredäng, miljonprogramområdet och Mälarhöjden, trädgårdsstaden är två stadsdelar som byggdes under olika tidsperioder men där de socioekonomiska skillnaderna är betydligt större än det geografiska. Majoriteten av de lokala invånare i Bredäng är låginkomsttagare och saknar eftergymnasial utbildning till skillnad från Mälarhöjden där fler är högutbildade samt där årsinkomsten är det dubbla jämfört med Bredäng. Studiens främsta fokus kommer vara att undersöka varför de socioekonomiska faktorer leder till hur bostadssegregation formas utifrån de föreställningar och uppfattningar som råder. Det förekommer generellt liknande föreställningar och uppfattningar från samtliga informanter kring stadsdelarna. Resultatet visar oss att samtliga respondenter bekräftar att det råder socioekonomiska skillnader på Bredäng och Mälarhöjden där konsekvenserna blir ett segregerat område där Bredäng ses som det segregerade området gentemot Mälarhöjden som framställs som det mer ”finare” och området med högre ”status”. Till den teoretiska biten har vi använt oss av ett centralt begrepp, segregation och två teoretiska utgångspunkter varav en av Goffmans identitetsskapande och sedan även Elias och Scotson som redogör för etablerade och outsiders. Med hjälp av de teoretiska perspektiven finner vi en anknytning till det empiriska avsnittet på hur individer formar uppfattningar och föreställningar gentemot det motsatta området. Vidare finner vi även hur identitetsskapandet formas utifrån de kategorier med egenskaper man blir tilldelade.

Com o objetivo de identificar e discutir as inter-relações que aproximam os problemas de restrição de capacidades e liberdades humanas da questão da vulnerabilidade socioambiental, esta pesquisa buscou analisar indicadores de desenvolvimento, previamente selecionados, que refletissem as desigualdades sociais, econômicas e ambientais relativas aos noventa e seis distritos do município de São Paulo. Para discorrer sobre a questão das capacidades e liberdades humanas, a pesquisa bibliográfica levou em conta principalmente, os trabalhos do economista indiano Amartya Sen, em especial seus escritos sobre a abordagem das capacidades na teoria da justiça e do desenvolvimento como liberdade. O estudo de caso utilizou indicadores secundários separados em duas grandes dimensões: vulnerabilidade que corresponde aos indicadores de: condição de... e desenvolvimento que corresponde aos indicadores de: acesso a.... As categorias segundo as quais os indicadores foram classificados são: demografia, habitação, violência, condições de saúde e assistência social, educação, renda e susceptibilidade ao risco ambiental, na dimensão vulnerabilidade; e transportes, infraestrutura em saúde e assistência social, cultura e lazer, infraestrutura em educação, emprego, abastecimento e saneamento, e áreas verdes na dimensão desenvolvimento. Através do agrupamento dos indicadores e transformação das variáveis pela média, obtiveram-se valores de índices tanto para vulnerabilidade, quanto para desenvolvimento. Por meio da utilização de mapas e tabelas, o estudo mostra de que forma a vulnerabilidade e o desenvolvimento estão dispostos no território paulistano. O resultado da pesquisa quantitativa mostrou que cerca de 50% dos distritos paulistanos apresentaram índices de alta vulnerabilidade ou vulnerabilidade extrema, a grande maioria em áreas periféricas. Ao mesmo tempo, apenas dez distritos dos noventa e seis, apresentaram resultados bons de desenvolvimento, sete dos quais inseridos na porção sudoeste do município de São Paulo, área nobre e extremamente valorizada da cidade. Este resultado da análise mostrou que a capital paulista é extremamente desigual dos pontos de vista social, ambiental e econômico, e que os problemas associados à vulnerabilidade se expressam no próprio território do município, de forma que as periferias são o reflexo de espaços altamente segregados, com graves problemas sociais, riscos ambientais iminentes e ainda, baixos níveis de desenvolvimento devido, em especial, à insuficiente atuação do Estado como promotor de políticas públicas. A constatação da vulnerabilidade deveu-se, entre outros fatores, à precariedade de acesso a serviços como transporte, saúde e educação, incluindo demais equipamentos, sobretudo públicos, de acesso ao saneamento básico, lazer e cultura. Além disso, há baixa oferta de empregos locais com boa remuneração e níveis consideráveis de violência e pobreza características que limitam o empoderamento dos grupos sociais residentes, sobretudo dos mais vulneráveis como as mulheres, os jovens, os negros e os idosos. A todo este conjunto de características, atribui-se a responsabilidade pela restrição das capacidades e liberdades elementares dos indivíduos. Dessa forma verificou-se que as desigualdades de vulnerabilidade e desenvolvimento existentes representam as diferenças de capacidades e liberdades entre as populações, e que o enfrentamento desses problemas deve considerar princípios de justiça que levem em conta a construção das capacidades das populações mais desfavorecidas a fim de se promover justiça social e igualdade de oportunidades. / With the objective to identify and discuss the interrelations that approximate the problems of human capabilities e freedoms restriction of issue social and environmental vulnerability, this study examined indicators, previously selected, that reflect the social, economic and environmental inequalities relative to ninety-six districts of the city of São Paulo. To discuss the issue about human capabilities and freedoms, the bibliographic research took into account, mainly, the works of the Indian economist Amartya Sen, in particular his writings about the capability approach, in the theory of justice, and the development as freedom. The case study used secondary indicators separated into two major dimensions: vulnerability, that corresponds to the indicators of \"condition of...