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The purpose of this study is to discover the spatial distribution of adjudicated delinquents and to analyze the relationship of these delinquents to a distribution of other attributes of population aggregates. Specifically, this study focuses on the relationship in Fort Worth between the social and economic data of a specific zone. Chapter I and III of this study discuss previous ecological studies and their findings. Furthermore, possible restriction to previous studies are brought out and the design for this study is developed. Chapter III presents the methodology design used in the project. Chapter IV and V present findings of this study and discuss implication drawn from these findings. Moreover, statistically significant results are explained with regard to present sociological knowledge and future research.

Le marché de la publicité en ligne est un marché complexe, instable et en mutation. Notre thèse décrit et explique le fonctionnement de ce marché pour les sites de presse issus de l’imprimé. A partir d’une enquête qualitative, s’appuyant sur des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de professionnels occupant des postes à responsabilité dans les milieux de la presse et de la publicité sur le web, nous analysons la construction du marché et ses logiques de fonctionnement. Ces dernières interrogent la continuité du modèle publicitaire de la presse sur ce média. Notre objectif est de comprendre la manière dont la valorisation marchande de l’audience y évolue pour les sites issus de la presse imprimée. Les modes de quantification et de qualification de l’audience se transforment et marquent l’affrontement entre une logique issue de la publicité média et une autre relative au marketing direct, tirant parti du caractère interactif de la publicité en ligne. Trois dimensions complémentaires structurent notre travail : l’évolution de la relation marchande entre les éditeurs et les annonceurs et la manière dont elle est outillée (partie 1) ; l’inscription du marché dans un contexte socioéconomique imposant des contraintes spécifiques et une tension autour de modes de qualification alternatifs du produit publicitaire (partie 2) ; le rôle joué par l’appropriation des innovations techniques par certains acteurs ainsi que la mesure dans laquelle cette appropriation détermine, au moins en partie, l’évolution de l’activité publicitaire (partie 3). / The online advertising market is a complex, unstable and evolutive one. Our thesis describes and explains the way this market works for online news publishers from traditional news organisations. From a qualitative survey, based on semi-structured interviews with professionals in positions of responsibility in online news organisations and online advertising industry, we analyze the market construction and its operating logic. The latter questions the continuity of the news organisations advertising model online. Our goal is to understand how operates the audience markets valuation online for those traditional news market players. The audience quantification and qualification process are changing and show us conflicting logics between a logic imported from offline media advertising and another one from direct marketing, taking advantage of the interactive nature of online advertising. Three distinct but complementary points structure our work: the evolution of the market relationship between publishers and advertisers and how it is equipped (part 1); the inclusion of the market in a socio-economic context which imposes specific constraints and a tension between alternative modes of advertising product’s qualification (part 2); the role played by the appropriation of technological innovations by some players as well as the extent to which this appropriation determine, at least in part, the advertising business dynamics (part 3).

