Le semis précoce du tournesol, d’un à deux mois par rapport à la période habituelle (Avril dans le sud ouest de la France), a été envisagé pour esquiver les périodes de sécheresses estivales. Cette stratégie conduit à un abaissement des températures de l’ordre de 5 à 10°C durant les premières phases de développement de la culture. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’identifier des génotypes de tournesol adaptés à des conditions de basses températures en début de cycle, et de fournir des outils pour la sélection de ces nouveaux idéotypes. Dans un premier temps le modèle de culture SUNFLO, développé pour l’analyse des interactions génotype x environnement chez le tournesol, a été utilisé pour identifier par simulation un idéotype pour le semis précoce. Cette étude a révélé que le type variétal valorisant le mieux de semis précoce présente une levée précoce et un cycle tardif. Dans un deuxième temps, la variabilité génétique d’une population de lignées recombinantes de tournesol a été une analysée pour des traits agro-morphologiques et physiologiques caractérisant le développement (vitesse de germination, phénologie) et la croissance à basse température (élongation de l’hypocotyle, production de biomasse, et traits physiologiques impliqués dans la tolérance au froid). L’analyse génétique de ces caractères a permis d’identifier les régions chromosomiques impliquées dans la variation de ces caractères (QTLs) ainsi que les marqueurs moléculaires associés à ces QTLs qui représentent des marqueurs d’intérêts pour la sélection. L’analyse des processus impliqués dans la levée (germination et élongation de l’hypocotyle) montre que la température de base pour l’élongation de l’hypocotyle présente un gain génétique significatif à basse température. Ce trait est sous le contrôle génétique de deux QTLs majeurs dont l’un, qui explique 40% de la variabilité phénotypique observée, est lié au marqueur SSR ORS1128. Le temps thermique du semis à la floraison est un caractère contrôlé par des QTLs spécifiques en conditions de semis précoces, parmi lesquels deux sont colocalisés avec des QTLs identifiés pour des traits relatifs à la levée. L’étude des traits physiologiques impliqués dans la réponse aux basses températures a révélé que le tournesol a un potentiel de sélection pour la tolérance au froid, notamment pour le potentiel osmotique. Le maintien des membranes plasmiques stables à basses températures est également un trait jouant un rôle important dans la tolérance au froid. Un QTL à effet majeur lié au marqueur SSR ORS331_2 a été identifié pour ce trait et pourrait être utilisé pour aider à la sélection de génotypes de tournesol adaptés au froid. / Early sowing to escape the drought during summer was studied in sunflower. Sowing one or two months earlier leads to reduce about 5 to 10°C during first stages of development compared with traditional sowing (April in south parts of France) in this species. The aim of this study is to identify sunflower genotypes adapted for low temperature and to identify tools for selecting them. Firstly the crop model SUNFLO, Which is developed to analyze “genotype x environment” interactions in sunflower, was used to identify by simulation favorable ideotypes for early sowing. Results show that they have to present early emergence and a late development cycle. Then, several experiments were undertaken to study genetic variability for agro-morphologic and physiologic traits under early sowing in sunflower. A population of 95 recombinant inbred lines and their two parents were used at low temperature in all experiments. Germination rate, hypocotyl elongation, biomass production and some physiological traits for cold tolerance were studied. Genetic analyses were performed and genomic regions (QTLs) involved in the variation of these traits as well as SSR markers associated with them were identified. Analysis of physiological processes related to emergence (germination and hypocotyl elongation) show that the base temperature of hypocotyl elongation presents a significant genetic gain at low temperature. This trait is controlled by two major QTLs and one of them explains 40% of the phenotypic variance and contains the SSR marker ORS1128. The thermal time from sowing to flowering is controlled by specific QTLs in early sowing and two of them are collocated with QTLs detected for emergence related-traits. The study of physiological traits implied with response to low temperature showed that sunflower present a high potential for cold tolerance variability, especially for the osmotic potential. The cell membrane stability at low temperature is also an important trait for cold tolerance. A major QTL associated with the SSR marker ORS331_2 was identified for this trait and should be used to select sunflower cold tolerant genotypes.

