"Child soldier from the perspective of International Law" (Thesis title) This diploma thesis deals with a protection of a child and relation between international humanitarian law and human rights law. The main emphasis is put on particular legal agreements governing status of children in armed conflicts and providing them with protection. In this work are also discussed merits of particular international conventions, as well as issues of their application and supervision. The first chapter pursues rise in interest of society in position of child soldiers and inspects motives and causes of participation of children in armed conflicts. After that the thesis explores historical connection between children and their involvement in armed conflicts. In the end it considers impact of those conflicts on physical and mental health of children and consequences, which arise by their involvement in armed conflicts. The second chapter focuses on defining fundamental terms such as child and armed conflict. Those terms are studied further in accordance with individual and different ways of interpretation of particular conventions. This chapter points out, that decisive criteria for the involvement of children in government's armed forces or non-state army and therefore for their protection is age. The difference...

Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la politique d'occupation américaine de l'Allemagne prévoit la mise en place d'un programme de « réorientation » dont l'objectif est d'éliminer toute influence nazie et militariste au sein de la société allemande et d'encourager le développement de pratiques démocratiques. Instauré durant le conflit, le programme hebdomadaire d'information des troupes américaines a pour objectif, non plus d'éveiller l'envie de combattre, mais de faire des soldats des « ambassadeurs » des États-Unis. L'armée déploie une multitude de moyens d'information afin de former les soldats à leur nouvelle mission, celle de promouvoir le modèle américain de démocratie en Allemagne. L'Army Assistance to German Youth Activities, mis en place par l'armée américaine en 1946, vise à projeter une image positive des États-Unis et à transmettre, notamment à travers la pratique d'activités sportives, les valeurs et les idéaux de la démocratie américaine. Cette volonté de guider et d'influencer la population civile allemande témoigne de l'intention des responsables américains de développer le pouvoir d'attraction des États-Unis en Allemagne dans un contexte d'occupation quadripartite et de montée des tensions Est-Ouest. / After World War II, the American occupation policy of Germany provided for an "affirmative program of reorientation ... designed completely to eliminate Nazi and militaristic doctrines and to encourage the development of democratic ideas". The American soldiers, as "ambassadors of democracy" became key actors in the reorientation process. The troop information program encouraged servicemen to promote democracy in their informal contacts with Germans. Soldiers and dependents had to display a friendly face of hard power. In 1946, the Army devised a comprehensive program for German youth designed to teach them democratic principles: the Army Assistance to German Youth Activities, (GYA). Sports activities were regarded as an effective tool to reach and influence German children's thinking. Sports also promoted American traditions while serving as a cultural instrument against the growing influence of communism. In the context of occupation and Cold War, members of the U.S. armed forces exerted soft power influence in order to promote the American model of democracy in Germany

The military has long-standing partnerships with institutions of higher education (Leporte, 2013; Parks, 2015 & Massie, 2016). These partnerships have been significant over time because the United States Army has incentivized civilian education via the Army enlisted ranks and promotional structure (Wilson, Smith, Lee & Stevenson, 2013). Researchers are beginning to recognize service members as adult students who need specific supports in an educational setting (Wilson et al., 2013; Leporte, 2013; Parks, 2015; Massie, 2016). Enlisted soldiers arrive on college campuses with identities ascribed and molded by the military. Thus, their primary identity is soldier not student (Nagel & Kleykamp, 2007; Wilson et al., 2013& Massie, 2016). Community colleges specialize in providing educational opportunities to all facets of the community (Kane & Rouse, 1999). The current cultural diversity discourse does not include military personnel and the degree in which institutions of higher education seek to integrate via policy and practice with the military. This qualitative study explores the perceptions of the ten enlisted soldiers who participated in a semi-structured interview and completed a demographic questionnaire. I used the Collective Affiliation model (Davidson, 2011) to analyze the data generated from the soldier-students interviews regarding their educational experiences at Hopkinsville Community College Fort Campbell Campus. The research participants discussed family support and expectations, preparation for life after the Army, reenlistment incentive programs, and civilian education embedded into promotional points as aspirations for college attendance. Lastly, the soldiers described their educational experiences as navigating military, family and academic bureaucracies to encompass; balancing multiple roles as adult students, discovering the opportunities and challenges of military educational benefits, enrollment experiences as community college students, and faculty interactions and support in the classroom. From this research study, I created the Dual System for Enlisted Soldier-Student Academic Persistence (DSAP) conceptual model to illustrate the lived experiences of enlisted soldiers as students specifically. The findings of this research add to the body of knowledge of the educational experiences of enlisted soldier-students attending community college.