Cette recherche porte sur les nouveaux éditeurs indépendants littéraires qui sont apparus en Argentine, au Chili et en Colombie notamment depuis la fin des années 1990. Ces petits éditeurs, dominés par les mêmes acteurs transnationaux, subsistent dans un contexte où les aides publiques sont faibles en s’inscrivant du côté du pôle de production restreinte pour affirmer leur valeur symbolique et le caractère passionnel et vocationnel de leur profession. Ceci leur permet de se différencier du secteur de l’édition dominante considérée comme étant de plus en plus régulée par l’exigence de rentabilité et étant alors perçue comme moins culturelle. L’activité de ces petits éditeurs reste toutefois menacée par d’importantes difficultés économiques et des problèmes d’insertion sur le marché éditorial. A partir d’une enquête réalisée auprès de 25 maisons d’édition des trois pays, nous interrogeons en premier lieu le rôle des principes théoriques — tels que la notion d’indépendance éditoriale et de diversité culturelle — dans l’articulation de l’idée selon laquelle le livre, en tant que bien à contenu symbolique, doit échapper à l’économicisation générale des biens singuliers. Ensuite, sont analysées les conditions d’émergence des structures éditoriales ainsi que les modes d’action employés pour pérenniser l’activité de ces entités. De cette analyse découle l’étude des positionnements et des mouvements à l’intérieur du champ ainsi que leurs incidences dans les circuits hégémoniques et alternatifs du livre leur permettant de se singulariser et de pérenniser leur activité par leurs choix organisationnels, éditoriaux et commerciaux. / This research examines small independent literary presses that have emerged in Argentina, Chili, and Colombia mainly since the 1990’s. These presses, dominated by the same transnational publishing corporations, subsist in a context where public subsidies are scarce. They are characterized by their conception of books being primarily cultural goods and by the vocational aspects of their profession. This perspective allows them to differentiate themselves from a publishing industry that is perceived as being more and more regulated by requirements of financial profitability. Notwithstanding, small presses continue to face important economic difficulties and have to confront themselves to the complexity of integrating the book market.Based on the analysis of 25 small presses from the three countries mentioned above, this work aims to examine how theoretical principles — like the concepts editorial independence and cultural diversity, for instance — help articulate the idea that the book, understood as a cultural and symbolic good, has to draw away from economic financialization. Above all, this research analyses the conditions of emergence of small presses and the courses of action and strategies used to perennialize their publishing activity. This analysis reveals the diverse positions and movements of these presses in the publishing field as well as the repercussion that they have in the dominant and ‘indie’ circuits, which allow them to differentiate and stand out by their different organizational, editorial and commercial strategies.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação dos casos de malária como desmatamento nos municípios da Amazônia Legal, entre os anos de 2003 e 2012. A pesquisa também intenta contribuir para a literatura ao realizar uma análise econométrica espacial, viabilizando capturar efeitos spillovers das variáveis em estudo sobre a incidência de malária na região. Primeiramente, evidenciou-se que os casos de malária na região da Amazônia Legal não são distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os municípios, ou seja, a doença é correlacionada espacialmente. Também foram encontrados indícios de que municípios com altos índices parasitários anuais de malária, estão rodeados de outros municípios que também apresentam alta incidência de paludismo. Em relação às estimações econométricas, foram encontradas evidências de que o desmatamento possui uma correlação estatística com os casos de paludismo, onde, áreas de até 425 Km2 de mata derrubada possuem uma relação positiva com os casos da doença, enquanto áreas desmatadas acima de 425 Km2 possuem relação negativa com contaminação por malária. Não obstante, o estudo também encontrou uma relação positiva dos dispêndios municipais per capita com saúde com os casos da doença. Já os gastos municipais com habitação e o efetivo bovino municipal tiveram efeitos negativos em relação à doença. Ademais, não foram encontradas evidências de que a área de soja e de que de mais culturas agrícolas possam afetar a dinâmica de infecção por malária. Já o Produto Interno Bruto municipal gerou resultados inconclusivos. Para aferir a robustez das estimativas, o estudo também realiza um exercício de comparação dos resultados obtidos a partir de diversos modelos de dados de painel, tanto convencionais, quanto espaciais, atualmente usados pela literatura. / The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of cases of malaria with deforestation in the municipalities of the Amazon, between 2003 and 2012. The research also intends to contribute to the literature through of spatial econometrics models, enabling capture effects spillovers of several socio economic determinants on incidence of malaria in the region. First, it became clear that the cases of malaria in the Amazon region are not randomly distributed among the municipalities, meaning that the disease is spatially correlated. It was also found evidence that municipalities with higher annual rates of malaria parasites are surrounded by other municipalities that also have a higher incidence of malaria. Regarding to the econometrics estimates, it was found evidence that deforestation is strongly statistically correlated with malaria cases, where are as of up to 425 km2 of loss os forest cover has a positive relationship with the cases of the disease, while deforested areas above 425 km2 have negative relationship with contamination malaria. Notwithstanding, the study also found a positive relationship between health public expenditures with cases of the disease. Housing public expenditures ans cattle heard have shown negative relationships with malaria infection. Moreover, no evidence was found that the soybean area and that other crops can affect the dynamics of malaria infection. Finally, municipal GDP generated inconclusive results. To assess the robustness of the estimates, the study also performed a comparison from multiple panel data models, both conventional well as spatial, currently used in the literature.