Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-10-23T17:10:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cintya_rodrigues_monte.pdf: 74139631 bytes, checksum: 4ecbdedd487278cc66505c5adac25f83 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T17:10:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cintya_rodrigues_monte.pdf: 74139631 bytes, checksum: 4ecbdedd487278cc66505c5adac25f83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-02 / The influence of sewage sludge in the attributes of fertility in soil grown in tropical regions, yet little is known. In order to collaborate with research in this área will be conducted a field experiment in the Community Families United, located in the municipality of Camaragibe, Pernambuco, to be evaluated the residual effect of sewage sludge in the cultures of carrot and pepper, after planting of radish. The purpose of the search is also check which socio-economic benefits may be offered by the experience of the use of sewage sludge on crops chosen. The experiment will continue with the design of blocks, with five treatments (zero, 25, 50 and 75 Mg ha1 of sewage sludge and 25 Mg ha"1 of sewage sludge with the Red vermicompostado of Califórnia. Wastes from ETE/TIP-Curado, Recife / PE) and three repetitions. The plots of masonry measuring 1 m wide and 6 m long and 0.20 m deep, with 21 rows spaced between rows of 0.35 m and 0.15 m between plants, being considered in the ratings central plants, with 2 m2 of floor área. The planting of carrot will be accomplished through direct seeding, and the pepper by transplanting. Will be made the cultural Standard treatment for the crops. Harvesting is carried out according to length of each culture, making useful sampling in the área required for the flowerbeds, on 10 points equidistant. At the end of the harvest you will be sampling the soil, collecting up sub-samples in a zigzag to create a composite sample garden, for chemical analysis. Through statistical analysis of the results só far, we find that the dose equal to 25 Mg ha"1 of sewage sludge is showing more promising results for agriculture. / A influência do lodo de esgoto nos atributos de fertilidade em solos cultivados em regiões tropicais, ainda é pouco conhecida. A fim de colaborar com as pesquisas nessa área, foi conduzido um experimento de campo na Comunidade Famílias Unidas, situada no município de Camaragibe, Pernambuco, para ser avaliado o efeito residual do lodo de esgoto na cultura da cenoura, após o plantio de rabanete. O intuito da pesquisa é também verificar quais benefícios socioeconômicos seriam proporcionados pela experiência do uso de lodo de esgoto na cultura escolhida. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (zero, 25, 50 e 75 Mg ha"1 de lodo de esgoto mais 25 Mg ha"1 de lodo de esgoto vermicompostado com a minhoca Vermelha da Califórnia. Resíduos provenientes da ETE/TIP-Curado, Recife/PE) e três repetições. Os canteiros de alvenaria, de acordo com o espaço físico, medem 1 m de largura por 6 m de comprimento e 0,20 m de profundidade, com 21 fileiras espaçadas de 0,35 m entre fileiras e 0,15 m entre plantas, sendo consideradas nas avaliações as plantas centrais, com área útil de 2 m2. O plantio da cenoura foi realizado por meio de semeadura direta. Foram realizados os tratos culturais normais para a cultura. A colheita foi realizada fazendo - se amostragem na área útil estipulada para os canteiros, em 10 pontos equidistantes. Também foi realizada a amostragem do solo, coletando-se sub-amostras em ziguezague que originaram uma amostra composta por canteiro, para análise química. Através da análise estatística (PCA) dos resultados, percebe-se que a dose correspondente a 25 Mg ha"1 de lodo de esgoto e de lodo de esgoto vermicompostado está apresentando resultados promissores para a agricultura.

MSCAGR (Soil Science) / Department of Soil Science / Poultry manure (PM) is an inexpensive source of fertilizer but it decomposes quickly and releases carbon and greenhouse gases. Biochar (BC) could be an alternative source of carbon to improve soil quality and reduce greenhouse gas emission. This study investigated the effect of co-application of BC and PM on selected soil physical and chemical properties and performance of maize. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Venda experimental farm during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The experiment was a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement consisting of four rates of BC (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and three rates of PM (0, 2, and 4 t ha-1) in a RCBD arrangement replicated three times. Maize was planted in both seasons. After harvest, soil bulk density was determined at four soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 cm), while aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties were determined at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). Data were subjected to ANOVA using Genstat 17th edition. The least significant difference was used to compare the treatment means at P < 0.05. Soil aggregate stability, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, maize dry matter and maize grain yield increased with increasing rates of BC and PM application at 0 - 15 cm depth in both seasons. The combination of BC at 20 t ha-1 and PM at 4 t ha-1 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil bulk density at 5 - 10 cm depth but increased soil available P and total N at the two depths in both seasons. The results of this study suggested that BC and PM improved soil ability to retain and supply nutrients through improved soil aggregate stability and reduced bulk density thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. Combining BC with PM proved to enhance the ability of soil to function by improving selected soil physical and chemical properties thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. / NRF