The aim of the present study is to analyze and compare the representation of the guerrilla soldier in six contemporary Central American novels. According to Claudio Guillén, the comparison is a dialogue between unity and diversity. It can be defined with the help of two coordinates: a spatial and a temporal. In this study the spatial coordinate includes Nicaragua, Guatemala and El Salvador, and the temporal extends from the mid-seventies to the eighties. The novels written in the seventies are Los compañeros (1976) by Marco Antonio Flores, ¿Te dio miedo la sangre? (1977) by Sergio Ramírez and Caperucita en la zona roja (1977) by Manlio Argueta. The ones written in the eighties are La mujer habitada (1988) by Gioconda Belli, La diáspora (1989) by Horacio Castellanos Moya and El hombre de Montserrat (1994) by Dante Liano. The novels are analyzed from a postcolonial perspective following the ideas of Alfonso de Toro and Santiago Castro-Gómez particularly. The method used is the phenomenological hermeneutics, as proposed by Mario J. Valdés. This implies an analysis performed on four levels: historical, formal, phenomenological and hermeneutic. Two of the key aspects in the analysis are the reader's aesthetic identification with the hero and the postcolonial concept subaltern. The main conclusion is that the representation of the guerrilla soldier in the corpus is very heterogeneous and that almost no protagonist can be considered a subaltern. The reader's identification with the guerrilla soldier ranges from admirative to ironic, though the main type is sympathetic. Hence, the representation may be considered a hybrid, using a term borrowed from anthropologist Néstor García Canclini that opposes binary schemes and essentialist thinking. The guerrilla soldier is regarded as an individual and not as an abstract idea, which indicates that the civil wars in Central America were not just a conflict between two ideologies, but above all a human experience.

Ford often wrote about virtuous gentlemen ruined by the modern society he saw developing around him. While Ford Madox Ford was writing The Good Soldier, ther was a sense of displacement in England and the class system was starting to crumble. Edward Ashburnham, one of the two male protagonists in The Good Soldier, is described as a Chevalier Bayard and there are definitely some similarities between Ashburnham and Bayard. For instance, both men lived during periods of great societal change and both faithfully served their countries. However, the feudal lifestyle that was appropriate for Bayard in the fifteenth-century is unavailable to Ashburnham in the twentieth-century. In The Good Soldier, Ford used the old ideals of chivalry and courtly love codes to produce a character, Edward Ashburnham, who represents the loss of traditional values in a modern society.

