Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och få en djupare förståelse för hur elever upplever att vårdnadshavare inverkar på elevernas gymnasieval. Samt utforska på vilket sätt eleverna utifrån deras kulturella bakgrunder liknar varandra samt vilka olikheter som finns dom emellan. Sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes på två olika grundskolor med elever i årskurs 9 med olika bakgrunder. Till hjälp av analysarbetet användes tidigare forskning inom ämnet men även teorierna från Pierre Bourdieu om habitus, klass och kapitalformer samt Hodkinson och Sparkes Careership teori. Resultatet visar att eleverna blir påverkade av sina vårdnadshavare i stor utsträckning. Det visar skillnader elevgrupperna emellan men också likheter kring definitionen av begreppet påverkansfaktor vilket i detta fall varit vårdnadshavares påverkan till största del. I analys och resultatdelen påvisas det även att eleverna blivit mera påverkade av sina vårdnadshavare än vad dom själva ville erkänna. / The purpose of this study was to investigate and gain a deeper understanding for how students feel that guardians affects the student’s choice of upper secondary school. As well as explore in which way the students, based on their cultural backgrounds, are similar and what differences there are between them. 6 qualitative interviews were conducted at two different primary schools with students in year 9 who have different backgrounds. With the help of the analysis work, previous research was used within the subject but also the theories from Pierre Bourdieu on habitus, class and forms of capital as well as Hodkinson and Sparke’s careership theory. The result largely show that the students are influenced by their guardians to a large extent. But that there are differences between the student groups but also similarities around the definition of the concept of influence factor, which in these cases has been guardian’s influence for the most part. The study also shows that students are more affected than they thought they were.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of context-based problem solving instruction (CBPSI) on the problem solving performance of Grade 10 learners, who performed poorly in mathematics. A cognitive load theory (CLT) was used to frame the study. In addition, CLT was used to: 1) facilitate the interpretation and explanation of participants‟ problem solving performance; and, 2) influence the design of CBPSI to hone participants‟ problem solving skills. The study was conducted in the Gauteng province of South Africa and involved a two-week intervention program in each of the nine participating high schools. Participants consisted of 783 learners and four Grade 10 mathematics teachers. A non-equivalent control group design was employed, consisting of a pre- and post- measure. In addition, classroom observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers and learners. Teachers employed conventional problem solving instructions in four control schools while the researcher implemented CBPSI in five experimental schools. Instruction in experimental schools entailed several worked-out context-based problem solving examples given to participants in worksheets. The main aspects of CBPSI embraced elements of the effects of self-explanation and split-attention, as advocated by CLT. Due to the design of CBPSI participants in experimental schools became familiar with the basic context-based problem solving tasks that were presented to them through the worked-out example samples. In turn, the associated cognitive load of problem solving tasks was gradually reduced. The principal instrument for data collection was a standardized Functional Mathematics Achievement Test. The pre-test determined participants‟ initial problem solving status before intervention. A post-test was given at the end of intervention to benchmark change in the functionality of CBPSI over a two-week period. Using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and other statistical techniques the study found that participants in experimental schools performed significantly better than participants in control schools on certain aspects of problem solving performance. In addition, semi-structured interviews and classroom observations revealed that participants rated CBPSI highly. On the whole, the study showed that CBPSI is an effective instructional tool to enhance the problem solving performance of Grade 10 mathematics learners. / Mathematics Education / D. Phil. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education)

Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht, ob bildungs¬sprachliche Anforderungen für Grundschulkinder mit nicht-deutscher Familien¬sprache mit größeren Schwierigkeiten verbunden sind als für monolingual deutschsprachige Kinder. Zudem geht sie der Frage nach, ob das Verständnis von Bildungssprache für schulische Leistungen bedeutsamer ist als das Verständnis von Alltagssprache. In Teilstudie 1 wurde ein experimentelles Design mit sprachlich unterschiedlich anspruchsvollen Hörverstehenstexten umgesetzt. Bei der Bearbeitung der Hörverstehensaufgaben erzielten Schülerinnen und Schüler mit nicht-deutscher Familien¬sprache unabhängig von der sprachlichen Komplexität der Texte geringere Leistungen als monolingual deutschsprachige Schülerinnen und Schüler. Differenzielle Leistungsnachteile bei der Bearbeitung der bildungssprachlichen Texte ergaben sich jedoch nicht. Teilstudie 4 erbrachte vergleichbare Ergebnisse auf Basis eines Leseverständnistests. In