Orientador: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho / Resumo: A busca pela qualidade do solo como base de sustentação do sistema de produção, tem aumentado o desafio de compreender um sistema que, além de reduzir sensivelmente a degradação do meio ambiente, pode permitir maior retorno econômico ao agricultor. Nesse sentido o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de abril de 2005 a abril de 2006, com o objetivo de avaliar na cultura da soja, no sistema de plantio direto, o efeito de diferentes culturas de cobertura e presença ou ausência de adubação orgânica e mineral. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Guararapes-SP (50°39'W, 21°09'S e 412 m de altitude aproximadamente) em um Latossolo Vermelho amarelo, com textura média, sendo cultivado com culturas anuais a partir de 1993. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, com os tratamentos dispostos em um esquema fatorial 5x2x2, ou seja, 5 culturas de cobertura (milho, milheto, sorgo, braquiária e mamona), cultivadas no período de outono/inverno, na presença e ausência de adubação orgânica (11.512 kg/ha de esterco de galinha), sendo semeado em sucessão, a cultura da soja, cultivar MGBR 46 (Conquista), na presença ou ausência de adubação mineral (500 kg/ha da fórmula 02-20-15). As culturas de cobertura e a soja foram irrigadas pelo sistema pivô central. As avaliações constaram da produção de massa seca das culturas de cobertura, estado nutricional da soja no florescimento pleno, características agronômicas e produção de grãos da soja e características químicas do solo, em diferentes profundidades, após o cultivo da soja. Através dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o milho apresentou maior produção de massa seca como cultura de cobertura, mas todas as ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The search for the soil quality as sustentation base of production system, has stimulated the challenge to understand a system that, beyond sensibly reducing the environment degradation, may allows greater economic return to the farmer. Thus, the present work was developed in the period of April 2005 to April 2006, with the objective to evaluate in soybean crop, in no tillage system, the effect of different cover crops and presence or absence of organic and mineral fertilization. The work was developed at the municipal district of Guararapes, State of São Paulo (50°39' W, 21°09' S and 412 m altitude approximately) in a Typic Haplustox, with sandy texture, being cultivated with annual crops since 1993. The exeprimental design used was randomized blocks with four replications, with treatments disposed in a 5x2x2 factorial scheme, i.e., five cover crops (corn, millet, sorghum, braquiaria grass and castor bean), cultivated in the autumn/winter period, in presence and absence of organic fertilization (11,512 kg ha-1 of chicken manure fertilizer), being sowedin succession of soybean crop, MGBR 46 cultivar, in presence or absence of mineral fertilization (500 kg ha-1 of 02-20-15 formula). The cover cultures and soybean had been irrigated by center pivot irrigation systems.The evaluations was cover crops dry matter production, nutritional status in flowering, agronomic characteristics and soybean grain production, soil chemical characteristis, in different depths, after soybean. Through the obtained results, it verified that the corn presents greater dry matter production as cover crop, but all the evaluated cover crops are adjusted to precede soybean; organic fertilization increases cover crop dry matter production, beyond provided significant P, Ca and K increases in 0 to 0.05 and 0.05 to 0.10 m depth and P and K in 0.10 to 0.20 m depth; ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La fertilité de terres agricoles dépend en large partie du recyclage des nutriments dans le sol. Généralement, ce recyclage est effectué en grande partie par les communautés bactériennes du sol. On assume donc souvent que la diversité bactérienne du sol peut constituer un indicateur de sa santé/fertilité. Cependant, certaines pratiques agricoles conventionnelles nuisent à la diversité bactérienne du sol. Parmi ces pratiques, le labourage et les applications d’intrants chimiques tels que les pesticides, les antibiotiques et les engrais influencent négativement la diversité microbienne. Par conséquent, des recherches actives sont menées pour développer des façons de rétablir la diversité microbienne dans les sols en agriculture conventionnelle. Plusieurs alternatives biologiques ont été développées au fil des ans, aboutissant à des produits commerciaux en tant que des biostimulants incluant des substances d’origines biologiques, des microorganismes ou la combinaison des deux. Entre autres, le thé de compost a été développé et suggéré comme étant un produit riche en microorganismes bénéfiques, ayant les capacités d’améliorer les cultures et la durabilité des systèmes agricoles biologiques. Cependant, sa performance et son application à grande échelle dans les systèmes de production conventionnelle demeurent peu étudiées. L’objectif de ce mémoire et d’évaluer l'effet du thé de compost sur l'abondance, la diversité et la structure des communautés bactériennes du sol et les rendements, dans un essai en champs de la production du soja dans un système conventionnel de monoculture. Dans un champ d’environ trois hectares est subdivisé en six blocs, chacun contenait deux parcelles: l'une a été traitée par le thé de compost frais et l'autre a été utilisé comme témoin avec thé de compost stérilisé à la chaleur pour tuer les microorganismes. Notre hypothèse est que le thé de compost frais améliore la croissance du soja et son rendement avec l’apport de microorganismes bénéfiques et l’enrichissement des communautés bactériennes des sols. Le séquençage à haut débit de