A ocorrência de fármacos residuais no meio ambiente pode levar a efeitos adversos, tanto em organismos aquáticos como em terrestres. Os fármacos, tanto humanos como de uso veterinário, são absorvidos pelo organismo e estão sujeitos a reações metabólicas e, uma quantidade significativa dessas substâncias, tanto a original como seus metabólitos, são excretadas. Por não serem facilmente biodegradáveis, terem propriedades farmacológicas danosas quando administrados indevidamente, através de água contaminada, é crescente a preocupação com o destino destes fármacos residuais, principalmente com relação à avaliação de risco ambiental. A ocorrência destes resíduos, principalmente em águas superficiais e sistemas de abastecimento, vem sendo objeto de estudos em diversos países, principalmente na Europa. Por isso, a detecção, a eliminação e a investigação do destino destes compostos estrógenos em ecossistemas aquáticos têm tido prioridade na química ambiental. Estes produtos são encontrados nos corpos d\'água em baixas concentrações, de \'mü\'g L-1 a \'eta\'g L-1 e, mesmo assim, podem afetar os organismos por meio da bioacumulação. Estudos toxicológicos relacionados a efeitos crônicos em organismos expostos, são escassos. O objetivo do projeto foi adaptar e validar a metodologia analítica, e monitorar a presença de resíduos de hormônios nas águas dos Rios Corumbataí e Piracicaba e amostras de água de abastecimento da cidade de Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de água bruta dos Rios Piracicaba e Corumbataí e água de abastecimento residencial da cidade de Piracicaba, SP, no período de novembro de 2007 a abril de 2009. Dentre os hormônios estudados estão o 17\'alfa\'-etinilestradiol (17\'alfa\'-EE2), 17\'beta\'-estradiol (17\'beta\'-E2) e estriol (E3). O método foi baseado na extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC-DAD) / The occurrence of drug residues in the environment may lead to adverse effects, both on land and aquatic organisms. The drugs, for human and veterinary use, are absorbed by the organism and are subjected to metabolic reactions and a significant amount of these substances, both the original and its metabolites are excreted. By being not easily biodegradable and by having harmful pharmacological properties when administered through contaminated water, there is a growing concern about the fate of these residual drugs, especially in respect to the assessment of environmental risks. The occurrence of these residues, especially in surface Waters and water supplies has been the subject of studies in several countries, mainly in Europe. Therefore, detection, investigation and disposal of the fate of these estrogens compounds in aquatic ecosystems have a high priority in the field of environmental chemistry. These products are found in water bodies in low concentrations, from \'mü\'g L-1 a \'eta\'g L-1 and can still affect the organisms due to bioaccumulation. Toxicological studies related to chronic effects in the exposed organisms are scarce. The goals of this project was to adapt and validate the analytical methodology, and monitor the presence of hormone residues in the Waters of the Corumbataí and Piracicaba rivers and samples of water supply from the city of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. We collected samples of raw water from the rivers of Piracicaba and Corumbataí and residential water supply from the city of Piracicaba in the period November 2007 to April 2009. Among the hormones studied are the 17\'alfa\'-ethinylestradiol (17\'alfa\'-EE2), 17\'beta\'-estradiol (17\'beta\'-E2) and estriol (E3). The method is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD)

Apresenta-se a comparação de duas metodologias para pré-concentração e determinação de Cd em amostras de águas estuarinas e água de mar. As metodologias comparadas foram a extração líquido-líquido no ponto nuvem e a extração por retenção dos analitos em fase sólida. Em ambos os métodos houve necessidade de formação de complexos de Cd previamente à extração. Dois agentes complexantes foram testados o O-O dietilditiofosfato (DDTP), e 1-(2- tiazolilazo)-2-naftol (TAN). A extração no ponto nuvem foi realizada utilizando o surfactante não iônico octil fenoxipolietoxietanol (Triton X-114) que à temperatura de \'40 graus\'C forma uma fase micelar viscosa de volume reduzido. Após separação das micelas, estas foram dissolvidas em solução de ácido nítrico facilitando a análise por ICP OES. A pré-concentração em fase sólida por retenção dos