Text in Afrikaans / OPSOMMING: In 'n transformerende samelewing waar die klem is op die realisering van die individu se potensiaal en erkenning van alle vaardighede teen 'n Nasionale Kwalifikasie Raamwerk, verkeer ook die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag in 'n staat van verandering. Die diverse menslike hulpbron - burgerlikes en 'n uniformdraende komponent van ge'integreerde magte - vereis opleiding om effektiewe verdediging aan Suid-A:frika en sy inwoners te bied. Nie net die permanente komponent moet die nodige vaardighede ontwikkel nie, maar ook die Deeltydse Mag ('n totaal van meer as 140 000 lede). Hierdie opleidingsbehoefte en die krimpende begroting, noop die Weermag om koste-effektiewe menslike hulpbronontwikkelingstrategiee toe te pas. Afstandsonderrig, met veral die nuwe interaktiewe karakter daarvan, kan 'n lewensvatbare strategie wees. 'n Vraelystudie na die stand van afstandsonderrig in die Weermag het getoon dat afstandsonderrig reeds op beperkte skaal bedryf word, maar met leemtes in die leermateriaal en 'n gebrek aan noodsaaklike ondersteuning van die bevelstruktuur. Die skep van leerbevorderlike leermateriaal met 'n interaktiewe karakter, soos dit in resente literatuur beskryfword en in algemene afstandsonderrig sigbaar is, kan 'n effektiewe didaktiese leeroordragstelsel vorm. Van die verskeidenheid nuwe mediategnologiee wat tans in die makro-afstandsonderrigomgewing benut word, kan veral rekenaargebaseerde opleiding en oplyn-opleiding in die Weermag aangewend word. Gedrukte materiaal sal steeds die basis vorm en kan aangevul word met interaktiewe televisie-uitsendings - wat tydens 'n loodsaanbieding aan Weermaglede oorweldigend positief ervaar is, om wisselwerking tussen die instrukteur en die leerder, en die leerders onderling te verhoog. vu 'n Afstandsonderrigmodel, gerig op die spesifieke situasie van 'n organisasie soos die Weermag wat self verantwoordelik is vir die ontwikkeling van sy menslike hulpbron, is ontwerp as hoofriglyn vir die ontwikkeling van 'n afstandsonderrigstelsel. Dit beklemtoon die basiese opleidingskomponente van die leerder, die instrukteur en die leermateriaal wat gesien moet word binne die spesifieke omgewing waarbinne hulle funksioneer. Die essensiele rol van die beleidmakende komponent is ook bespreek, aangesien die afstandsonderrigstelsel slegs suksesvol bedryf kan word as daar beleid gepromulgeer is wat die afstandsonderrigstelsel bemagtig. Ontwikkelingsriglyne en implementerinsgriglyne vir 'n afstandsonderrigstelsel in die Weermag sluit ook 'n voorgestelde ontwikkelingsprogram van die afstandsonderriginstrukteurs in. / Summary : In a transforming society where the emphasis is on realizing the potential of the individual and accrediting all competencies against a National Qualifications Framework, the South African National Defence Force is also in a state of change. The diverse human resources demand training in order to effectively defend South Africa and its inhabitants. Competency development is needed by both the permanent component and the Part-time Force. This training requirement and the shrinking budget impel the Defence Force to apply cost-effective human resource development strategies. Distance learning, especially with its new interactive nature, can be a viable strategy. A questionnaire study of the status of distance learning in the Defence Force showed that it is already practised on a limited scale, but with deficiencies in the learning material and a lack of support from the command structure. The creation of interactive learning materials that enhance learning as described in current literature and found in general distance learning practice, can form an effective didactical learning transfer system. Of the various media technologies presently utilised in the macro-distance learning environment, computer-based training and on-line training can be applied in the Defence Force. Printed materials forms the basis and can be supplemented with interactive television broadcasts - which were overwhelmingly positively accepted by Defence Force members during a pilot presentation. - to improve the interaction between the instructor and learner and between learners. A distance learning model focussed on the specific situation of an organisation such as the Defence Force, which is responsible for the development of its own human resources, was designed as main guideline for the development of a distance learning system. It emphasizes the basic components of the learner, the instructor and the learning material that have to be seen within the specific environment in which they operate. The essential role of the policy making component is discussed, since a distance learning system can only be applied successfully if there is promulgated policy to empower the distance learning system. Development and implementation guidelines for a distance learning system in the Defence Force also include a suggested development program for distance learning instructors. / Didactics / D. Ed. (Didactics)