l’ADN ribosomique 16S bactérien extrait de différents échantillons (thé de compost, sol traité et sol témoin), associé aux analyses bio-informatiques et statistiques, a démontré que le traitement du thé de compost frais n'a pas influencé de manière significative les communautés bactériennes, ni par des changements dans la diversité alpha, ni dans la structure de la communauté de celles-ci. De plus, les résultats des analyses de croissance des plantes et de rendement ont eu aucun effet significatif du thé de compost frais sur la biomasse végétative des plantes ou le poids des graines de soja. Nos résultats de recherche indiquent que le thé de compost frais utilisé dans notre expérience n’a pas modifié les communautés bactériennes des sols traités et n’a pas influencé la croissance des plantes ni le rendement en grain. Notre hypothèse n’est pas supportée par ces résultats qui suggèrent que les bénéfices relatifs à l’application du thé de compost frais ne sont pas dus aux microorganismes vivants mais plutôt à un apport potentiel des nutriments. L’absence d'effets positifs dans notre étude pourrait être attribué spécifiquement à notre conception expérimentale, au thé de compost utilisé, ou à la dose ou la fréquence d'application de celui-ci. D’autres expériences sont nécessaires afin de tirer des conclusions robustes quant à l’effet et la performance du thé de compost sur des cultures conventionnelles. / The fertility of agricultural lands largely depends on the recycling of nutrients in the soil. Usually, this recycling is carried out largely by bacterial communities in the soil, that their diversity is an important indicator of the health and fertility of agricultural soils. However, some agricultural practices, especially in conventional production systems, harm the essential functions of these soil bacterial communities. Among these practices, tillage and the applications of chemical inputs such as pesticides, antibiotics and fertilizers negatively influence the diversity and structures of microbial communities. As a result, the abundance and diversity of these beneficial microorganisms and the potential services they provide decrease in these soils. Several biological alternatives have been developed over the years, resulting in commercial products as biostimulants including substances of biological origin, microorganisms or a combination of the two. Among others, compost tea has been developed and suggested as a product rich in beneficial microorganisms, with the capacity to improve crops and the sustainability of organic farming systems. However, its performance and large-scale application in conventional production systems remains little studied. The objective of this master’s thesis is to assess the effect of fresh compost tea on the abundance, diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities and yields, in a field trial of soybean production in a conventional system of monoculture. In a field of about three hectares is subdivided into six blocks, each one contained two plots: one was treated with fresh compost tea and the other was used as a control with heat sterilized compost tea to kill microorganisms. Our hypothesis is that fresh compost tea improves soybean growth and yield with the addition of beneficial microorganisms and the enrichment of bacterial communities in soils. High throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA extracted from different samples (compost tea, treated soil and control soil), combined with bioinformatics and statistical analyzes, demonstrated that processing of compost tea did not significantly influenced bacterial communities, neither by changes in alpha diversity nor in their community structure. In addition, the results of plant growth and yield analyzes had no significant effect of fresh compost tea on plant vegetative biomass or soybean weight. Our research results indicate that the fresh compost tea used in our experiment did not change the bacterial population in the treated soils and it did not show a significant effect on either plant growth or yield. Our hypothesis is not supported by these results which suggest that the relative benefits of the application of compost tea are not due to living microorganisms but rather to a potential supply of nutrients. The lack of positive effects in our study could be attributed specifically to our experimental design, the compost tea used, or the dose or frequency of its application. More experiments are needed in order to draw robust conclusions about the effect and performance of compost tea on conventional crops.

Die bei der Biogasproduktion anfallenden Gärreste werden als organische Dünger im Pflanzenbau eingesetzt. Infolge des Vergärungsprozesses unterscheiden sich Gärreste von herkömmlichen organischen Düngern. Daraus könnten sich spezifische positive oder negative Wirkungen auf Bodenfruchtbarkeit und Pflanzen ergeben, die Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind. In einem sechsjährigen Feldversuch (Energiepflanzenfruchtfolge, sandiger Boden) wur- den die Düngeeffekte von fünf verschiedenen Gärresten mit denen von Rindergülle, Stallmist und mineralischem Dünger (KAS) verglichen. Zur umfassenden Charakterisie- rung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit erfolgten Untersuchungen aus den Bereichen Bodenchemie, -physik, -mikrobiologie und Pflanzenbau, wobei die Humusdynamik einen Schwerpunkt bildete. Die Mengenkalkulation der Düngung basierte auf der gleichen Gabe organi- schem C mit einem N-Ausgleich durch KAS. Es ergaben sich für Gärreste gegenüber KAS überwiegend positive Effekte auf Hu- musgehalt, Aggregatstabilität und bakterielle Aktivität und Diversität. Diese Effekte waren denen von Rindergülle und Stallmist ähnlich. Möglicherweise besteht aber durch Gärrestdüngung ein erhöhtes Risiko von P- und K-Überschüssen sowie N-Verlusten. Eine erhöhte Benetzungshemmung