Foi realizado um estudo na cultura do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L. var latifolium Hutch), no ano agrícola 2002/2003, na Fazenda Areão, unidade experimental da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP/ESALQ, localizada no município de Piracicaba, SP, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento e evolução da Ramulose do algodoeiro, doença causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum gossypii var cephalosporioides Costa em sistema de semeadura com e sem palha de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum L.), nas cultivares IAC 23 (resistente à Ramulose) e Makina (suscetível à Ramulose). Foram avaliadas também as interações entre o sistema de semeadura com e sem palha na produção de algodão em caroço, produtividade da cultura, caracteres agronômicos de laboratório e características tecnológicas das fibras. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de parcelas subdivididas (split-plot), utilizando-se 4 blocos alternados entre semeadura convencional e semeadura sobre a palhada de milheto (parcelas), cada um com 8 subparcelas, totalizando 32 subparcelas. Aos 34 dias após a emergência (DAE) o patógeno foi inoculado artificialmente com a suspensão de inóculo pulverizada no terço superior das plantas através de equipamento de Co2. A doença foi avaliada através de escala de notas (1 a 5), e os resultados permitiram concluir que a quando as condições meteorológicas são favoráveis ao patógeno, a presença da palha na superfície do solo influencia negativamente no crescimento da doença na cultivar suscetível. A cultivar resistente IAC 23 retoma o crescimento vegetativo quando as condições meteorológicas são desfavoráveis ao patógeno e na cultivar Makina, sob condições favoráveis, a doença cresce, mas continua estável quando as condições se tornam desfavoráveis ao patógeno. A palha não afetou a produção de algodão em caroço, a produtividade, os caracteres agronômicos de laboratório e nem as características tecnológicas das fibras. Quando as condições meteorológicas são típicas, o Sistema de Plantio Direto desfavorece o desenvolvimento da doença, podendo ocorrer o inverso quando as condições meteorológicas forem atípicas / A study in the culture of cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum L. var latifolium Hutch), was conducted in the agricultural year of 2002/2003, at the experimental unity of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP/Esalq, located in the city of Piracicaba, SP, with the objective to evaluate the behavior and evolution of the Ramulosis of the cotton plant, disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gossypii var cephalosporioides Costa in the system of sowing with and without cover residue (straw), when cultivar IAC 23 (resistant to Ramulosis) and Makina (susceptible to Ramulosis). It has also been evaluated the interactions between the the system of sowing with and without the cover residues (straw) in the production of cotton and yield of the culture, agronomics characters of laboratory,and the characteristics of the fibers. The experimental delineation adopted split-splot, using 4 blocks alternated between conventional sowing on the cover residue (parcels), each one with 8 suparcels, totalizing 32 sub parcels. To the 34 days after the emergency (DAE) the fungus was inoculated artificially in the plants. The disease was evaluated through grading scales (1 to 5), and the results allowed to conclude that he presence of the cover residue (straw) in the surface of the soil influence negatively to the growth of the disease only when the meteorological conditions are favorable to the development of the pathogenic, and depending on the used cultivar. When cultivar resistant IAC 23 it presented greater sensitivity to meteorological conditions retaking the vegetative development with healthy sprouts, when the meteorological conditions had been unfavorable to the growth of the disease, while that in cultivar susceptible Makina the disease if kept steady when the conditions had been unfavorable. The cover residue (straw) did not affect the production of the cotton, neither the yield, the agronomic characters of laboratory, or the characteristics of the fibers.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasNatanaelWisch.pdf: 1535950 bytes, checksum: 7b05791c9aa7a46f71ea7e20db744589 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soybean is one of the main oleaginous crop produced in Brazil. Studies on populational dynamic and immature stage vertical distribution in soybean canopy are very important to improve technology application and control timing. We studied population dynamics and vertical distribution of eggs and larvae of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis and two Plusiinae species, during the cycle of two soybean cultivars of different growth habits in three sowing dates. Experiments were conducted on Coodetec 206 and BMX Potência RR cultivars during the 2010/2011 growing season in Ponta Grossa, Paraná state. Samples were collected through the crop cycle. Eggs and caterpillars from each third of the plant (bottom, middle and upper) and on different plant structures (main stem, branches, pods and adaxial or abaxial surfaces of leaves) were quantified. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis. Plusiinae species occurred simultaneously with A. gemmatalis, which was the predominant species. Highest densities of eggs and larvae of A. gemmatalis were recorded during the second half of January and February. In February we observed the highest densities of Plusiinae. Through the late sowing season we recorded the highest densities of immature stages of Noctuidae. The highest eggs densities for A. gemmatalis and Plusiinae occurred in the middle third (44.03% and 45.99%, respectively) of the canopy followed by the lower (31.96% and 34.18%) and upper portion (24.01% e 19.83%). Small larvae of A. gemmatalis were found mainly in middle (44.08%) and lower third of the plant (36.97%), while medium larvae occurred in higher density in the middle (42.86%) and upper (41.90%) stratum. Meanwhile, most of the large larvae are found in the upper portion of the canopy (63.41%). Highest densities of small, medium and large Plusiinae larvae, we found in middle (43.37%, 44.63% e 44.83%, respectively) and lower (49.46%, 31.40% e 31.03%) third of the canopy. Eggs and caterpillars were found mainly on the abaxial surface of leaflets. / A soja é uma das principais oleaginosas cultivadas no Brasil. Os estudos sobre a ocorrência dos estádios imaturos de Noctuídeos e sua distribuição espacial no perfil da planta são de grande importância para definir o momento de controle e aprimorar a tecnologia de aplicação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a flutuação populacional e a distribuição vertical de ovos e larvas dos principais Noctuídeos, Anticarsia gemmatalis e Plusiinae, durante o ciclo de duas cultivares de soja de diferentes hábitos de crescimento em três épocas de semeadura. Os experimentos foram conduzidos durante a safra 2010/2011 no município de Ponta Grossa – PR, em três épocas diferentes de semeadura das cultivares Coodetec 206 e BMX Potência RR. As amostragens foram realizadas durante todo o ciclo da cultura em diferentes alturas da planta (terço superior, médio e inferior) e em diferentes estruturas da planta (haste principal, ramos, vagens e face adaxial ou abaxial das folhas). Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva e do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. As espécies de Plusiinae ocorreram simultaneamente a A. gemmatalis, a qual foi a espécie predominante. As maiores densidades de ovos e lagartas de A. gemmatalis foram registradas na segunda quinzena de janeiro e durante o mês de fevereiro, mês em que se observou maior densidade de Plusiinae. As semeaduras mais tardias apresentaram as maiores densidades de estádios imaturos de Noctuídeos. A maior oviposição, tanto para A. gemmatalis quanto a Plusiinae ocorreu no terço médio (44,03% e 45,99%, respectivamente) seguido pelo inferior (31,96% e 34,18%) e superior (24,01% e 19,83%). As lagartas pequenas de A. gemmatalis foram encontradas principalmente nos terços médio (44,08%) e inferior (36,97%), enquanto as lagartas médias ocorreram em maior densidade nos estratos médio (42,86%) e superior (41,90%) e os indivíduos grandes, na região apical (63,41%) do dossel. A maior densidade de lagartas de Plusiinae pequenas, médias e grandes foi observada no terço médio (43,37%, 44,63% e 44,83%, respectivamente) e inferior (49,46%, 31,40% e 31,03%). Os ovos e as lagartas dos Noctuídeos foram encontrados, principalmente, na face abaxial dos folíolos.

Ecossistemas campestres encontram-se fortemente impactados por conversão de hábitat e por espécies exóticas invasoras. É necessário restaurar os ecossistemas campestres ao redor do globo. Entretanto, para os ecossistemas campestres brasileiros há poucas experiências de restauração e precisamos testar a viabilidade de técnicas normalmente empregadas em outros lugares. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar diferentes combinações de técnicas para restauração de campos invadidos por Urochloa decumbens nos Campos Sulinos, sul do Brasil. Combinaram-se duas técnicas de controle da espécie invasora (aplicação de herbicida e remoção superficial de solo) e duas técnicas de introdução de espécies nativas (transposição de feno e semeadura direta). Foram estabelecidos oito blocos em um experimento bifatorial no Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, combinando dois fatores e cada um com três tratamentos (duas técnicas mais o controle). A cobertura de vários grupos de espécies, riqueza de espécies e composição de espécies foram avaliadas por análises de variância, e então também por