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação dos casos de malária como desmatamento nos municípios da Amazônia Legal, entre os anos de 2003 e 2012. A pesquisa também intenta contribuir para a literatura ao realizar uma análise econométrica espacial, viabilizando capturar efeitos spillovers das variáveis em estudo sobre a incidência de malária na região. Primeiramente, evidenciou-se que os casos de malária na região da Amazônia Legal não são distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os municípios, ou seja, a doença é correlacionada espacialmente. Também foram encontrados indícios de que municípios com altos índices parasitários anuais de malária, estão rodeados de outros municípios que também apresentam alta incidência de paludismo. Em relação às estimações econométricas, foram encontradas evidências de que o desmatamento possui uma correlação estatística com os casos de paludismo, onde, áreas de até 425 Km2 de mata derrubada possuem uma relação positiva com os casos da doença, enquanto áreas desmatadas acima de 425 Km2 possuem relação negativa com contaminação por malária. Não obstante, o estudo também encontrou uma relação positiva dos dispêndios municipais per capita com saúde com os casos da doença. Já os gastos municipais com habitação e o efetivo bovino municipal tiveram efeitos negativos em relação à doença. Ademais, não foram encontradas evidências de que a área de soja e de que de mais culturas agrícolas possam afetar a dinâmica de infecção por malária. Já o Produto Interno Bruto municipal gerou resultados inconclusivos. Para aferir a robustez das estimativas, o estudo também realiza um exercício de comparação dos resultados obtidos a partir de diversos modelos de dados de painel, tanto convencionais, quanto espaciais, atualmente usados pela literatura. / The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of cases of malaria with deforestation in the municipalities of the Amazon, between 2003 and 2012. The research also intends to contribute to the literature through of spatial econometrics models, enabling capture effects spillovers of several socio economic determinants on incidence of malaria in the region. First, it became clear that the cases of malaria in the Amazon region are not randomly distributed among the municipalities, meaning that the disease is spatially correlated. It was also found evidence that municipalities with higher annual rates of malaria parasites are surrounded by other municipalities that also have a higher incidence of malaria. Regarding to the econometrics estimates, it was found evidence that deforestation is strongly statistically correlated with malaria cases, where are as of up to 425 km2 of loss os forest cover has a positive relationship with the cases of the disease, while deforested areas above 425 km2 have negative relationship with contamination malaria. Notwithstanding, the study also found a positive relationship between health public expenditures with cases of the disease. Housing public expenditures ans cattle heard have shown negative relationships with malaria infection. Moreover, no evidence was found that the soybean area and that other crops can affect the dynamics of malaria infection. Finally, municipal GDP generated inconclusive results. To assess the robustness of the estimates, the study also performed a comparison from multiple panel data models, both conventional well as spatial, currently used in the literature.

Lack of accessibility to healthy foods is a factor associated with the increase in obesity, diabetes, and other negative health consequences. While programs such as WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) provide supplemental nutritional access to healthy foods, few organic food items are included in the WIC authorized food list. Government programs and policy makers that provide to the most vulnerable populations are concerned about equal availability of healthy foods. The purpose of this study was to compare variability and cost of organic food items in 24 large chain grocery stores located in high- and low-income areas. The theoretical concepts of social production of disease and political economy of health guided the study. The study used a quantitative research design to investigate the relationship between neighborhood income level and the consumer nutrition environment. Organic food scores were compared by neighborhood income level using t test and ANOVA. There were significant differences in availability and variability scores of healthy organic foods between high- and low-income neighborhood stores. Organic food items, specifically 15% fat content ground beef, peanut butter, apple juice, and eggs were priced significantly higher than conventional items (p < 0.05). Pricing of organic foods varied and no significant pricing trends were noted between neighborhood income levels. This study may contribute to social change by enhancing the conversation on organic food availability and affordability. Social change may be promoted through identification of the need to expand WIC authorization of organic food items and increasing produce voucher amount to allow WIC participants to purchase higher amounts of organic produce.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most commonly diagnosed childhood neurobehavioral disorder, is increasing annually at about 5% per year. ADHD has been diagnosed in approximately 6.4 billion children in the U.S., and it is estimated that 66% of those afflicted have 1 or more comorbid conditions. Children with ADHD are often from socioeconomically challenged households. What is unclear from the literature is the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), defined as education, employment, and income and the reporting of comorbidities with ADHD. The problem is that children with ADHD from low SES households may be reporting a higher prevalence of comorbid conditions, which can lead to misdiagnosis, improper treatment, and greater financial burden for families and the public health system. The purpose of this quantitative, descriptive, nonexperimental study was to examine the relationship between household SES and the reporting of a comorbidity (anxiety, depression, behavioral issues) in children with ADHD by analyzing secondary data from the National Survey of Children's Health (N = 99,677). Ecological systems theory guided this study which is based on the premise that individuals encounter many environments in their lives and these environments can impact health and well-being. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that parental education level, employment, and household income were significantly associated with the reporting of comorbidities for children with ADHD. This research may lead to positive social change by allowing resources to be allocated to low SES households of children with ADHD to decrease the number of children developing comorbid conditions.