wurde nicht gefunden. Die mikrobielle Gemeinschaft des Bodens zeigte eine spezifische Beeinflussung durch die Gärreste in der funktionellen, jedoch nicht in der genetischen Struktur. Die N-Verfügbarkeit war deutlich geringer als die von KAS, wodurch sich für Grünroggen Mindererträge ergaben. Für Silomais und Sorghum fand sich bei kombinierter Anwendung mit KAS ein zu KAS ähnliches Ertragsniveau. Gärreste haben analog zu herkömmlichen organischen Düngern bei effizientem Einsatz das Potential zu KAS vergleichbare Erträge zu erzielen und gleichzeitig die Bodenfrucht- barkeit zu fördern. Diese Schlussfolgerung ist im Kontext der spezifischen Standort- und Versuchsbedingungen zu sehen und sollte durch eine längere Versuchszeit abgesichert werden. / Digestates arising during biogas production are used as organic fertilizers in agriculture. Due to the fermentation process, digestates have different properties from traditional organic fertilizers. This may result in specific positive or negative effects on soil fertility and plants, which are subject of this work. In a six year field experiment (energy crop rotation, sandy soil) fertilizer effects of five different digestates were compared with cattle slurry, farm yard manure and mineral fertilizer (KAS). For a comprehensive characterization of soil fertility effects, methods from the fields of soil chemistry, physics, microbiology and plant science were applied. One special focus of these investigations was humus dynamics. Manure doses were based on the same dose of organic carbon, resulting different N-doses were compensated by KAS. Compared with KAS, digestates showed predominantly positive effects on humus con- tent, soil aggregate stability and bacterial activity and diversity. These effects of di- gestates were similar to those of cattle slurry and farm yard manure. There may be an increased risk of P and K oversupply and N losses as a result of digestate fertilization. An increased soil water repellency was not found. The soil bacterial community was specifically influenced by digestates regarding its functional, but not regarding its genetic structure. Saprotrophic fungy were reduced by some digestates in comparison to KAS. N availability was considerably lower than of KAS, resulting in yield depressions of forage rye. For silage maize and sorghum, digestates combined with KAS equaled the yield level of KAS. If efficiently applied, digestates have like other organic fertilizers the potential to produce equal yields as KAS whilst enhancing soil fertility. This conclusion is restricted to the specific conditions of experimental site and design and must be verified during a longer experimental period.

No description available.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-02T14:15:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEDA VERONICA BENEVIDES DANTAS SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2010..pdf: 8993633 bytes, checksum: 842487b79f8bc587c42403b8b5aa2ec0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-02T14:15:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEDA VERONICA BENEVIDES DANTAS SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2010..pdf: 8993633 bytes, checksum: 842487b79f8bc587c42403b8b5aa2ec0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02 / CNPq / A utilização de subprodutos na agricultura tem se tornado uma alternativa bastante promissora, uma vez que, ao conceder destinação a resíduos de alta carga orgânica, produzidos em diversas atividades humanas, permite amparar tanto ao aspecto ambiental quanto ao económico, proporcionando um elevado aporte de nutrientes às plantas, o que possibilita a redução dos custos com fertilização química. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito residual da adubação orgânica com torta de mamona e os impactos da disposição de efluentes de esgoto tratado sobre as características químicas do solo e o desenvolvimento e produção do algodoeiro herbáceo, cultivado em sucessão a um ciclo de gergelim. Para isto, plantas de algodoeiro herbáceo foram cultivadas em vasos provenientes de cultivo anterior com plantas de gergelim submetidas a tratamentos que resultaram da combinação fatorial de cinco doses de torta de mamona no substrato (0, 2, 3, 4 e 5 ton ha"1), duas qualidades de água de irrigação (água de abastecimento e efluente doméstico tratado) além de dois tratamentos adicionais com adubação química (NPK + água de abastecimento e NPK + água residuária). O efeito residual das doses e fontes de fertilizantes aplicadas em primeiro ciclo e os impactos inerentes à aplicação das duas diferentes fontes de água de irrigação na cultura do algodoeiro e no sistema solo-planta foram avaliados por meio da determinação das variáveis de crescimento e produção da cultura, da caracterização química do solo ao final do experimento e da avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas de algodoeiro ao final do ciclo. Foi possível concluir que a irrigação com água residuária contribuiu para a redução da acidez do solo e elevação dos teores de fósforo e potássio no solo e na planta. Além disso, o efluente doméstico foi capaz de suprir parcialmente o teor de nitrogénio e completamente os teores de boro e ferro requeridos pelas plantas, contribuindo para o crescimento e produção do algodoeiro. Todavia, os teores de sódio na planta e no solo se elevaram devido à irrigação com água residuária. A torta de mamona aplicada em primeiro ciclo acarretou em efeito residual, tendo as crescentes doses do biofertilizante incrementado os teores de matéria orgânica, fósforo e ferro no solo, além de aumentarem a área foliar, altura, matéria seca da parte aérea e produção do algodoeiro herbáceo cultivado em segundo ciclo. / The use of byproducts in agriculture has become quite a promising alternative by providing a destination for the highly-organic waste materiais