Thesis (DPhil)—-Stellenbosch University, 2008. / This dissertation investigates the role played by France in the supply of military equipment and the transfer of technology to South Africa from 1960. This Franco-South African defence cooperation was opportune for South Africa, as she faced escalating international criticism over the apartheid issue and, from December 1963, the first military embargo, one joined by her erstwhile arms suppliers. The accession of the National Party (NP) to power in South Africa in 1948 brought a range of legislation that gave substance to the nationalist policy of apartheid. The suffering of the South African black population and the refusal of the South African government to revise its domestic policy, despite the growing international pressure, induced the newly-independent, Afro-Asian countries to press the United Nations (UN) to take tougher actions against Pretoria. At the same time opposing Black Nationalist movements, the African National Congress (ANC) the South West African Peoples’ Organisation (SWAPO) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) adopted militant actions in response to increasingly repressive race legislation in South Africa and South West Africa/Namibia. Furthermore, when in 1961 South Africa left the British Commonwealth, she lost the long-term military commitment from London she had enjoyed for much of the twentieth century. South Africa would now have to satisfy her defence needs elsewhere. Pretoria knew that she needed a strong, well-equipped defence force in order to face the growing internal conflict as well as a possible military onslaught from outside the country. As a result, South Africa faced the first arms embargo in 1963 when her traditional arms suppliers, Britain and the USA elected to observe the voluntary terms of the embargo instituted by the UN. France, at the time under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle, identified an opportunity to strengthen her relations with South Africa and acquire the much-needed strategic materials for her nuclear programme; he decided to fill the space in the military market vacated by Britain and the USA. From 1964, France became Pretoria’s most important arms supplier, a relationship that lasted throughout the Gaullist administration. De Gaulle’s decision to supply South Africa with French military equipment and the transfer of technological know-how was based mainly on political, military and economic considerations. In short, De Gaulle wanted to free France from a military dependency on the United States, which had come to dominate NATO, and, by extension, Western Europe. Feeling hemmed in by les anglo-saxons, France, facing a shortage of North American uranium for her nuclear programme from 1957, sought new partners to shore up her own strategic vulnerability and ensure a role for her in world politics. Moreover, in the early 1960s, Apartheid had not yet become an electoral issue in France, as it was in Britain and the USA, and, in any case, France herself was drawing negative comment for her actions in the Algerian war of national independence. The logical outcome was a comfortable rapprochement, for the moment at least, between Paris and Pretoria. This military cooperation was broad-fronted and sustained until France implemented her first partial military embargo in 1975 and voted for the UN mandatory arms embargo in 1977. But, by this time, the weapons industry in South Africa, home-grown with French assistance, was well-established and placed South Africa in a position to launch military campaigns against the frontline states, commencing with Operation Savannah in late 1975. This study analyses the content and impact of the military cooperation between Paris and Pretoria and creates a better understanding of political and economic dimensions that were the key in the conduct of Franco-South African defence relations between 1960 and 1990.

Through their stories, South African Defence Force (SADF) veterans of the Border War participate in the historical revival of South Africa’s involvement in the Angolan conflict, 1966-1989. Their engagement in the Border War discourse sets these veterans apart for an analysis of their motivations to participate and how their views compare and contrast with one another. SADF veterans are reconstructing their past within their present context in the new South Africa. Their struggle to rectify public knowledge and perceptions of the past through the provision of their personal memories is a growing trend within South Africa, one that has become a conversation between the various competing narratives.