análise de coordenadas principais. Adicionalmente, a relação entre a cobertura da invasora e das espécies nativas foi investigada. As técnicas de controle da invasora mostraram-se eficientes tanto na redução da cobertura da espécie, como em permitir a entrada de espécies nativas na comunidade. Comparando as duas técnicas, aplicação de herbicida pareceu ser melhor do que a remoção superficial de solo, pois parcelas que tiveram a aplicação tiveram menor cobertura da invasora e maior riqueza de espécies. Já as técnicas de introdução de espécies mostraram-se insuficientes para adicionar espécies nativas na comunidade para competir com U. decumbens. Padrões de composição de espécies diferiram entre os tratamentos. Técnicas de controle do invasor diferiram grandemente do seu controle, que foi dominado por U. decumbens. Uma clara relação existe entre a cobertura da invasora e a presença e cobertura de espécies nativas. Então o controle da espécie invasora é fundamental para uma maior recuperação da vegetação. Entretanto, os resultados aqui apresentados correspondem a apenas oito meses após a finalização da implementação do experimento, e ações futuras de manejo na área deverão combinar novamente o controle da invasora com introdução de espécies nativas. / Grasslands ecosystems are strongly impacted by land use and invasive species. It is necessary restore these ecosystems around the world. However, there are few experiences with ecological restoration for the Brazilian grasslands and we need to test the viability of techniques normally used in others grasslands ecosystems. The aim of this study was to test different combinations of techniques to the ecological restoration of grasslands invaded by Urochloa decumbens in Campos, Southern Brazil. We combine two techniques to control the invasive species (herbicide application and topsoil removal) and two techniques to introduce native species (hay transfer and direct sowing). We established nine blocks in a bi-factorial experiment on Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, combining two factors and each one with three treatments (two techniques plus the control). The coverage of various groups of species, species richness, and species composition were evaluated by variance analyses, and the later also by a principal ordination analysis. Additionally, the relation between invader coverage and native species was investigated. Both techniques to control invasive species have shown to be efficient to reduce the coverage of the invasive species, as well as to allow the arrival of native species. Specifically comparing them, the herbicide application seems to be a better treatment than the topsoil removal, once plots with herbicide had lower invasive species coverage and higher species richness. However, the species introduction techniques failed efficiently to add native species to the community composition and to compete with U. decumbens. Species composition patterns differed among the treatments. The invader control techniques greatly differed from their control, which was dominated by U. decumbens. A clear relationship exists between the invader coverage and the presence and coverage of native species. Thus, the control of the invasive species is fundamental to further vegetation recovery. Nevertheless, results here presented correspond to just eight months from the experiment implantation and future monitoring and management actions on the area should combine once more the control of the invasive species and the introduction of native species.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T15:43:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_graciane_ceolin.pdf: 1045652 bytes, checksum: 5bdc16c174b33d9efeebae6e52464f43 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-24T12:26:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_graciane_ceolin.pdf: 1045652 bytes, checksum: 5bdc16c174b33d9efeebae6e52464f43 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-24T12:28:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_graciane_ceolin.pdf: 1045652 bytes, checksum: 5bdc16c174b33d9efeebae6e52464f43 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T12:28:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_graciane_ceolin.pdf: 1045652 bytes, checksum: 5bdc16c174b33d9efeebae6e52464f43 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / Sem bolsa / A soja é uma espécie que apresenta plasticidade, ou seja, é capaz de se adaptar as diferentes condições a que é exposta, sendo estas ambientais ou de manejo, através de alterações morfológicas e nos componentes de rendimento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da velocidade de semeadura e dos sistemas de distribuição de sementes (de disco alveolado horizontal e pneumático) na emergência a campo, uniformidade de distribuição, plantas dominadas, rendimentos de grxos, massa de mil sementes e retenção em peneira