produced by a variety of human activities, it serves to bolster both environmental and economic factor, providing elevated leveis of nutrients to the plants which, in turn, brings about a reduction in the costs of chemical fertilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effects of organic fertilization using castor cake as well as the impact of the disposal of treated sewage effluents on the chemical properties of the soil and the development and production of cotton cultivated in succession to a crop of sesame plants. Cotton plants were cultivated in pots which had been previously used for the cultivation of sesame that had been submitted to treatments resulted from the factorial design of five leveis of castor cake in the substrate (0, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ton ha"1), two qualities of irrigation water (potable water and treated domestic effluent) in addition to two additional treatments with chemical fertilization (NPK + potable water and NPK + wastewater). The residual effect of the castor cake and fertilizer sources applied in the first cycle and the inherent impact of the application of the two different sources of irrigation water on the cotton crop and the plant- soil system were evaluated through the determination of growth and cotton production, soil chemical properties and nutritional state of cotton plants at the end of the cycle. It was possible to conclude that the irrigation with wastewater contributed to reduce the soil acidity and elevate phosphorous and potassium contents in the soil and plant. Additionally, the domestic effluent was capable of partially supplying the nitrogen content and completely supplying the leveis of boron and iron required by the plants, contributing to the growth and production of cotton. However, the sodium leveis were elevated plant and soil as a result of irrigation with potable water. The castor cake applied during the first cycle resulted in a residual effect, with the increasing leveis of biofertilizer increasing the organic material content, phosphorous and iron in the soil, in addition to increasing the leaf area, height, dry matter of the aerial part and cotton production during the second cycle.

The current interest in conservation agriculture (CA) technologies is a result of the need to reduce excessive land degradation in most crop producing areas as well as to enhance sustainable food production. Cover crops that are usually grown under CA to provide soil cover, may offer secondary benefits, depending on the farming system. The concept of growing cover crops is a relatively new phenomenon to smallholder farmers. Production of large biomass yields and weed suppression from cover crops were major challenges affecting success and uptake of CA technologies by smallholder irrigation farmers. Coupled with this, low soil fertility limit maize productivity and reduce water use efficiency on smallholder irrigation schemes in what is largely a water strained agro-ecology in South Africa. While cover cropping can increase maize productivity, benefits of different types of mulch are not well understood, leading to challenges in selecting the most appropriate cover crop species to grow in the Eastern Cape Province (EC) of South Africa (SA) which has a warm temperate climate. With respect to any new technology, smallholder farmers are more interested in the economic benefits. Cover crops have been defined as leguminous or non-leguminous plants used for ground cover in various temporal and special configurations used in crop or animal production systems. The purpose of these cover crops is to improve on or more of the following: soil erosion, availability and cycling of N, P, K, Ca and other nutrients, soil moisture and water infiltration, and weed or pest control (Eilitta et al., 2004).. Improvement of animal or human diet may be additional goals. This definition accommodates diverse systems which may include intercrop and sole-cropping systems. In the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, a government initiative has promoted the growing of winter cover crops in smallholder irrigation schemes (Allwood, 2006). In other parts of Africa, legume food crops have been simultaneously grown with cereal staples to improve both soil cover and human diet (Eilitta et al., 2004). Winter experiments were undertaken in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate biomass accumulation, C and N uptake, weed suppression and response to fertilization. Winter cover crops planted included; oats (Avena sativa), grazing vetch (Vicia dasycarpa), faba bean (Vicia faba), forage peas (Pisum sativum) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). After cover crops were terminated, the effects of residues on weeds, fertility, moisture conservation and maize productivity were undertaken in the 2007/08 and 2008/09 summer seasons. Field studies were also done in the 2007/08 and 2008/09 summer seasons to investigate effects of strip intercropping patterns (3:2; 4:2; and 6:2 patterns) of maize (cv. PAN 6479) with mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) or sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) on maize productivity and summer cover crop biomass production. In a separate experiment effects of relay intercropping sunnhemp, mucuna and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) on biomass accumulation and maize productivity were investigated. Decomposition, N and P release from both winter cover crops and summer cover crops were also assessed in laboratory incubation experiments. Oats, grazing vetch and forage peas cover crops produced mean dry mass of 13873 kg/ha, 8945.5 kg/ha and 11073 kg/ha, respectively, while lupin had the lowest dry mass of 1226 kg/ha over the two seasons. Oats responded to fertilization while, there was little or no response from the other winter cover