ant national legislation on the disposal of waste and waste disposal sites has been promulgated to regulate the dumping of unwanted materials. This development poses major legal compliance problems for the South African National Defence Force (S.A.N.D.F.) deployments in rural areas. The absence of municipal services to these areas and the unavailability of municipal dumpsites do not facilitate adherence to legislation. The development of an integrated waste management system for Defence represents an attempt to ensure compliance with national legislation. An overview and assessment of current waste management practices in the S.A.N.D.F. is provided in this document. The literature review focussed on the theory of waste management, the current situation with regard to sanitation in rural areas and a review of pertinent legislation, and provided the foundation for the development of questionnaires. The study then explored aspects of waste management and sanitation that were taken into consideration in preparing for operations . Data collection entailed interviews with senior members of the S.A.N.D.F. who are responsible for the planning of such projects. Thereafter an investigation was conducted into the waste management practices employed during deployments to rural areas. Data collection in this respect involved the administration of questionnaires to soldiers at temporary bases and during patrols, as well as an audit of the waste generated at the temporary bases, noting how refuse was managed under these conditions. These methods of primary data collection included interviews with various government and non-government officials. Interviews with senior members of the S.A.N.D.F. revealed that the planning and preparation for operations are core-function focused and that the integration of waste management and sanitation in the planning process is minimal and inadequate . The data obtained from questionnaires administered to the soldiers revealed that current waste management practices at the temporary bases and during patrols are considered to be satisfactory to the soldiers, as they are of the opinion that "we are doing the best we can under such circumstances". The waste audit revealed that ninety-eight percent of the waste generated in the study area is recyclable. Consequently, this study recommends that waste management methods be integrated into the planning process. Furthermore it is recommended that environmental education be included as a compulsory module during basic training and re-training for all members of the S.A.N.D.F., i.e. from senior management down to the most junior level. A long-term solution to improve on the current waste management practices is recycling. With regard to sanitation, the Director of Sanitation of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (D.W.A.F.) suggested that relevant members of the S.A.N.D.F. meet with members of D.W.A.F. and the Umkhanyakude Regional District Council, to discuss the inclusion of the S.A.N.D.F. in the current sanitation-provision projects in the study area. Short-term solutions were that the S.A.N.D.F. liaise with the G.I.S. section at D.W.A.F. This section will be able to provide the S.A.N.D.F. with information on the location of boreholes and hand-pumps (the only source of drinking water for the local population). The S.A.N.D.F. must ensure that waste disposal sites and field toilets, commonly referred to as go-karts, are located away from these water sources and, whenever possible, on higher ground. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal,Durban, 2004.

Text in Afrikaans / OPSOMMING: In 'n transformerende samelewing waar die klem is op die realisering van die individu se potensiaal en erkenning van alle vaardighede teen 'n Nasionale Kwalifikasie Raamwerk, verkeer ook die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag in 'n staat van verandering. Die diverse menslike hulpbron - burgerlikes en 'n uniformdraende komponent van ge'integreerde magte - vereis opleiding om effektiewe verdediging aan Suid-A:frika en sy inwoners te bied. Nie net die permanente komponent moet die nodige vaardighede ontwikkel nie, maar ook die Deeltydse Mag ('n totaal van meer as 140 000 lede). Hierdie opleidingsbehoefte en die krimpende begroting, noop die Weermag om koste-effektiewe menslike hulpbronontwikkelingstrategiee toe te pas. Afstandsonderrig, met veral die nuwe interaktiewe karakter daarvan, kan 'n lewensvatbare strategie wees. 'n Vraelystudie na die stand van afstandsonderrig in die Weermag het getoon dat afstandsonderrig reeds op beperkte skaal bedryf word, maar met leemtes in die leermateriaal en 'n gebrek aan noodsaaklike ondersteuning van die bevelstruktuur. Die skep van leerbevorderlike leermateriaal met 'n interaktiewe karakter, soos dit in resente literatuur beskryfword en in algemene afstandsonderrig sigbaar is, kan 'n effektiewe didaktiese leeroordragstelsel vorm. Van die verskeidenheid nuwe mediategnologiee wat tans in die makro-afstandsonderrigomgewing benut word, kan veral rekenaargebaseerde opleiding en oplyn-opleiding in die Weermag aangewend word. Gedrukte materiaal sal steeds die basis vorm en kan aangevul word met interaktiewe televisie-uitsendings - wat tydens 'n loodsaanbieding aan Weermaglede oorweldigend positief ervaar is, om wisselwerking tussen die instrukteur en die leerder, en die leerders onderling te verhoog. vu 'n Afstandsonderrigmodel, gerig op die spesifieke situasie van 'n organisasie soos die Weermag wat self verantwoordelik is vir die ontwikkeling van sy menslike hulpbron, is ontwerp as hoofriglyn vir die ontwikkeling van 'n afstandsonderrigstelsel. Dit beklemtoon die basiese opleidingskomponente van die leerder, die instrukteur en die leermateriaal wat gesien moet word binne die spesifieke omgewing waarbinne hulle funksioneer. Die essensiele rol van die beleidmakende komponent is ook bespreek, aangesien die afstandsonderrigstelsel slegs suksesvol bedryf kan word as daar beleid gepromulgeer is wat die afstandsonderrigstelsel bemagtig. Ontwikkelingsriglyne en implementerinsgriglyne vir 'n afstandsonderrigstelsel in die Weermag sluit ook 'n voorgestelde ontwikkelingsprogram van die afstandsonderriginstrukteurs in. / Summary : In a transforming society where the emphasis is on realizing the potential of the individual and accrediting all competencies against a National Qualifications Framework, the South African National Defence Force is also in a state of change. The diverse human resources demand training in order to effectively defend South Africa and its inhabitants. Competency development is needed by both the permanent component and the Part-time Force. This training requirement and the shrinking budget impel the Defence Force to apply cost-effective human resource development strategies. Distance learning, especially with its new interactive nature, can be a viable strategy. A questionnaire study of the status of distance learning in the Defence Force showed that it is already practised on a limited scale, but with deficiencies in the learning material and a lack of support from the command structure. The creation of interactive learning materials that enhance learning as described in current literature and found in general distance learning practice, can form an effective didactical learning transfer system. Of the various media technologies presently utilised in the macro-distance learning environment, computer-based training and on-line training can be applied in the Defence Force. Printed materials forms the basis and can be supplemented with interactive television broadcasts - which were overwhelmingly positively accepted by Defence Force members during a pilot presentation. - to improve the interaction between the instructor and learner and between learners. A distance learning model focussed on the specific situation of an organisation such as the Defence Force, which is responsible for the development of its own human resources, was designed as main guideline for the development of a distance learning system. It emphasizes the basic components of the learner, the instructor and the learning material that have to be seen within the specific environment in which they operate. The essential role of the policy making component is discussed, since a distance learning system can only be applied successfully if there is promulgated policy to empower the distance learning system. Development and implementation guidelines for a distance learning system in the Defence Force also include a suggested development program for distance learning instructors. / Didactics / D. Ed. (Didactics)