íons complexados foi realizada colocando-se uma coluna de Amberlite XAD 4 em sistema em fluxo. Foram ajustadas as vazões de carregamento da coluna e eluição de forma a aumentar os fatores de pré-concentração. Os volumes das soluções finais foram de 2 mL de forma a obter resultados em triplicata na análise por ICP OES. A quantificação foi efetuada pelo método das adições de padrão. Os dois procedimentos foram comparados considerando as eficiências relativas de pré-concentração, a facilidade para efetuar os procedimentos e a percentagem de recuperação das medidas / Two methodologies for determination of Cd in estuarine and seawater samples were studied. The methodologies for pre-concentration of analytes by surfactant-mediated cloud point extraction and solid phase retention in a resin column were compared. In both cases the prior formation of Cd ions complexes with O,O-diethyldithiophosphate (DDTP) and 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphtol (TAN) was carried out. The Cloud point extraction was attained with the non ionic surfactant ctylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114) at \'40 graus\'C . The reduced volume of surfactant micelles was easily separated and dissolved using the solution containing nitric acid which facilitate the analysis by ICP OES. The solid phase pre-concentration was performed by retention of the complexed ions in the Amberlite XAD 4 resin column in a flow scheme. The flow-rates for sample loading and elution were adjusted to increase the preconcentration factor. The final volumes collected of 2 mL were further analyzed in triplicate by ICP OES. Quantification was performed by the standard addition method. Both pre-concentration procedures were compared considering the relative efficiencies, the complexity of procedures and recovery percent of results

Antibiotics are biologically active and are globally used in humans and animal medicine for treatment and in sub-therapeutic amounts as growth promoters in animal husbandry, aquaculture and agriculture. After excretion, inappropriate disposal and discharge from drug production facilities they enter into water bodies either as intact drugs, metabolites or transformed products. In water environments they promote development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. Measurement of antibiotics has been revolutionized with the usage of solid phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). On-line SPE coupled to LC-MS/MS has the advantages of high sample throughput, low sample preparation time and minimal solvent utilization.  Constructed wetlands (CWs) are potential alternatives to conventional treatment plants to remove organic pollutants. A study at Plönninge, Halmstad was performed to assess the impact of bacterial community pattern and development of resistance in spiked (n=4) and control (n=4). CWs were spiked with antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations continuously for 25 days. Shannon Index (H’) were used to determine the bacterial diversity and real-time PCR detected and quantified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sulI, tetA, tetB, erm, dfrA1, qnrS and vanB and class 1 integrons intI1. No significant differences in bacterial compositions or in ARGs or integron concentrations could be discerned between exposed and control wetlands. A study conducted in Northern Pakistan showed that the antibiotic levels in most studied rivers were comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics were detected in the river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, e.g. 4600 ng L−1 sulfamethoxazole. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with measured levels up to 49000 ng L−1 of sulfamethoxazole for example. The highest levels of ARGs detected, sul1 and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. In the study in UK, sewage epidemiology surveillance is used to measure the oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), metabolite of oseltamivir (parent drug) in twenty four time proportional hourly influent samples from two WWTPs and then back-calculations were made to assess the compliance of drug.  Predicted users of oseltamivir, based on measured OC in waste water, ranged from 3-4 and 120-154 people for the two WWTP catchments, respectively, which are consistent with the projected use from national antiviral allocation statistics, 3-8 and 108-270, respectively. Scenario analysis suggests compliance was likely between 45-60% in the study regions.

