Skyddande faktorer mot ungdomsbrottslighet – En kvalitativ studie om svenska ungdomars avståndstagande från kriminellt beteendeDenna uppsats baseras på fem stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med svenska ungdomar. Syftet med studien är att undersöka konformt beteende inom en svensk ungdomskontext och hur detta verkar preventivt mot kriminellt beteende. Studien använder sig av thornberrys interaktionistiska teori som integrerar klassisk durheimsk kontrollteori med inlärningsteori. Studiens teoretiska ramverk tar utgångspunkt i socialisationens betydelse samt de normer och värderingar som en individ omges av som styrande för om en individ utvecklar ett liv som går i konventionell riktning eller i avvikande riktning. Resultaten visar på att den primära socialisationen är den faktor som är mest signifikant för huruvida en individ kommer att leva ett konventionellt eller ett avvikande liv. Det är denna faktor som ligger till grund för och påverkar övriga faktorers effekter. Övriga faktorers betydelse ska inte bortses ifrån, det rör sig fortfarande om interagerande preventiva effekter. Den primära socialisationen är dock den faktor som dikterar och styr villkoren för de övriga faktorerna och hur de artar sig. Den betydelse som föräldrar har för ungdomen verkar vara av en oerhörd signifikans. Det är detta som styr vilka normer för beteenden och värderingar som ungdomen kommer i kontakt med och så småningom internaliserar och anpassar sitt beteende och sina attityder efter.

Syfte med uppsatsen är att ta reda på om ungdomar efter diskussioner kring politiska och samhälleliga frågor påverkar varandras åsikter och blir mer lika. Studien baseras på enkätsvar från gymnasieelever som följts från årskurs ett i gymnasiet till årskurs två från tre skolor i Örebro. Totalt deltog 1688 elever i denna longitudinella studie. Multipel regressionsanalys visade att ungdomarna påverkar varandra men deras åsikter blev inte mer lika varandra över tid och att det fanns en svag skillnad mellan könen. Diskussionen tar upp hur dessa resultat skiljer sig ifrån befintliga studier på området och indikerar att "politik" är ett abstrakt ämne som vid diskussion skiljer sig från andra diskussionsämnen.

The global apparel market is an increasingly desirable industry sector for many marketers. The apparel retail industry in South Africa has experienced significant growth since the year 2000. In 2009, South Africans spent approximately R57 million on apparel items (Statistics South Africa, 2009). On average, South Africans spend R600 or more per month on apparel, making the apparel industry a very lucrative market. Consumer socialisation is the process by which the youth gain the necessary skills and knowledge that enable them to function as consumers in the marketplace. Consumer socialisation highlights the sources of consumer influences or ‘socialisation agents’ that transfer norms, develop attitudes, motivations and behaviour to the learner. Consumer attitudes, behaviour and skills are acquired through socialisation agents such as parents (father, mother and guardian), peers (brothers, sisters and friends) and the mass media (newspaper, television, radio, magazines) The Generation Y cohort (defined as individuals born between 1986 and 2005) is described as the largest and most profitable consumer group for marketers. Generation Y is a lucrative and growing market segment, particularly for apparel retailers. Apparel includes clothing, shoes, jewellery and cosmetics. Those Generation Y members engaged in tertiary education represent an especially important segment given that tertiary education often translates into higher future earning potential and a higher social status within a community and among peers. The primary objective of this research study was to investigate Generation Y students’ attitudes towards the influence of socialisation agents’ on apparel purchasing intentions in South Africa. The target population used in this research study was defined as full-time Generation Y undergraduate students, aged between 18-24 years, who were enrolled at public higher education institutions (HEIs) in South Africa in 2013. The sampling frame comprised the 23 registered South African public HEIs. A non-probability judgement sample method was used to narrow this sampling frame down to two HEI campuses situated in the Gauteng Province. For this study, a convenience sample of 500 full-time Generation Y students who were registered at these two South African HEI campuses during 2013 was drawn. A self-administered questionnaire was used for the collection of primary data for this research study. Academic staff at each of the two HEIs were contacted and asked if they would assist with the distribution of the survey questionnaire to students during class. The attitude towards the influence of socialisation agents on apparel purchasing intentions was measured based on peers, parents and the media. The outcomes from this research study suggest that Generation Y students do not perceive the influence of socialisation agents (peers/parents/media) as being particularly positive. While there was a significant positive relationship between their perceptions concerning the influence of peers, parents and media on apparel purchasing, none of these socialisation agents were perceived as having a significant influence on the Generation Y students’ monthly apparel spending. In terms of gender differences, males perceived the peer influence to be more important while females perceived the parent influence to be more important. There was no significant difference between males and females concerning the importance of the media influence on apparel purchasing. The analysis of statistical information gathered from this study will be relevant to both marketing practitioners and academia in understanding Generation Y consumers’ attitudes towards the influence of socialisation agents (peers/parents/media) in apparel purchasing intentions. / MCom (Marketing Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