den Teilstudien 2 und 3 wurde überprüft, ob bildungssprachliche Merkmale von Testaufgaben aus den Bereichen Mathematik und Leseverstehen mit DIF (Differential Item Functioning) gegenüber Grundschulkindern mit nicht-deutscher Familiensprache bzw. gegenüber deutschsprachigen Kindern aus Familien mit niedrigem sozioökonomischen Status (SES) zusammenhängen. Es ergaben sich substanzielle Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen bildungssprachlichen Merkmalen und DIF. Diese waren für Kinder mit nicht-deutscher Familiensprache zahlreicher und ausgeprägter als für deutschsprachige Kinder aus Familien mit niedrigem SES. In Teilstudie 4 korrelierte das Verständnis von Bildungssprache höher mit schulischen Leistungen—operationalisiert über die mathematischen Kompetenzen—als das Verständnis von Alltagssprache. Im Anschluss an eine zusammenfassende Diskussion der Ergebnisse der vier Teilstudien werden Implikationen für die pädagogische Praxis abgeleitet und Perspektiven für die zukünftige Forschung zum Konzept der Bildungssprache aufgezeigt. / The present dissertation examines whether academic language demands are disproportionally more difficult for elementary school children with non-German home languages than for children who are monolingually German-speaking. Furthermore, it addresses the question of whether the comprehension of academic language is more relevant for school achievement than the comprehension of everyday language. Study 1 is based on an experimental design, including listening comprehension texts that differed in their academic language complexity. When answering the listening comprehension tasks, children with a non-German home language performed more poorly than children with German home language, regardless of the linguistic complexity of the texts. However, differential effects of academic language on listening comprehension of students with a non-German home language did not emerge. Study 4 yielded comparable results based on a reading comprehension test. Studies 2 and 3 investigated whether academic language features of test items in mathematics and reading comprehension are associated with DIF (differential item functioning) against school children who are not monolingually German-speaking and German monolingual students from families with low socioeconomic status (SES), respectively. There were substantial relationships between various academic language features and DIF. These relationships were more numerous and more pronounced for children who were not monolingually German-speaking than for German monolingual students from low SES families. Study 4 showed that the comprehension of academic language was more highly correlated with school achievement, operationalized with students’ mathematical achievement, than the comprehension of everyday language. After a joint discussion of the four studies’ results, implications for educational practice are drawn and perspectives for future research on the concept of academic language are presented.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of context-based problem solving instruction (CBPSI) on the problem solving performance of Grade 10 learners, who performed poorly in mathematics. A cognitive load theory (CLT) was used to frame the study. In addition, CLT was used to: 1) facilitate the interpretation and explanation of participants‟ problem solving performance; and, 2) influence the design of CBPSI to hone participants‟ problem solving skills. The study was conducted in the Gauteng province of South Africa and involved a two-week intervention program in each of the nine participating high schools. Participants consisted of 783 learners and four Grade 10 mathematics teachers. A non-equivalent control group design was employed, consisting of a pre- and post- measure. In addition, classroom observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers and learners. Teachers employed conventional problem solving instructions in four control schools while the researcher implemented CBPSI in five experimental schools. Instruction in experimental schools entailed several worked-out context-based problem solving examples given to participants in worksheets. The main aspects of CBPSI embraced elements of the effects of self-explanation and split-attention, as advocated by CLT. Due to the design of CBPSI participants in experimental schools became familiar with the basic context-based problem solving tasks that were presented to them through the worked-out example samples. In turn, the associated cognitive load of problem solving tasks was gradually reduced. The principal instrument for data collection was a standardized Functional Mathematics Achievement Test. The pre-test determined participants‟ initial problem solving status before intervention. A post-test was given at the end of intervention to benchmark change in the functionality of CBPSI over a two-week period. Using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and other statistical techniques the study found that participants in experimental schools performed significantly better than participants in control schools on certain aspects of problem solving performance. In addition, semi-structured interviews and classroom observations revealed that participants rated CBPSI highly. On the whole, the study showed that CBPSI is an effective instructional tool to enhance the problem solving performance of Grade 10 mathematics learners. / Mathematics Education / D. Phil. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education)