Chromatography and extraction techniques, and also chemiluminescence have been utilized to develop new rapid and informative tools in the evaluation of long-term properties and environmental effects of polymeric materials. Methods were developed for classification of materials and for early and rapid degradation detection. Degradable polyethylene films were classified on the basis of their incorporated prooxidant systems using chromatographic fingerprinting of carboxylic acids, the dominating type of degradation product. The fingerprints were also shown to be useful for prediction of the degradation states and evaluation of the degradation mechanisms. Classification and prediction models were obtained by Multivariate Data Analysis, where the diacids were grouped according to both their type of prooxidant system and their state of degradation. The use of total luminescence intensity (TLI) measurements was also investigated as a means of classifying films and for the early detection of degradation. Comparisons were carried out with common techniques, e.g. FTIR and DSC, after both thermal and UV oxidation. TLI gave an earlier detection of degradation and was more sensitive than carbonyl index and crystallinity measurements to relative differences in degradation between the materials. It furthermore offered complementary information regarding changes in activation energies during the course of the degradation. The results were compared with the chromatographic fingerprints. A new way to evaluate the low temperature long-term stabilisation efficiency of antioxidants was investigated. A prooxidant was used to obtain catalytic oxidation, instead of using thermal acceleration, to evaluate the stabilisation efficiency of antioxidants at low temperatures but still during reasonably short aging times. Comparisons were made between polypropylene films stabilised with primary antioxidants (Irganox 1076, Irganox 1010 and α-tocopherol) with and without the prooxidant manganese stearate at different temperatures. The relative efficiencies of the antioxidants obtained under prooxidant acceleration test correlated better than thermal acceleration test with the results of a long-term low temperature test. Additives in plastic packaging materials may affect the environment after migration from the packaging to e.g. their contents, especially if they consist of organic aqueous solutions or oils. The use of Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) for the specific task of extraction from an organic aqueous solution such as a simulated food or pharmaceutical solution consisting of 10 vol-% ethanol in water was investigated. Methods were developed and evaluated for extraction both with direct sampling and with headspace sampling. If the extraction method and temperature were selected to suit the concentration levels of the analytes, it was possible to quantify several degradation products simultaneously. Comparisons made with Solid Phase Extraction showed the advantage of SPME for this purpose. / QC 20100929

Les agents anti-infectieux sont utilisés pour traiter ou prévenir les infections chez les humains, les animaux, les insectes et les plantes. L’apparition de traces de ces substances dans les eaux usées, les eaux naturelles et même l’eau potable dans plusieurs pays du monde soulève l’inquiétude de la communauté scientifique surtout à cause de leur activité biologique. Le but de ces travaux de recherche a été d’étudier la présence d’anti-infectieux dans les eaux environnementales contaminées (c.-à-d. eaux usées, eaux naturelles et eau potable) ainsi que de développer de nouvelles méthodes analytiques capables de quantifier et confirmer leur présence dans ces matrices. Une méta-analyse sur l’occurrence des anti-infectieux dans les eaux environnementales contaminées a démontré qu’au moins 68 composés et 10 de leurs produits de transformation ont été quantifiés à ce jour. Les concentrations environnementales varient entre 0.1 ng/L et 1 mg/L, selon le composé, la matrice et la source de contamination. D’après cette étude, les effets nuisibles des anti-infectieux sur le biote aquatique sont possibles et ces substances peuvent aussi avoir un effet indirect sur la santé humaine à cause de sa possible contribution à la dissémination de la résistance aux anti-infecteiux chez les bactéries. Les premiers tests préliminaires de développement d’une méthode de détermination des anti-infectieux dans les eaux usées ont montré les difficultés à surmonter lors de l’extraction sur phase solide (SPE) ainsi que l’importance de la sélectivité du détecteur. On a décrit une nouvelle méthode de quantification des anti-infectieux utilisant la SPE en tandem dans le mode manuel et la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS). Les six anti-infectieux ciblés (sulfaméthoxazole, triméthoprime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clarithromycin et azithromycin) ont été quantifiés à des concentrations entre 39 et 276 ng/L dans les échantillons d’affluent et d’effluent provenant d’une station d’épuration appliquant un traitement primaire et physico- chimique. Les concentrations retrouvées dans les effluents indiquent que la masse moyenne totale de ces substances, déversées hebdomadairement dans le fleuve