\", and development that refers to the indicators of \"access to...\". The categories under which the indicators were classified are: demographics, housing, violence, health and social care, education, income and susceptibility to environmental risk, in the vulnerability dimension; and transport, health and social care infrastructure, culture and recreation, education infrastructure, employment, water and sanitation, and green areas in the development dimension. With the transformation of variables and the grouping of indicators, were obtained values for both indexes: vulnerability and development. Through the use of maps and tables, the study showed how the vulnerability and development are arranged in the São Paulo city. The result of the quantitative survey showed that nearly fifty percent of São Paulo districts have high levels of vulnerability or extreme vulnerability, the large majority in outskirts. At the same time, only ten of the ninety-six districts showed good results of development, seven of which inserted in the southwest portion of city the prime area and extremely rich. This showed that São Paulo is extremely unequal in the points of views social, environmental and economic, and that the problems associated with vulnerability are expressed in the territory, such that the outskirts are the reflection of highly segregated spaces, with serious social problems, imminent environmental risks, and yet, low levels of development, due to, in particular, the inadequate performance of the State as promoter of public polices. The verification of vulnerability is due, among other factors, to the limited access to public services as transport, health and education, including other equipment for access to basic sanitation, recreation and culture. In addition, there is low offer of local jobs with a good salary, and considerable levels of violence and poverty features that limited the empowerment of specific social groups, especially the most vulnerable like as women, younger, blacks and elderly. The whole this package of characteristics is attributed the responsibility for restricting the capabilities and freedoms of the individuals. Therefore, it was found that the inequalities of vulnerabilities and developing represent the difference of capabilities and freedoms between the populations and that for facing these issues, is necessary consider the principles of justice concerning the capacities construction of vulnerable groups, in order to promote social justice and equal opportunities.

This work focuses on evaluation of possible impacts of structural and regional EU policy applied in the Czech Republic. Besides preliminary assessment of the use of economic, social and territorial cohesion policy in the Czech Republic, its aim is to put our national specific approach in the context of the whole European Union. It required not only a general appraisal of single priorities but also direct comparison with impacts of similar measures on the economies of the EU in the past. For this objective, an important part of the work consists in four case studies, analysing the application and impacts of the EU cohesion policy instruments in cohesion countries (Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ireland) since the first programming period 1989--1993 until the current period 2007--2013. With respect to the starting point of these economies and societies I would consider the convergence process to the EU relatively successful. Nevertheless, there are some important differences in the use and impact of the cohesion policy in these four member states. The results show that the impact of the Structural Funds in Spain has been quite sizeable in terms of its contribution to the economic growth and reduction of unemployment. Spain as a whole is approaching the EU average in most of the economic indicators. The convergence of the Portugal economy was markedly less substantial and the disparities increased on the regional level. The significant side effect of spending of Structural Funds in Greece consists mainly in the improvement of the institutional framework and strategic planning. The Irish example points to the importance of using the assistance rather for public goods than for supporting the private sector. The Czech Republic should take an example from this experience. Effects of the EU cohesion policy on the domestic economy could be very significant -- not only for a short-term but also for a long-term perspective. However, it is necessary to be aware of the fact that we are still talking about possible impacts, whose real successful fulfilment depends on individual participants -- whether on the strategic or the final beneficiaries levels.