Atlantic billfish include sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus), blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), white marlin (Kajikia albida, formerly Tetrapturus albidus) and the spearfishes (Tetrapturus); these fishes are found in tropical and subtropical waters. The spearfishes include the longbill spearfish (T. pfluegeri), the Mediterranean spearfish (T. belone) and the roundscale spearfish (T. georgii). The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) is the regional fishery management organization that conducts research to determine the condition of tuna and billfish resources and supports international cooperative management. ICCAT has determined that blue marlin and white marlin are overfished; the status of sailfish and spearfish are unknown, but overfishing is thought to be occurring. Management of these resources is complicated by uncertainty in the biological models, but uncertainty about the fishers who target these resources. This dissertation studied artisanal fishing fleets that target Atlantic billfish in Venezuela and Ghana, as well as studied recreational charter boat fishing fleets in South Florida and Senegal. The information from these fleets was used to develop performance indicators that evaluate the socioeconomic performance of these fleets. An allocation model was developed to determine the optimal allocation of billfish resources among recreational and artisanal fishers in Ghana, West Africa. Finally, the issues and challenges of managing Atlantic billfish were identified as well as a possible future framework. Results indicate that performance indicators can be used to contrast fleets with different operational objectives. Fishers do produce positive fishing profits in both artisanal and recreational fleets; however, Senegalese recreational anglers are particularly sensitive to fuel costs. Results of the allocation model suggest that the artisanal sector should be allocated 95% of the quota in Ghana. There is the possibility to over-allocate quota to the recreational sector due to methodological differences in determining benefit f and the practice of catch-and-release. ICCAT's limited purview over socioeconomics was identified as the major impediment to effective billfish management. Therefore, it is recommended that the institutional structure for billfish management be modified to include socioeconomic issues, most especially strengthening the link to local institutions in fishing communities.

Throughout the western North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico, invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) have established dense populations, greatly impacting their host environments. Lionfish tournaments have been an important tool for resource managers and other concerned stakeholders in suppressing local populations of lionfish. Tournaments can also bring economic benefits to the communities where they are held, despite this not being the primary purpose. Five derby events in Florida and the Bahamas were surveyed and 119 participants were interviewed on site, using a survey asking them to describe (1) the lionfish derby experience; (2) non-derby related lionfish removal effort; (3) derby expenditures; and (4) personal characteristics. Response rates of event participants were between 35% and 82%. Respondents spent an average of approximately $820 per person, potentially creating a net economic benefit to the communities where they were held. Total expenditures reported ranged from $5,000 to over $60,000 per tournament, with events drawing a high number of out of town participants reporting the highest amounts spent. Participants surveyed were largely males who resided in Florida and had a reported income of over $100,000 with 29% indicating an annual income of more than $200,000. In addition, lionfish tournaments have the effect of educating the public about the lionfish invasion, including greater targeting and consumption of lionfish, showing that tournaments are effective at their conservation mission as well as contributing to the economy of their host community.