St. Laurent, était de ~ 2 kg. En vue de réduire le temps total d’analyse et simplifier les manipulations, on a travaillé sur une nouvelle méthode de SPE couplée-LC-MS/MS. Cette méthode a utilisé une technique de permutation de colonnes pour préconcentrer 1.00 mL d’échantillon dans une colonne de SPE couplée. La performance analytique de la méthode a permis la quantification des six anti-infectieux dans les eaux usées municipales et les limites de détection étaient du même ordre de grandeur (13-60 ng/L) que les méthodes basées sur la SPE manuelle. Ensuite, l’application des colonnes de SPE couplée de chromatographie à débit turbulent pour la préconcentration de six anti-infectieux dans les eaux usées a été explorée pour diminuer les effets de matrice. Les résultats obtenus ont indiqué que ces colonnes sont une solution de réchange intéressante aux colonnes de SPE couplée traditionnelles. Finalement, en vue de permettre l’analyse des anti-infectieux dans les eaux de surface et l’eau potable, une méthode SPE couplée-LC-MS/MS utilisant des injections de grand volume (10 mL) a été développée. Le volume de fuite de plusieurs colonnes de SPE couplée a été estimé et la colonne ayant la meilleure rétention a été choisie. Les limites de détection et de confirmation de la méthode ont été entre 1 à 6 ng/L. L’analyse des échantillons réels a démontré que la concentration des trois anti-infectieux ciblés (sulfaméthoxazole, triméthoprime et clarithromycine) était au dessous de la limite de détection de la méthode. La mesure des masses exactes par spectrométrie de masse à temps d’envol et les spectres des ions produits utilisant une pente d’énergie de collision inverse dans un spectromètre de masse à triple quadripôle ont été explorés comme des méthodes de confirmation possibles. / Anti-infectives are used to treat or prevent infections in humans, animals, insects and plants. The occurrence of traces of these substances in wastewaters, natural waters and even drinking water has caused concern among the scientific community especially because of their biological activiy. The goal of this research was to study the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated environmental waters (wastewaters, natural waters, and drinking water) and to develop new analytical methods able to quantitate and confirm their presence in these matrices. A meta-analysis on the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated environmental waters demonstrated that at least 68 parent compounds and 10 transformation products have been quantified to date. Environmental concentrations vary between 0.1 ng/L and 1 mg/L depending on the compound, the matrix and the source of contamination. According to this study, detrimental effects of anti-infectives on aquatic biota are possible and these substances could also affect indirectly human health because of their possible contribution to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Preliminary tests on the development of a method of determination of anti-infectives in wastewaters showed the main difficulties to overcome during solid-phase extraction (SPE) as well as the importance of the detector selectivity. A novel method of determination of anti-infectives was described using off-line tandem SPE and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Six target anti-infectives (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycine) were quantitated at concentrations between 39 and 276 ng/L in samples of influent and effluent collected from a primary and physico-chemical wastewater treatement plant. Reported effluent concentrations indicate that the mean mass of these substances discharged daily in the St. Lawrence River was ~ 2 kg. In order to reduce total analysis time and simplify sample preparation, a new on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS was presented. This method used a column-switching technique to preconcentrate 1.00 mL of sample in an on-line SPE column. Method analytical performance allowed the quantitation of six anti-infectives in municipal wastewaters and limits of detection were of the same magnitude (13-60 ng/L) than methods based in offline SPE. Next, the application of turbulent flow chromatography on-line SPE columns for the preconcentration of six anti-infectives in wastewaters was explored. Results showed that these columns are an interesting alternative to traditional on-line SPE columns. Finally, in order to allow analysis of anti-infectives in surface and drinking water, we developed an on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method using large-volume injections (10 mL). Breakthrough volumes of several on-line SPE columns were estimated and the column having the best retention, Strata-X, was chosen. Method detection and confirmation limits were between 1 and 6 ng/L. Analysis of real samples indicated that the concentration of the three target anti-infectives (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and clarithromycin) was lower that the method detection limits. Accurate mass measurement by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and product ion spectra obtained by a reversed-energy ramp in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer were explored as alternative confirmation methods.