It is well established that rural regional Australians have borne the brunt of globalization in terms of the adverse impacts caused by social and economic restructuring resulting from global, national and local forces. In response governments and communities have embraced sustainability and civil society for promoting local community action and responsibility for social, economic and environmental issues. This research focuses on community narratives about the social change processes as they engage the forces of neo-liberal policies. Applying a qualitative, grounded theoretical approach to data collection and analysis this study also adopts a multi-perspective, multi-disciplinary framework to gain more holistic, contextual understandings of community functioning and change. In echoing the principles of community psychology, the foundational, multidisciplinary concepts of sense of community, social capital, civil society, empowerment and conscientization have informed understandings of this communitys process and outcome towards transformational change. This study offers a critical reflection of transformational change in an effort to promote more peaceful, collaborate relationships between dominant and oppressed groups in expanding our understandings and solutions for community change. Identified by Newbrough (1992, 1995) as the Third Force Position, the ideals of political community are visibly expressed as they attempt to pursue transformational change towards a just and sustainable future for the community. However, while civil society has made a positive contribution, also apparent are the processes and outcomes which affect those most vulnerable. Those most powerless continue to suffer from exclusion, marginalization and as a result are denied access to vital resources to meet their needs.

Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής διαπραγματευθήκαμε κυρίως την έννοια της αυτοεκτίμησης και την επίδραση του κοινωνικο-οικονομικού επιπέδου της οικογένειας σε αυτήν. Για να γίνει περισσότερο αντιληπτή η έννοια της αυτοεκτίμησης, στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας γίνεται η αποσαφήνιση των όρων και αναφερόμαστε τόσο στην έννοια του εαυτού με τις αντίστοιχες ψυχολογικές προσεγγίσεις όσο και στην έννοια της αυτοαντίληψης. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζουμε την αυτοεκτίμηση ως έννοια στα πλαίσια τόσο της οικογένειας όσο και της κοινωνίας και του σχολικού περιβάλλοντος. Τέλος επιλέξαμε την διεξαγωγή μιας ποιοτικής έρευνας με ημιδομημένη συνέντευξη και συμμετοχή τεσσάρων εκπαιδευτικών (δασκάλων) για την αποσαφήνιση και επιβεβαίωση / ανάπτυξη της θεωρίας. Στις συνεντεύξεις αυτές οι εκπαιδευτικοί δίνουν μια ενδεικτική εικόνα των αιτιών της χαμηλής αυτοεκτίμησης σε Έλληνες και αλλοδαπούς μαθητές και παρουσιάζουν την επίδραση της μετάβασης στο σχολικό περιβάλλον, του κοινωνικο-οικονομικού επιπέδου και της κοινωνικής αναγνώρισης που επιζητούν οι μαθητές. / In the context of this work we mainly negotiated the significance of self-estimation and the effect of the socio-economic status of the family in this. In order to make more perceptible the significance of self-estimation, in the second chapter of this work we make the clarification of terms and refer to the significance of self with the corresponding psychological approaches as much as in the significance of self-conception. In the third chapter we examine the self-estimation as significance in the frames of family of what society and school environment. Finally we selected the conduct of qualitative research with semi-structured interview and attendance of four teachers of (schoolteachers) for the clarification and confirmation/growth of theory. In the interviews these teachers give a indicative picture of causes of low self-estimation in Greek and foreign students and they present the effect of passage in the school environment, socio-economic status and social recognition that the students seek.