Pagrindinės sąvokos: žmogaus teisės, prigimtinės ir pozytiviosios teisės, LR krašto apsaugos sistema, Lietuvos kariuomenė, statutai, Europos Sąjunga, Šiaurės Atlanto Sutarties Organizacija, buvusios TSRS ginkluotosios pajėgos, valdymo modelis, etatizmas, humanizmas, nestatutiniai santykiai, statutinis pareigūnas, drausmė ir disciplina. Santraukos turinys: santraukoje pateikiama darbo tema bei pagrindinės, darbe vartojamos sąvokos. Aprašyta, ką autorius nagrinėja darbe, kas turi įtakos žmogaus teisių krašto apsaugos sistemoje institutui ir jo raidos tendencijas, kokių nuostatų laikomasi rašant darbą. Pateikiama žmogaus teisių esmė bei jų įgyvendinimo ir apsaugos problemos. Žmogaus teisės bendrąja prasme gali būti suprantamos kaip vertybių, apimančių individo teises, laisves ir pareigas, kompleksas. Istorinė raida, išorinės ir vidinės valstybės ir visuomenės permainos, valstybės valdymo modelis, vyraujanti ideologija leidžia nagrinėti žmogaus teises įvairiais aspektais. Darbe nagrinėjamas bei lyginamas TSRS bei nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės žmogaus teisių institutas ginkluotosiose pajėgose. Žmogaus teisių reglamentavimo bei apsaugos raidos tendencijos ir ypatumai atskleidžiami, analizuojant vyraujančias prigimtinių teisių bei pozityviojo etatizmo doktrinas, istorines aplinkybes, valstybės valdymo modelius, jų įtaką žmogaus teisių institutui, taip pat akcentuojant žmogaus teisių įgyvendinimo kariuomenėje problemas. Darbe laikomasi nuostatos, kad sovietinis paveldas turi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Main concepts: human rights, natural and positive rights, national defense system of the Republic of Lithuania, Lithuanian army, statutes, European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), USSR armament, control model, etatism, humanism, unstatutory intercourse, statutory servant, discipline. Summary: work name and main concepts used in this work are given in the summary. It is described, what author analyses in this work, what influences on human rights’ institution and it’s development tendencies, what attitudes he has when writing this work. The essence of human rights and problems of its implementation and protection are provided. Human rights in common sense might be understood as a complex of values, involving rights/liberties and duties of an individual. External development, external and internal state changes, model of state government, ruling ideology lets to analyze human rights in various aspects. Human rights’ institution in armament of USSR and independent Lithuania are analyzed and compared. Regulation of human rights and protection development tendencies and singularities are revealed by analyzing doctrines of dominant natural rights and positive etatism, historical circumstances, models of state government, their influence on human rights institution as well as emphasizing implementation of human rights in army. An attitude, that soviet heritage has an influence today, is kept in the work. The origin of unstatutory intercourse, determining... [to full text]

[pt] O principal objetivo deste trabalho é discutir e problematizar o modo como a categoria ex-criança soldado vem sendo formada e projetada dentre os discursos do trauma e da resiliência que traduzem o seu prefixo temporal ex por meio certos esquecimentos (temporais e subjetivos) e superação. Desse modo, o ideal para a reintegração social bem-sucedida das ex-crianças soldado está inscrito na possibilidade de superação do passado militar e na projeção de um futuro estável. Além disso, penso ser a relação desta produção temporal entre passado militar traumático e futuro do sujeito resiliente para ex-criança soldado que revela as construções do entendimento de sua categoria no presente como em uma posição de espera. Espera no sentido tanto de aguardo (da criança que espera pertencer ao mundo adulto) quanto de esperança (da ex-criança soldado que espera ser resiliente). De outro lado, questionando a produção do tempo como linear, junto com a relação, essencialmente, opositora entre os discursos do trauma e da resiliência, pretendo refletir sobre as (des)continuidades temporais entre a categoria (ex-) criança soldado, o envolvimento militar e o (pós-) conflito, que marcam seus desenhos temporais difusos. Assim, o parêntese que guarda o prefixo ex traduz uma forma de abranger as múltiplas temporalidades que coexistem nas histórias e estórias das (ex-) crianças soldado e bagunçam com a noção moderna da infância e do conflito armado. A categoria (ex-) criança soldado e sua posição temporal confusa, portanto, incomoda certos binarismos, como: adulto e criança; guerra e paz; público e privado, etc. / [en] The central aim of this work is to discuss and problematize the way that the former child soldier category has been formed and projected into the trauma and resilience discourse, translating the temporal word former through certain forgetfulnesses (temporal and subjective) and overcoming. The ideal plan for the successful social reintegration of former child soldiers lies in the possibility of overcoming the military past and of projecting a stable future. Besides, I think that the relation of this temporal production between military and traumatic past and the future of the resilient subject reveals the constructions for understanding the former child soldier category in the present as in a waiting position. The waiting position, in this sense, refers to the Portuguese word espera, which means both wait (the child who waits to become an adult) and hope (the former child soldier who hopes to be resilient). On the other hand, I intend to think about the temporal (des)continuities among the (former) child soldiers, the military involvement and the (post-) conflict, which define the category s diffuse temporal drawing, by questioning the linear production of time and the mainly oppositional relation between the trauma and the resilience discourses. Thus, the parentheses in the word former translate a manner of embracing the multiples temporalities which coexist inside the (former) child soldiers stories and mess up the modern notion of childhood and armed conflict. On that account, the former child soldier category and its confused temporal position are able to disturb some binarisms, such as adult and child; war and peace; public and private, etc.