Submitted by MARCOS HENRIQUE PEREIRA WONDRACEK null (marcoswondracek@ufgd.edu.br) on 2017-10-29T05:42:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - versão final.pdf: 3488966 bytes, checksum: 44030b3422f6b77b9ba441eb0905cb23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-09T13:58:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wondracek_mhp_dr_araiq.pdf: 3488966 bytes, checksum: 44030b3422f6b77b9ba441eb0905cb23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T13:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wondracek_mhp_dr_araiq.pdf: 3488966 bytes, checksum: 44030b3422f6b77b9ba441eb0905cb23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-05 / Item merged in doublecheck by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-07T17:59:08Z Item was identical to item(s): 153113, 153193 at handle(s): http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152063, http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152164 / Este trabalho relata o desenvolvido de métodos analíticos que visa à determinação de algumas espécies tóxicas e potencialmente tóxicas de metais e metalóides em níveis ultra-traço em amostra de água naturais, utilizando uma técnica analítica menos sensível, como a espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama (FAAS). Essa técnica foi escolhida por ser relativamente simples e possuir baixo custo operacional. A técnica de extração em fase sólida (EFS), utilizando um novo material sorvente, foi utilizada para separar e pré-concentrar os analitos. Este estudo demonstra o procedimento de uma nova rota sintética via co-condensação visando à produção de uma sílica mesoporosa organofuncionalizada com o ligante 4-amino-3-hidrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole e, sua utilização como sorvente para pré-concentração/análise de especiação de íons metálicos em amostras de água. O material produzido foi caracterizado por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), BET, ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 29Si e 13C, dentre outras. As características adsortivas desse material foram estabelecidas em estudos de batelada, onde se estudou o efeito do pH, cinética de adsorção e capacidade máxima de adsorção. A otimização multivariada foi utilizada para obtenção das melhores condições químicas e de fluxo no sistema de pré-concentração, permitindo avaliar as interações principais e secundárias entre os fatores. Por meio da análise dos espectros obtidos por FTIR foi possível observar bandas de estiramento C–H, C–Cl e (NH2) oriundos da fração orgânica do material. A área superficial foi de 369,84 m2 g-1com diâmetro médio de poros em 7,1 nm, relacionados a materiais mesoporosos. Os resultados obtidos por RMN de 29Si comprovam a formação do material híbrido, sintetizado por co-condensação, e o RMN de 13C confirma o ancoramento do ligante na matriz. O pH que favorece a adsorção dos íons foi 5,0 para Cu(II) e 3,0 para Cd(II) e As(V). O modelo cinético de pseudo segunda ordem apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais, indicando adsorção química. Os dados de sorção desses íons metálicos mostraram bom ajuste ao modelo de Langmuir, com capacidade máxima de adsorção próxima aos valores obtidos experimentalmente, 0,057, 0,018 e 0,060 mmol g-1 para Cu(II), Cd(II) e As(V), respectivamente, indicando que a sorção ocorre em monocamada. Os parâmetros analíticos encontrados para o Cu(II) foram: fator de pré-concentração de 18,1; intervalo linear de 10,0 – 200,0 µg L-1 (R = 0,999) e LD de 1,45 µg L-1. Para o Cd(II): fator de pré-concentração de 15,8; intervalo linear de 2,0 – 100,0 µg L-1 (R = 0,999) e LD de 0,38 µg L-1. Para o As(V): fator de pré-concentração de 5,0; intervalo linear de 0,25 – 2,5 µg L-1 (R = 0,999) e LD de 0,039 µg L-1. A exatidão foi checada pelo método de adição e recuperação e/ou método comparativo com GFAAS ou ICP OES. As recuperações variaram de 97 – 106% (Cu), 100 – 105% (Cd), 88 – 103% (As(V)) e 96 – 106% (As(total)). Os resultados para Cu(II) determinados com os métodos propostos foram concordantes com os obtidos com o método comparativo. Conclui-se que o material produzido apresenta bom potencial para ser aplicado na extração/pré-concentração de cobre, cádmio e análise de especiação inorgânica de arsênio. Provou-se também que baixos limites de detecção e quantificação podem ser obtidos mesmo utilizando uma técnica menos sensível como a FAAS. / This paper reports on the development of analytical methods for the determination of some toxic and potentially toxic species in ultra - trace levels in natural water samples using a less sensitive analytical technique such as flame atomic absorpti on spectrometry (FAAS). This technique was chosen because it is relatively simple and has a low operating cost. The solid phase extraction technique (SPE) using a new sorbent material was used to separate and preconcentrate the analyte. This study demonstr ates the procedure of a new synthetic route using the technique of the co - condensation for the production of a mesoporous organo - functionalised silica