Sverige är, tillsammans med Finland och Estland, unikt i att servera avgiftsfria skolmåltider till alla elever. I Sverige har gratis skolmat serverats till elever i grundskolan sedan 1946, vilket gör att många av oss har en relation till skolmåltiden. Måltiden ska vara näringsriktig, men ska även fungera som ett pedagogiskt verktyg, och kallas därför för den pedagogiska måltiden. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka på vilket sätt lärare och elever i grundskolans tidigare år kan tänkas uppfatta den s.k. pedagogiska måltiden. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer fick jag ta del av pedagogers och elevers tankar och åsikter om den pedagogiska måltiden. Jag ville även närmare undersöka vilka skillnader och likheter det fanns i pedagogernas och elevernas uppfattningar. Resultatet visade att det fanns många likheter i pedagogernas och elevernas uppfattningar om vad den pedagogiska måltiden handlade om. Måltiden sågs av pedagogerna som en del av deras pedagogiska uppdrag där de agerar som positiva förebilder. Slutsatsen var att den pedagogiska måltiden är ett komplext begrepp, där elever socialiseras in i den måltidskultur som finns i den svenska skolan, vilket kan skapa kulturkrockar i mötet med elever med annan kulturell bakgrund.

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The starting point for this work was a discussion between my supervisor and myself during my teaching training. The discussion concerned the appropriateness of allowing students make films with sexual content. Film gives young people the opportunity to express their feelings and broaden their views. If the film then disseminates to unknown people via in-ternet, which it most likely will do, maybe it is no longer so positive. The aim of this study is to shed light on various aspects of identity and ethics that are important to keep in mind when young people in school make films. These aspects are to avoid making young people vulnerable to abuse and improper influence. One aim is also to highlight the advantages of making films in school. The study is inspired by hermeneutic interpretive and based on qualitative interviews. The informants are four students at the age of 18-19 at two different schools in one municipality in Sweden.The results of the study show that it is important for the informants that the films are pro-duced in an aesthetically good way so that it appeals to the audience. Two of the infor-mants have a specific audience and make more conscious choices, so that the audience will understand what is said. The study shows that the more a filmmaker considers the audi-ence, the more consciously he or she uses film as communication. To get positive feedback is important, but it is mostly friends of the filmmakers that actually comment. To get nega-tive comments is regarded as a disadvantage when placing material on the internet. Howev-er, none of the informants in the study have received negative comments on what has been posted. The opinions about what the informants believe is inappropriate to post on inter-net or to make films about regards sexuality and violations. Earlier studies show that mate-rial can, because it is interesting to other people, become widespread. For this reason it is important for teachers to have conversations with students about their preferences and opinions on various issues. Adults need to interfere in the young people's world, while be-ing open to their opinions. Then the young people's value system will be built up and give them a safe tool that helps them to avoid improper influence.

The supposed liberalising effects of higher education have been documented since Newcomb’s landmark Bennington study in the 1930s. However, other research has suggested that the effect of education on beliefs and values may differ between academic disciplines. The main mechanisms by which differing beliefs are believed to develop include the self-selection hypothesis (where students chose disciplines which match their pre-existing belief systems) and the socialisation hypothesis (where students are socialised into the worldview of the discipline through continued exposure). Three correlational design questionnaire studies were conducted. Study 1 and 2 featured 223 and 531 students, respectively, and Study 3 included 143 recent graduates of Murdoch University, from different academic disciplines (primarily commerce, psychology and the social sciences). Study 4 involved interviews with nine students who had switched between the three main fields of study. The quantitative results generally supported the self-selection hypothesis, although some participant accounts suggested possible accentuation effects (where pre-existing values were strengthened by university study). Future research should consider a longitudinal study, tracking students in different academic disciplines over the full-length of their degree. A cross-sectional community study would also be valuable, in determining whether large scale difference exist between the those with tertiary, compared to those with lower levels of education, and whether discipline differences persist following graduation (and whether this is linked to occupation). These findings have important implications for the way universities view themselves, in terms of shaping the minds of the next generation of leaders, and for disciplines, in terms of the types of students they attract and how they can best retain them. In conclusion, there are significant differences in the belief systems of students in different academic disciplines, although not as large as may be expected, and that this seems primarily due to self-selection, rather than socialisation or accentuation.

Diss.

Thèse (M.A.)--Université Laval, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. [102]-108. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Anthropol.--Yogyakarta, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 357-366. Notes bibliogr. Glossaire. Index.