This study aimed to determine whether the current African language translation facilitation course (ALTFC) held at the Directorate Language Services (D Lang) is in tune with contemporary trends in translator training, as well as the needs of the South African Department of Defence (DOD) and ALTFC candidates. In order to accomplish these aims, the research methodology was divided into a theoretical component in the form of a literature survey and an empirical component by means of questionnaire research. While the literature survey revealed that with the exception of using corpora of parallel texts, the ALTFC largely follows contemporary trends in translator training, the questionnaire research identified four problem areas, i.e. feedback on practical work, the time factor, the candidates' English proficiency and teacher enthusiasm. Based on the theoretical and empirical findings, four new ALTFC models were developed. / Linguistics / MA (Linguistics)

The goal of this research was to describe the nature, occurrence and extent to which integration preceded normative and institutional transformation in the SANDF and therefore in its Military Police, thereby demonstrating how in its aftermath, integration has become a recipe for disaster, casting a spell on further transformation within the military. The research also aimed at bringing the reader face-to-face with the daily struggles of Africans in the SANDF, by focusing on one of the smallest divisions of the military, the Military Police Agency (MPA). The research project was limited to all reported interviews and questionnaire responses of eighty five participants of the Southern Military Police Region (S MPR), excluding the S MPR HQ as well as the MPA HQ. A total of eighty five respondents out of a total strength of 172 S MPR composition, took part in the sample. Seventy nine participated in the questionnaire, fifty one in the interview and a total of forty five participated in both. Interviews were used as follow-up sessions to respondents' questionnaire answers. While the questionnaire was structured, the interview was semi-structured, allowing members to comment, object, affirm or question the process of transformation both in the SANDF and in the MPA. In keeping with the qualitative research method, the semi-structured interview enabled the mapping of categories, trends and patterns in the responses. It was found that MK and APLA cadres who integrated into the ex-Naval MPs surpassed their counterparts in the ex-Army MPs, by far. The two groups are incomparable, in rank level, experience, training, attitude and knowledge of the organisation. It was further discovered that most practices that had taken place before 1999 at W CSC and still continued within the MPA, negate SANDF policy and are criminal. Prejudice, racism, obscene language and gender insensitivity were rife, forming part of institutional culture. It is recommended that Weitzer's proposed solution for the transformation of coercive institutions be considered. It is a thoroughgoing transformation of the security apparatus through a legal framework because civil control is not enough to guarantee the pre-eminence of the democratic forces. / Criminology / M.A (Criminology)