This thesis explores representation of the Iraq War in selected Anglo-American and Iraqi novels, examining how several authors have employed this theme in their narratives. The featured novelists are chosen from many writers who focus their efforts and their writing on this conflict. Criterion for selection included offering a critique of the diverse perspectives from which the conflict was perceived, the texts‘ engagement with the political conundrums underpinning war and its approach, how such fiction engages with a contemporary audience and what perspective are deployed to do so. Their public visibility provides the basis of one interpretative strand of the thesis. This study also explores and conceptualises how this conflict has entered the cultural consciousness and to what degree the novels fictionalise the conflict as their main subject, and assesses through which thematic emphases. The texts chosen and to be analysed are pivotal to our understanding of contemporary Iraq and its recent history. It will be argued that the thematic content of these texts contextualise modern war‘s multiple effects within not only the fictional textual world, but as well as their imaginative characters these representations become part of the experience at least vicariously of the audiences who read them. The texts discussed in subsequent chapters are either originally written in, or translated into English (for publication), and therefore all available in English, one major criterion of textual selection. It is interesting to examine the theme of the Iraq War and the historical and pragmatic vein and cultural point of reference from which authors write and has come to dominate the discourse of some contemporary novelists. The goal is to critically explore how the war has become a focal point and the framework of their narratives. The thesis will attempt to analyse how such novels depict the effects of political violence and why they are drawn to powerfully articulate the gruelling reality and experience of those fictionally engaged by and/or affected by it. It will be proposed that novels of and about this conflict are essential to study, understand, and engage with because of the content and the message they attempt to convey which is so crucial to understanding contemporary faultiness in socio-cultural histories, and the critical themes they utilize in writing and the dynamics through which they fictionalize their stories. Such fictional representations of this war serve an important societal, cultural, aesthetic and symbolic function. Thus the study encapsulates how novels of and about the Iraq War reveal and recapture the physical, psychological, and interpersonal losses that are felt by the civilians and military alike.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-05-11T15:25:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Final_Nelson Poli.pdf: 2785029 bytes, checksum: 10efd62a077b9a359e6ed7401d9664ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-05-11T15:26:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Final_Nelson Poli.pdf: 2785029 bytes, checksum: 10efd62a077b9a359e6ed7401d9664ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-11T15:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Final_Nelson Poli.pdf: 2785029 bytes, checksum: 10efd62a077b9a359e6ed7401d9664ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Among the problems explosive world population growth brings to the environment, this work proposes one possible solution to mitigate two problems: disposal of organic solid waste, and the pressure on the current supply of food protein. This solution is based on mass production of Hermetia Illucens larvae (L., 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), also known as black soldier fly, to degrade organic solid waste, and also serve as an alternative source of animal protein. The optimization of this solution lies on understanding the biology of the insect to find out the relation of the quality and optimal amounts of organic matter to ensure its degradation, and enhance the larvae growth. Finally, knowing the quality of the larvae protein is fundamental to finding its consumer market. To understand these questions, quantitative experiments and analyzes were made. The organic solid residues used as food for the larvae showed in their centesimal composition 66% of humidity, 63,8% of carbohydrates, 13,8% of crude protein and 18,1% of fat. For the mass production of Hermetia Illucens larvae, the study sought to understand its life cycle in the Amazonian biome in comparison to the existing literature. In relation to the larvae biology, it was possible to observe an oviposition