with the 4 - amino - 3 - hydrazino - 5 - mercapto - 1,2,4 - triazole ligant and its use as a sorbent for preconcentrati on/ analysis of metal ion s speciation in water samples. The material produced was characterized by infra - red spectroscopy (FTIR), BET, 29 Si and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), among others. The adsorptive characteristics of this material were establis hed in batch studies, where the effect of pH, adsorption kinetics and maximum adsorption capacity were studied. Multivariate optimization was used to obtain the best chemical and flow conditions in the preconcentration system, allowing the evaluation of th e main and secondary interactions among the factors. By means of the analysis of the spectra obtained by FTIR, it was possible to observe C - H, C - Cl and (NH 2 ) stretch bands from the organic fraction of the material. The surface area was 369.84 m 2 g - 1 with a verage pore diameter at 7.1 nm related to mesoporous materials. The results obtained by 29 Si NMR prove the formation of the hybrid material, synthesized by co - condensation, and the 13 C NMR confirms the anchoring of the ligan t in the matrix. The pH 5.0 it w as favors the adsorption of the ions Cu (II), the pH 3.0 it was favors the adsorption of the Cd (II) and As (V). The kinetic model of pseudo second order showed better adjustment to the experimental data, indicating chemical adsorption. The adsorption data of Cu (II), Cd (II), and As (V) were similar to those of the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.057, 0.018 and 0.060 mmol g - 1 for Cu (II), Cd(III) and As(V) , respectively, indicating that the sorption occurs in monolayer. The analyt ical parameters for Cu (II) were: preconcentration factor of 18.1; linear range of 10.0 - 200.0 μg L - 1 (R = 0.999) and LD of 1.45 μg L - 1 . For Cd (II): preconcentration factor of 15.8; linear range of 2.0 - 100.0 μg L - 1 (R = 0.999) and LD of 0.38 μg L - 1 . Fo r As (V): preconcentration factor of 5.0; linear range of 0.25 - 2.5 μg L - 1 (R = 0.999) and LD of 0.039 μg L - 1 . Accuracy was checked by addi tion and recovery method of the standard and/ or comparative method with GFAAS or ICP OES. The recovery ranged from 97 - 106% Cu(II), 100 - 105% Cd (II), 88 - 103% As (V) and 96 - 106% As (total)). The results for Cu (II) determined with the proposed methods were concordant with those obtained with the comparative. It is concluded that the material produced can be successfully applied in the extraction / preconcentration of copper, cadmium and analysis of inorganic speciation of arsenic and low limits of detection and quantification can be obtained even using a less sensitive technique such as FAAS.

No description available.

This master thesis deals with the development, optimization and validation of an analytical method for determination of neurotoxin -N-methylamino-L-alanine in pond water and cyanobacteria using LC/MS. Firstly, basic parameters of the analytical method developed within authors´s bachelor thesis were verified. Following parameters were selected for verification: selection of suitable MRM transitions, voltage applied to S-lens and F-lens and standardized collision energy. Secondly, the system suitability testing was performed. Thirdly, the analytical method was successfully validated. Then, the testing and optimization of solid phase extraction for analysis of water samples were carried out. The pH of sample solution and composition of elution solution were chosen for the optimization. In addition, the trichloroacetic acid extraction with acid hydrolysis for cyanobacterial samples was carried out too. Finally, both solid phase extraction and trichloroacetic acid extraction were evaluated and applied to the analysis of real samples.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-31T12:10:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5468289 bytes, checksum: dc45efa53e8cc6251d00164b611309f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T12:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5468289 bytes, checksum: dc45efa53e8cc6251d00164b611309f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the last decade, the extraction magnetic solid phase (MSPE) has been intense study target in Analytical Chemistry, mainly because of its potential application in sample preparation. Recently, with the development motivation automatic analytical methods, this technique has been combined with flow systems. However, the synergistic integration of MSPE with these systems is still a challenge, especially when it involves the handling of viscous matrices. In this perspective, this thesis proposes the development of an effective automated method to perform the MSPE in aqueous and oily matrices. For be applied as magnetic adsorbent nanoparticles of Fe3O4 coated with alumina and functionalized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) were synthesized. The nanoparticles were characterized by diffraction analysis X-ray and scanning electron microscopy, where it was confirmed that the method used to obtain the particles