crops. Oats and grazing vetch also reduced weed density by 90 % and 80 % respectively while lupin only reduced weed density by 23 % in relation to the control plots. Nitrogen uptake was 254 kg N/ha for oats while it was 346 kg N /ha for grazing vetch. In the subsequent summer season, grazing vetch and forage pea residues significantly (P < 0.01) improved soil inorganic N. Oat and grazing vetch residues significantly (P < 0.05) reduced weed dry masss and weed species diversity compared to plots with lupin residues and the control. Lack of maize fertilization tended to reduce maize yields but not for maize grown on grazing vetch residues. From an economic perspective, grazing vetch resulted in the highest returns. Decomposition of winter cover crops was much faster for grazing vetch followed by forage peas and lastly oats. Oats had 40 % ash free dry mass remaining after 124 days while grazing vetch and forage peas had 7 % and 16 % respectively. Maximum net mineralized N and P were greater for grazing vetch (84.8 mg N/kg; 3.6 mg P/kg) compared to forage peas (66.3 mg N/kg; 2.7 mg P/ha) and oats (13.7 mg N/kg; 2.8 mg P/kg). In the strip intercropping trials, sunnhemp achieved the highest biomass yield of 4576 kg/ha in the 3:2 pattern while mucuna achieved 1897 kg/ha for the same strip pattern. The 3:2 strip intercropping pattern slightly depressed yields, however, yield reduction was more pronounced in the first season where water stress was experienced. Growing maize on previous cover crop strips failed to increase maize productivity probably due to weed growth during the fallow reducing mineral N in these strips. Decomposition was faster in sunnhemp leaves and mucuna compared to sunnhemp stems. Sunnhemp stems had about 65 % of ash free dry mass remaining after the end of the experiment at 132 days while just over 10 % of mucuna and sunnhemp leaves still remained. Mucuna mineralized 60 mg N/kg and 3.2 mg P/kg and sunnhemp mineralized 45 mg N/kg and 3.5 mg P/kg. Relay intercropping did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect maize biomass and grain yield. Sorghum experienced the largest drop in biomass when relay-intercropped with maize. Mucuna resulted in the highest N uptake (271 kg N/ha) in sole cropping while sorghum had the lowest (88 kg N/ha). Grazing vetch results in high biomass yields with minimal fertilizer application in a warm-temperate climate. Grazing vetch mulch is also the most cost effective mulch for better early weed control, improving soil mineral N status, water conservation and ultimately enhanced maize productivity in smallholder irrigation maize-based systems. The 3:2 pattern maximizes summer cover crop biomass yields compared to the 6:2 and 4:2 patterns. However, the 3:2 pattern may slightly depress yields in a water stressed environment. Relay intercropping mucuna, sunnhemp and sorghum into a maize crop at 42 days after maize sowing has no effect on maize productivity while cover crop biomass yields are low. Having a long winter fallow period after maize harvesting, a common practice in the study area, reduces the positive impact of legume cover crops on soil mineral N. Results suggest that winter cover crops may result in weed control, soil fertility and maize yield improvement benefits while a long fallow period may cancel-out these benefits for summer cover crops. Grazing vetch is a cost effective cover crop that produces high maize yields with minimal fertilizer input. Maize growing on oat mulch requires more fertilizer application than crops growing on grazing vetch mulch. Conservation agriculture systems in which summer cover crops are grown alongside the maize crop with a long winter fallow period do not produce the intended CA benefits.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANO ANDRE PETTER.pdf: 2453719 bytes, checksum: da5399318ecc7cdd53eb39e42af320d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-02 / The effect of biochar on the chemical and biological soil properties, on the physiological response and productivity of soybean and upland Rice and on N2O emission was investigated. The study was carried out in Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso state between September 2006 and May 2009 on two different soil types: Haplic Ferralsol (soybean) and Dystric Cambisol (rice). The experimental design was a combination of strips and random blocks where 5 doses (0 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1 e 400 kg ha-1) of NPK (0-20-20) were distributed in strips and 5 doses of biochar (0 Mg ha-1, 2 Mg ha-1, 4 Mg ha-1, 8 Mg ha-1 e 16 Mg ha-1) in random a manner in the case of soybean and 4 doses (0 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1) of NPK (05-25-15) were distributed in strips and 4 doses of biochar (0 Mg ha-1, 8 Mg ha-1, 16 Mg ha-1 and 32 Mg ha-1) in random a manner in the case of rice. For rice urea was applied as top dressing corresponding the NPK doses: 0 kg ha-1, 15 kg ha-1, 32 kg ha-1 e 50 kg ha-1 de N, respectively. Every treatment had 4 replications. The biochar was applied only once, before the instalation of the experiments to the 0-15 cm soil layer. Soil fertility parameters were evaluated in samples collected at 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm and pH, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, SOM and total C and N were measured. Among physiological parameters the height and dry mass of plants were evaluated plus the nutrient levels in plant tissue at flowering and yield. The evaluation of soil biological parameters included the basal respiration rate of the soil (C-CO2) and the microbial biomass carbon (MBC). Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were also measured. Total C was significantly higher at 0-10 cm in the 1st year after biochar application and at 10-20 cm in the 3rd year in the treatment with 16 Mg ha-1 biochar. There was interaction between biochar and NPK, resulting in increase in K levels at 0-10 cm, 1st and 3rd year after application of biochar and decrease in exchangeable acidity in the 1st year. The 8 Mg ha-1 and 16 Mg ha-1 biochar doses resulted in higher values of plant height and dry mass both in the 1st and 3rd year, however, biochar had no effect on nutrient levels in plant tissue. Soybean yields were, again, significantly affected by biochar doses in a positive and quadratic manner both in the 1st and 3rd year. There was a significant increase in P, Ca, levels and pH, and Al and exchangeable acidity (H+Al) were reduced at 0-10 cm in the treatments with 32 Mg ha-1 biochar. Similar effect was observed for (H+Al) and K at 10-20 cm. Biochar had no effect on other soil chemical parameters. It negatively affected the dry mass of the plants at 25 and 55 DAP, however, did not have influence on plant height. Rice yield was directly and linearly influenced by biochar doses. Increase in nutrient use efficiency (N, P, K) was also observed at the highest biochar dose (32 Mg ha-1). Biochar had no effect on C-CO2 and MBC but seu uso resulted in higher emission rates of N2O at the 32 Mg ha-1 dose. In conclusion, in general, biochar had similar effects on soil chemical properties and yields, however its effect was manifested in a greater manner (larger contrast) in the more sandy soil. It increased nutrient use efficiency. As of plant height and dry mass, soybean gave better response for biochar application than rice. Finally, biochar seems to maintain its effect on yield and increases its effect on SOM accumulation over time. / Estudou-se o efeito do carbono pirogênico nas características químicas e biológicas do solo, na fisiologia e produtividade das culturas da soja e do arroz de terras altas e na emissão de N2O para a atmosfera. Os experimentos foram realizados em Nova Xavantina, MT, em dois diferentes tipos solos: Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo (soja) e Cambissolo Háplico (arroz) em delineamento experimental com junção de faixas e blocos ao acaso, em que 5 doses (0 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1 e 400 kg ha-1) de NPK (0-20-20) e 5 doses de carvão vegetal (0 Mg ha-1, 2 Mg ha-1, 4 Mg ha-1, 8 Mg ha-1 e 16 Mg ha-1), no caso da soja, e 4 doses (0 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 e 300 kg ha-1) de NPK (05-25-15) e 4 doses de carvão (0 Mg ha-1, 8 Mg ha-1, 16 Mg ha-1 e 32 Mg ha-1), no caso do arroz, foram aplicadas, para o carvão ao acaso, em 4 repetições (blocos). Combinado com NPK na cultura do arroz foi realizada aplicação de 0, 15, 32 e 50 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura, respectivamente. Para avaliação de fertilidade do solo foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm e 20-30 cm e analisados os seguintes atributos: pH, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, M.O., C orgânico e N total. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram: altura, matéria seca, teor foliar dos nutrientes P, K, Ca e Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn em pleno florescimento e produtividade. A avaliação dos parâmetros biológicos do solo consistiu na determinação da taxa de respiração basal do solo (C-CO2) e carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM). Foi avaliado a emissão de N2O para a atmosfera. Na cultura da soja houve aumento significativo nos teores de C total de 0-10 cm no 1° ano e 10-20 cm no 3° ano com a aplicação de 16 Mg ha-1de carvão. Verificou-se efeito na interação carvão e NPK, com aumento de K e na camada de 0-10 cm no 1° e 3° ano e acidez potencial apenas no 1° ano. As doses de 8 Mg ha-1 e 16 Mg ha-1 proporcionaram maiores alturas e massa seca nas épocas avaliadas. Não se verificou efeito nos teores foliares de nutrientes. A produtividade foi significativamente aumentada em razão da aplicação de 16 Mg ha-1. Na cultura do arroz houve aumento significativo nos teores de P e Ca e no pH e redução de Al e H+Al na camada de 0-10 cm com a aplicação de 32 Mg ha-1de carvão. Esse efeito se repetiu para H+Al na camada de 10-20 cm e com aumento nos teores de K. Verificou-se efeito negativo do carvão na matéria seca aos 25 e 55 DAP, todavia não influenciou a altura das plantas. A produtividade foi aumentada à medida que se aumentou as doses de carvão. Observou-se maior eficiência no uso do N, P e K na dose de 32 Mg ha-1. Não se verificou efeito significativo do carvão no C-CO2 e CBM. Observou-se os maiores fluxos de N2O para a atmosfera na presença de 32 Mg ha-1. Como conclusão geral, o carvão vegetal teve efeito similar nas propriedades de fertilidade do solo e produtividade das plantas nos dois experimentos, entretanto seu efeito foi mais fortemente manifestado (maior contraste) no solo mais arenoso. Aumentou ainda a eficiência de uso de nutrientes. Considerando a altura das plantas e a massa seca a soja apresentou melhor resposta para a aplicação de carvão no solo. Finalmente, o carvão vegetal manteve seu efeito na produtividade e aumentou a acumulação da M.O. no solo com o passar do tempo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Luciano Muniz.pdf: 1589101 bytes, checksum: 4ed47c785cea4fb76d874ca98dbd4467 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-30 / When approaching the crop-livestock integration (CLI) theme, the present thesis had as one of its main objectives to evaluate the alterations in the soil-plantanimal- environment components exercised by the crop and pasture rotation dynamics in crop and livestock integration system. Two adjacent areas, one representing the natural environment (original cerrado vegetation) and other the degraded pastures served as reference ( control ) to the inferences performed. The experiment was performed at a 92 ha area, divided into six paddocks of approximately 15 ha, where the annual crops and pastures rotation was