rate around 1002 eggs/female. The mating time takes about 15 minutes. It was observed a cycle of about 36 days from oviposition to adulthood. The eggs hatched on average at 74,75 hours. The development time of the larva from egg to the pre-pupae phase took around 21 days and pupation time 17,5 days. 74,48% of the egg reach the adult stage with a sex ratio of 3 males by 1 female. Regarding the supply of the optimum quantity of food to be supplied, it was concluded that for each 100 mg of Hermetia Illucens eggs, the supply of 2000g of restaurant waste in 2 fractions of 1000g with a 5-day feeding interval reached the best potential of dry. It was observed a organic solid waste weight reduction of 83,75% with a conversion rate of solid residue in proteic biomass of 23,2%. The pre-pupal as raw material for the production of animal protein showed 40% of crude protein and 32,6% of fat, while the flour of defatted pre-pupal showed levels around 58, 3% crude protein and 6.6% fat. The pre-pupal meal aminogram showed levels of essential amino acids above traditionally used protein sources, such as meat-and-bone meal, poultry viscera meal and soybean meal. The analysis of the fatty acids obtained from the larva brought high levels of lauric and palmitic acid, corroborating with the literature. This work has provided a good indication that the mass production of black soldier fly for degradation of organic waste and subsequent use as an animal protein is an excellent sustainable alternative to problems related to organic solid waste and alternative sources of protein. / Entre os problemas que o crescimento da população mundial explosiva traz ao meio ambiente, este trabalho propõe uma possível solução para mitigar dois deles: descarte de resíduos sólidos orgânicos e pressão sobre o fornecimento atual de proteína alimentar. Esta solução baseia-se na produção em massa de larvas de Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), também conhecida como mosca soldado negra, para degradar resíduos sólidos orgânicos e também como fonte alternativa de proteína animal. A otimização desta solução reside na compreensão da biologia do inseto para descobrir a relação da qualidade e quantidades ideais de matéria orgânica para garantir sua degradação e aumentar o crescimento das larvas. Finalmente, conhecer a qualidade da proteína larval é fundamental para encontrar seu mercado consumidor. Para entender essas questões, foram realizadas experiências e análises quantitativas. Os resíduos sólidos orgânicos utilizados como alimento para as larvas mostraram na sua composição centesimal 66% de umidade, 63,8% de carboidratos, 13,8% de proteína bruta e 18,1% de gordura. Para a produção em massa de larvas de Hermetia illucens, o estudo procurou entender seu ciclo de vida no bioma amazônico em comparação com a literatura existente. Em relação à biologia das larvas, foi possível observar uma taxa de oviposição em torno de 1002 ovos / fêmea. O tempo de acasalamento leva cerca de 15 minutos. Observou-se um ciclo de cerca de 36 dias desde a oviposição até a idade adulta. Os ovos eclodiram em uma média de 74,75 horas. O tempo de desenvolvimento da larva do ovo para a fase pré-pupae levou cerca de 21 dias e o tempo de pupação 17,5 dias. 74,48% dos ovos atingem o estágio adulto com uma proporção sexual de 3 machos para 1 fêmea. No que diz respeito ao fornecimento da quantidade ótima de alimentos, concluiu-se que, para cada 100 mg de ovos de Hermetia illucens, o suprimento de 2000g de resíduo de restaurante em 2 frações de 1000 g com intervalo de alimentação de 5 dias atingiu o melhor potencial de redução de matéria orgânica. Observou-se uma redução de peso de resíduos sólidos orgânicos de 83,75% com uma taxa de conversão de resíduos sólidos em biomassa proteica de 23,2%. A pré-pupa como matéria-prima para a produção de proteínas animais apresentou 40% de proteína bruta e 32,6% de gordura, enquanto a farinha de pré-pupa desengordurada apresentou níveis em torno de 58,3% de proteína bruta e 6,6% de gordura. O aminograma da farinha de pré-pupa mostrou níveis de aminoácidos essenciais acima das fontes de proteína tradicionalmente utilizadas, como farinha de carne e osso, farinha de vísceras de aves e farelo de soja. A análise dos ácidos gordurosos obtidos a partir da larva trouxe altos níveis de ácido láurico e palmítico, corroborando com a literatura. Este trabalho forneceu uma boa indicação de que a produção em massa da mosca soldado negra para a degradação de resíduos orgânicos e posterior utilização como proteína animal é uma excelente alternativa sustentável aos problemas relacionados aos resíduos orgânicos sólidos e fontes alternativas de proteína.