The work of the South African chaplains during the First World War was of an extremely high standard. The postwar military failed to recognise this contribution. In the 1920s and early 1930s the chaplaincy was allocated an inferior position within the military. It was only in 1938 that the first chaplains were appointed in the Permanent Force. During the Second World War the unwillingness of the UDF hierarchy to appoint a single chaplain as the head of a Chaplains' Branch influenced the ministry negatively. Inter-denominational issues were resolved on a basis of consensus amongst Principal Chaplains who were granted very little executive power. The establishment of the SA Corps of Chaplains in 1946 confirmed the permanency of the chaplaincy within the UDF. The appointment of the first Deputy Chaplain General in 1949 did much to ensure effective ministry. The discontinuation of this post in 1954 had a detrimental effect on the chaplaincy. With the establishment of the Department of Physical and Spiritual Welfare in 1966 no clear cut division was made between the responsibility for spiritual (pastoral) care and physical care (social welfare). This anomaly was rectified in 1968 when an independent directorate for the chaplaincy was created and in 1970 when a Chaplain General was appointed. The chaplaincy in South West Africa grew from a single chaplain at Walvis Bay in 1963 to an immense organisation with hundreds of chaplains. In 1980 the SWATF Chaplain Service was formed under command of its own director. The presence of SADF/SWATF chaplains in South West Africa ceased in 1989 with the implementation of UN Resolution 435. The 1990s was a decade of great transition and turmoil for the Chaplain Service. In 1994 the military chaplaincies of the TBVC countries, as well as members from MK and APLA, were integrated into the Chaplain Service. The implementation of the transformation policy of the Department of Defence resulted in the Chaplain Service becoming more representative of the communities it serves. / Theology / D. Th. (Theology)

Before entering into a democratic dispensation, South African military and defence systems were constituted by seven disparate armed forces. The transformation of South Africa from a separatist state introduced renewed efforts and challenges to integrate what was once a divided military corps and society. In 1994, the formation of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) was born out of the effort to integrate various statutory and non-statutory armed forces in South Africa, including forces from former TBVC states. Through a phenomenological inquiry, integration experiences of former TBVC Armed Force members into the new SANDF structure are investigated. The study aimed to find out from the former TBVC force members how they were affected by the integration process and what their perception with regards to the effectiveness of the integration process on enhancing representation on all rank levels in the new SANDF was. The findings from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 16 such members indicate that transformation of South Africa’s military outfit into an integrated system is not exactly an epitome of a new and different yet cohesive and unified structure. The notion of ‘integration’ is as such cast as essentially a problematic one where inequalities still reflect in how former statutory and non-statutory force members are treated particularly with regards to promotion opportunities. In addition, there are perceived lingering vestiges of a previous separatist system such as the use of Afrikaans language as a medium of instruction and communication, previous SADF policies which helps produce the idea of integration as more a process of absorption instead. Despite this problematisation of integration processes in shaping how the new SANDF outfit is currently experienced by members, there are perceived benefits from the change brought about by ‘integration’ of forces. Some benefits are as tangible as individual career advancement, while others tend to reflect impacts at systemic level of family where members indirectly profit from the reorganisation and call for adjustment to new settings and structures that followed integration / Research / M.A. (Research Consultation)

This study aimed to determine whether the current African language translation facilitation course (ALTFC) held at the Directorate Language Services (D Lang) is in tune with contemporary trends in translator training, as well as the needs of the South African Department of Defence (DOD) and ALTFC candidates. In order to accomplish these aims, the research methodology was divided into a theoretical component in the form of a literature survey and an empirical component by means of questionnaire research. While the literature survey revealed that with the exception of using corpora of parallel texts, the ALTFC largely follows contemporary trends in translator training, the questionnaire research identified four problem areas, i.e. feedback on practical work, the time factor, the candidates' English proficiency and teacher enthusiasm. Based on the theoretical and empirical findings, four new ALTFC models were developed. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / MA (Linguistics)