made. The soil samplings were collected at the 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 and 40-50 cm layers. There was an increase in the carbon contents of the microbial biomass, in the microbial quotient and in the organic matter on the soil and reduction in the metabolic quotient at the pastures chronological sequence environments, at the crop-livestock integration system, in comparison with the degraded pasture. The different pastures stages within the crop-livestock integration system stocked the average of 17,67 Mg ha-1 carbon more than the degraded pasture up to a 50 cm depth. The Cerrado contained the most carbon stock and the degraded pasture the least among all the environments studied. There was a significant decrease in the phosphor and potassium contents in relation to the pasture age increase and an increase in the calcium and magnesium contents. Micronutrients contents among the treatments evaluated presented values above the demand for capim- Marandu. The capim-Marandu samplings were performed in five different seasons of the year (winter, beginning and end of spring, summer and autumn). Quantitative and qualitative alterations at the forage were observed during the experimental period. Changes on the structural components green leaf, green stem and dead material, as well as on DM (Dry Matter), GP (Gross Protein), TDN (Total Digestive Nutrients) and FND (Fiber in Neutral Detergent) contents, among others, characterized the forage on the different periods. The qualitative variations among the forages are of high magnitude, being outlined the significant drop on GP (Gross Protein) and TDN (Total Digestive Nutrients) contents according to the pasture maturity development. All pastures chronological sequence treatments, after 2,5 years of crop, resulted in favorable evaluations, having P1 treatment as the best investment option with NPV (Net Present Value) equals to R$144,34 followed by P2 treatment with R$112,61 and P3 with R$58,54, indicating to be a favorable Project. There is indication on the present work that the biggest loss in relation to the obtained economic advantages happens already from the second year after the pastures establishment. Such results may constitute important implications at CLI systems planning. Carbon bonus at pasture based animal production system may be a financial incentive for the producer to join the pastures rotation with annual crops. Nevertheless it is necessary that studies are performed to quantify emissions of gases responsible for greenhouse in order to verify whether the result represents a bonus or an environmental onus to the producer. / A presente tese, ao abordar o tema integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), teve como um de seus principais objetivos avaliar as alterações nos componente solo-planta-animal-ambiente exercidas pela dinâmica de rotação de culturas e pastagens em sistema de integração lavoura e pecuária. Duas áreas adjacentes, uma representativa do meio ambiente natural (vegetação de cerrado original ) e outra de pastagens degradadas, serviram de referência ( controle ) às inferências realizadas. O experimento foi realizado numa área de 92 ha, dividida em seis piquetes de aproximadamente 15 ha, onde foi feita a rotação de culturas anuais e pastagens. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 e 40-50 cm. Houve aumento nos teores de carbono da biomassa microbiana, no quociente microbiano e na matéria orgânica no solo e redução no quociente metabólico nos ambientes da cronossequência das pastagens, no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária, em comparação com a pastagem degradada. As diferentes fases das pastagens dentro do sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária estocaram, em média, 17,67 Mg ha-1 mais carbono que a pastagem degradada até a profundidade de 50 cm. O Cerrado conteve o maior, e a pastagem degradada o menor estoque de carbono entre todos os ambientes estudados. Houve um decréscimo significativo nos teores de fósforo e potássio com o aumento da idade da pastagem e aumento nos teores de cálcio e magnésio. Os teores dos micronutrientes entre os tratamentos avaliados apresentaram valores acima da exigência para o capim-Marandu. As amostras de capim-Marandu foram realizadas em cinco épocas do ano (inverno, início e final da primavera, verão e outono). Alterações quantitativas e qualitativas na forragem foram observadas durante o período experimental. Mudanças nos componentes estruturais folha verde, colmo verde e material morto, bem como nos teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), nutrientes disponíveis totais (NDT) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), entre outros, caracterizaram a forragem nos diferentes períodos. As variações qualitativas entre as forrageiras são de alta magnitude, destacando-se a queda significativa nos teores de PB e NDT, com o avanço da maturidade da pastagem. Todos os tratamentos da cronossequência das pastagens, após 2,5 anos de lavoura, resultaram em avaliações favoráveis, sendo o tratamento P1 a melhor opção de investimento, com valor presente líquido (VPL) igual a R$ 144,34, seguido pelo tratamento P2 com R$ 112,61 e P3 com R$ 58,54, indicando tratar-se de projeto favorável. Há indicação no presente trabalho que a maior perda em relação às vantagens econômicas obtidas ocorre já a partir do segundo ano após o estabelecimento das pastagens, podendo constituir implicações importantes no planejamento de sistemas de ILP. O bônus de carbono no sistema de produção animal a pasto pode ser um incentivo financeiro para o produtor aderir à rotação de pastagens com culturas anuais. Porém é preciso que sejam realizados estudos que quantifiquem as emissões de gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa, para verificar se o balanço representa um bônus ou um ônus ambiental para o produtor.