En ces temps de commémoration dédiés au Centenaire de la Grande Guerre, le premier conflit mondial, longtemps occulté par l’ombre du second, connaît un net regain d’intérêt auprès du grand public. L’université avait déjà amorcé la relecture du conflit sous un angle socioculturel depuis les années 1990. Dans cet intérêt nouveau pour la « Guerre de 14-18 », le combattant se place au centre des préoccupations. Oublié de l’historiographie traditionnelle, il focalise – non sans polémique – de nombreuses études évaluant non seulement sa vie quotidienne, mais aussi ses comportements et perceptions, sans oublier son environnement sociologique. Dans le cadre d’un département à forte personnalité tel que la Haute-Savoie, il était temps de retracer le parcours de ces combattants à la lumière d’archives administratives, en particulier les registres militaires dont la richesse est méconnue, afin de les faire dialoguer avec des témoignages parfois inédits. L’histoire des combattants haut-savoyards commence en réalité dès la Belle époque. La Haute-Savoie présente alors un visage particulier au sein de la « Grande nation » qu’elle a intégrée en 1860 : terre traditionnelle, agricole et catholique, elle possède une situation stratégique originale au cœur du massif alpin. Ses conscrits rencontrent pour la première fois l’administration dans le cadre de leurs obligations militaires, avant d’être happés par un implacable système de recrutement dont la mission est de nourrir l’Etat en soldats durant la Grande Guerre. L’expérience guerrière des combattants haut-savoyards peut s’apprécier tant du point de vue de leur destin militaire qu’à travers leurs perceptions de l’environnement, sans négliger par ailleurs les liens qu’ils entretiennent avec l’ « arrière ». Après l’armistice et la démobilisation, ces « anciens combattants » s’illustrent par leur militantisme actif : ils aspirent à bâtir un monde meilleur à l’ombre des « grands morts » dont la société haut-savoyarde perpétue avec ferveur le souvenir. / In the present context of commemoration marking the centenary of the Great War, the first world conflict, long overshadowed by the powerful impression of the Second World War, draws a renewal of attention among the general public. In the 1990's, University studies started to reinterpret the 1914 War within sociology, placing the common soldier at the center of concerns. Long ignored by classic historiography, the conscript is now the focus of numerous studies on not only his daily life but as well his behaviour and perceptions in addition to his sociological environment.Anchored in the strong-natured French department of Haute-Savoie, this study aims at retracing the life and progress of the fighters in the light of local administrative archives - especially of military records which richness has been up-to-date largely ignored - in order to recall the voices of their original testimonies. The history of the Haut-Savoyard as a combatant begins in facts as early as the Belle Époque. Haute-Savoie then showed a singular face within the realm of the "Great Nation" it had only joined in 1860 : a land of traditions, agrarian and catholic, it holds a strategic position at the heart of the Alpine massif. Its conscripts were to meet the national administration for the first time in the context of fulfilling their military obligations, before being absorbed by an implacable drafting system which mission was to feed the State with the soldiers needed for the Great War effort.The Haut-Savoyards' war experience can be estimated as much through their military fate as through their insights of the events, without neglecting their bond with the "home front" furthermore. After the armistice and demobilisation, these veterans illustrated themselves through active militancy : they ambitioned to build a better world in respect of the "great dead", ardently remembered and celebrated by the Haut-Savoyard society and communities.