was adequate. Secondly, the automatic system to run the MSPE was developed. To this end an extraction chamber was made of Teflon with a quartz window on the side, where all steps of MSPE was performed without the need for any auxiliary apparatus for immobilizing the adsorbent. For generating the magnetic field in the extraction chamber, a robotic device has been developed. After these steps, the applicability of the method was demonstrated in the extraction and preconcentration of Cd and Pb in drinking water samples and Cd in edible oils, using as detection atomic absorption spectrometry graphite furnace. Factors affecting MSPE, such as pH, the amount of adsorbent, the type and concentration of the eluent and the elution time were studied. In the best experimental conditions to the sample water, the detection limit was 0.004, and 0.043 ug L-1 for Cd and Pb, respectively. Even in this array, relative standard deviations less than 3.5% were achieved with a 15-fold enrichment factor for both analytes. In the case of determination of Cd in edible oils, detection limit (0.006 ug L-1) and standard deviation (< 3.3%) was obtained satisfactorily with a 9-fold enrichment factor. Interfering studies have been performed successfully for the two determinations, not revealing significant percentage interference in determinations. The developed automatic method is simple and robust since it does not require immobilization of the adsorbent, and was successfully applied in the determination of Cd and Pb in drinking water samples and Cd in edible oils. / Na última década, a extração em fase sólida magnética (MSPE) tem sido alvo de intenso estudo na Química Analítica, principalmente em virtude do seu potencial de aplicação no preparo de amostras. Recentemente, tendo como motivação o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos automáticos, essa técnica vem sendo combinada aos sistemas em fluxo. Contudo, a integração sinérgica da MSPE com esses sistemas ainda é um desafio, principalmente quando envolve a manipulação de matrizes viscosas. Nessa perspectiva, a presente tese propõe o desenvolvimento de um eficiente método automático para realização da MSPE em matrizes aquosas e oleosas. Para serem aplicadas como adsorvente magnético foram sintetizadas nanopartículas de Fe3O4 revestidas com alumina e funcionalizadas com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e 1-(2-piridilazo)-2-naftol (PAN). As nanopartículas foram caracterizadas através da análise de difratometria de raios-X e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, onde confirmou-se que o método empregado para obtenção das partículas foi adequado. Num segundo momento, o sistema automático para executar a MSPE foi desenvolvido. Para isso, uma câmara de extração foi confeccionada em Teflon, com uma janela de quartzo na lateral, onde todos os passos da MSPE foram realizados sem a necessidade de qualquer aparato auxiliar para imobilizar o adsorvente. Para geração do campo magnético, na câmara de extração, um dispositivo robótico foi desenvolvido. Depois de estabelecida essas etapas, a aplicabilidade do método foi demonstrada na extração e preconcentração de Cd e Pb em amostras de água de abastecimento e de Cd em óleos comestíveis, empregando como detecção a espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite. Fatores que afetam a MSPE, tais como o pH, a quantidade de adsorvente, o tipo e a concentração do eluente e o tempo de eluição foram estudados. Nas melhores condições experimentais, para a amostra água, o limite de detecção foi 0,004 e 0,043 μg L-1 para o Cd e o Pb, respectivamente. Ainda nessa matriz, desvios padrão relativos menores que 3,5 % foram alcançados com um fator de enriquecimento de 15 vezes para ambos os analitos. No caso da determinação de Cd em óleos comestíveis, limite de detecção (0,006 μg L-1) e desvio padrão relativo (< 3,3 %) satisfatório foi obtido com um fator de enriquecimento de 9 vezes. Os estudos de interferentes foram realizados com êxito para as duas determinações, não revelando interferência percentual significativa nas determinações. O método automático desenvolvido é simples e robusto, uma vez que não requer a imobilização do adsorvente, e foi aplicado com sucesso na determinação de Cd e Pb em amostras de água de abastecimento e de Cd em óleos comestíveis.

The theoretical part of this diploma thesis consists of current matters regarding the presence of perfluorinated organic compounds in living environment elements. The attention has been focused on perfluoroktanoic acid (PFOA), (PFOS), and (FOSA). Physical-chemical characteristics of these organic pollutants and their toxicological and environmental aspects have been described. Possible ways of the pollutants analytical determination have been specified. The experimental part has explored effects of extraction techniques (sonication, pressurized solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction) used for PFAS separation from seats of fire soil sample. Identification of the analytes have been achieved by liquid chromatography/mass spektrometry.