na cultura da soja. Foram utilizadas sementes de soja da cv. Brasmax Ponta IPRO (BMX 7166 RSF IPRO) que pertence ao grupo de maturação 6.6 apresentando período de semeadura preferencial para a região de 25 de outubro a 10 de dezembro. Para tracionar a semeadora de disco alveolado, foi utilizado trator modelo 8320R da John Deere™, ano 2011, com 320 cv de potência. Para a semeadora com sistema de distribuição pneumático, utilizou-se o trator 8335R da John Deere™, ano 2014, com 335 cv de potência. Foram utilizadas cinco diferentes velocidades de semeadura, sendo elas: 4, 5, 6, 8 e 10 km h-1. As avaliações realizadas foram: emergência a campo, uniformidade de distribuição, plantas dominadas, rendimento de grãos, massa de mil sementes (mms), teste de uniformidade (retenção em peneira). Os dados resultantes foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos à 5%, as médias das semeadoras foram comparadas através do Teste de Tukey e as velocidades representadas através de polinômios ortogonais. Conclui-se que a semeadora pneumática resulta em menor emergência de plântulas a 4 e 5 km h-1 em relação a semeadora de disco alveolado horizontal. A velocidade influencia o coeficiente de variação dos espaçamentos de modo que com o aumento da velocidade de semeadura, aumenta a desuniformidade dos espaçamentos entre plantas. Ambas semeadoras não efetuam a distribuição de sementes de forma satisfatória, sendo que apenas 10% das plantas oriundas da semeadura com disco e 15% das plantas semeadas pela semeadora pneumática encontram-se no espaçamento desejado. / Soybean is a species that plasticity, that is, is able to adjust the different conditions to which it is exposed, and these environmental or management by morphological changes and yield components. Present study aimed to evaluate the influence of sowing speed and distribution seed systems (with distribution of honeycomb horizontal disk and pneumatic) at seeding quality. Cv soybean seeds were used Brasmax Ponta IPRO (BMX 7166 RSF IPRO) belonging to maturity group 6.6, having preferential seeding period for the region from October 25 to December 10. To pull the seeder honeycomb disk, was used tractor John Deere Model 8320R ™, the year 2011 with 320 horsepower. For the seeder with pneumatic delivery system, we used the 8335R Tractor John Deere ™, 2014, with 335 horsepower. Five different speeds of seeding were used, which were: 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 km h-1. The evaluations were: field emergence, distribution uniformity, dominated plants, grain yield, mass of thousand seeds (mms), uniformity test (retention sieve). The resulting data were submitted to variance analysis and when significant at 5%, the mean seeders were compared using the Tukey test and speeds represented by orthogonal polynomials. It follows that Pneumatic seeder resulted in lower seedling emergence 4 and 5 km h-1 for the disc planter honeycomb horizontal.A speed influence the coefficient of variation of spacings so that with increasing speed seeding, increased uniformity of the spacing between plantas. Both planters does not effect satisfactorily the distribution of seeds, with only 10% of plants from sowing with disc and 15% of plants sowm by pneumatic sowing are at the desired spacing.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Rouverson Pereira da Silva / Banca: Alberto Carvalho Filho / Banca: Afonso Lopes / Banca: Danilo César Checchio Grotta / Resumo: Realizar a semeadura em maior profundidade para se proporcionar melhores condições à germinação e emergência pode ser decisivo em momentos de condições climáticas adversas. Conduziu-se o presente trabalho na área experimental do Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola da UNESP/Jaboticabal com o objetivo de avaliar a demanda energética do conjunto trator-semeadora-adubadora nas velocidades de 4,5; 6,0 e 7,5 km h-1, mensurar a posição relativa entre adubo e sementes, quantificar a distribuição longitudinal de plantas logo após a semeadura e na colheita em função de quatro velocidades de semeadura, incluindo uma semeadura manual, com duas profundidades de deposição da semente. Os valores de falhas, na colheita, foram semelhantes para as três velocidades tratorizadas (4,5; 6,0 e 7,5 km h- 1), 31% em média, e maiores que a semeadura manual, que foi de 4%. Não houve efeito das profundidades de semeadura para produtividade de grãos. No entanto, observou-se o maior valor de produtividade para a semeadura manual. A capacidade de campo operacional foi 70% maior, de 1,19 para 2,02 ha h-1, para a maior velocidade. A potência foi de 28,42 kW para 7,5 km h-1, na profundidade de 0,05 m que não diferiu da potência requerida aos 0,10 m. / Abstract: To sow in greater depth to provide better conditions for germination and emergence can be decisive in times of adverse weather conditions. We conducted this study in the Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola da UNESP/Jaboticabal in order to assess the energy demand of the tractor-seeder-fertilizer at speeds of 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 km h-1, measuring the relative position between fertilizer and seeds, measure the longitudinal distribution of plants immediately after planting and at harvest due to four seeding rates, including a manual seeding, with two depths of deposition of the seed. The fault values at harvest were similar for the three tractor-implement speeds (4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 km h-1), 31% on average and higher than manual sowing, which was 4%. There was no effect of sowing depths for grain yield. However, we observed the highest value of productivity for manual seeding. The field operational capacity was 70% higher, from 1.19 ha to 2.02 h-1 for the highest speed. The power was 28.42 kW to 7.5 km h-1 at a depth of 0.05 m did not differ from that required power to 0.10 m. / Doutor

Tyrimai buvo atlikti 2009–2010 m. Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto bandymų stotyje. Bandymo dirvožemis IDg8-k (LVg-p-w-cc) – karbonatingas sekliai glėjiškas išplautžemis (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol). Tyrimų tikslas – įvertinti sėjos laiko ir veislės įtaką žieminių rapsų skrotelės cheminės sudėties pokyčiams šiltėjančiu rudens-žiemos periodu. Eksperimento variantai: veiksnys A – sėjos laikas: 1) rugpjūčio 10d.; 2) rugpjūčio 20d.; 3) rugpjūčio 30d.; 4) rugsėjo 5d.; 5) rugsėjo 10d.; 6) rugsėjo 15d. Veiksnys B – veislė: 1) linijinė‘Sunday‘, 2) hibridinė ‘Kronos‘. Cheminės sudėties pokyčiai rudens-žiemos periodu skirtingu laiku sėtuose ir skirtingų veislių žieminiuose rapsuose vyko nevienodai. Žiemojimo laikotarpiu atsinaujinus vegetacijai, linijiniai rapsai labiau naudojo sukauptas maisto medžiagas negu hibridiniai rapsai, dėl to blogėjo jų galimybės peržiemoti. Sausųjų medžiagų kiekis hibridinės ‘Kronos‘ veislės žieminių rapsų viršūniniame pumpure tuo laikotarpiu turėjo tendenciją didėti. Atsinaujinus augalų vegetacijai žiemojimo metu, sumažėjo suminio cukraus kiekis linijinės veislės žieminių rapsų viršūniniame pumpure. Hibridinės veislės rapsų, sėtų rugsėjo mėnesį, viršūniniame pumpure suminio cukraus kiekis mažėjo lėčiau, negu tuo pačiu metu sėtų linijinės veislės rapsų. Vėlai (rugsėjo mėn.) sėjant žieminius rapsus, azoto ir kalio santykis lapuose bei šaknyse rudenį pasibaigus vegetacijai ir pasibaigus atsinaujinusiai vegetacijai žiemojimo metu hibridinės veislės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Experiments were carried out in the Experimental Station of Lithuanian University of Agriculture in 2009¬–2010. Soil type was Hapli-Epihypogleyic Luvisol. Two winter rape varieties – ‘Sunday’ (linear) and ‘Kronos’ (hybrid) were studied in the field experiment. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of sowing time and type of cultivar on changes of chemical composition of winter rape. Treatments of the experiment: factor A – sowing dates: 1) August 10, 2) August 20, 3) August 30, 4) September 5, 5) September 10, 6) September 15; factor B – cultivar: 1) linear ’Sunday’, 2) hybrid ’Kronos’. Changes of chemical composition in autumn-winter period in winter rape of linear and hybrid cultivars sown at different time were unequal. During resumed vegetative growth at the beginning of wintering amount of dry matter and sugar decreased more intensive in rape of linear cultivar compared with hybrid cultivar, so potential of successful wintering of rape of linear cultivar decreased. A tendency of increased amount of dry matter in apical bud of the ‘Kronos’ plants during this period was established. Amount of total sugar in apical bud of winter rape of linear cultivar decreased during resumed vegetative growth at the beginning of wintering. Amount of total sugar in apical bud of winter rape of hybrid cultivar ’Kronos’ sown in September decreased slower than this in apical bud of winter rape of linear cultivar ’Sunday’. Ratio of nitrogen:potassium in leaves and roots of... [to full text]

Lauko eksperimentai atlikti 2009 – 2010 m. Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto bandymų stotyje, kur dirvožemis yra karbonatingas sekliai glėjiškas išplautžemis (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol). Mūsų tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti žieminių rapsų sėjos laiko poveikį rudens skrotelės cheminei sudėčiai ir augalų peržiemojimui. Skirtingu laiku sėtų žieminių rapsų skrotelės cheminė sudėtis turėjo įtakos augalų žiemojimui – tarp šių požymių buvo nustatyti įvairaus stiprumo statistiškai patikimi priklausomumai. Linijinės ‘Sunday‘ veislės rapsų skrotelės cheminė sudėtis stipriau įtakojo peržiemojimo proc., palyginus su hibridine ‘Kronos‘ veisle. Geriau peržiemojo hibridinės veislės rapsai (ypač sėti vėliau) – 39,2–77,0 proc. augalų, negu linijinės veislės – 12,8–54,0 proc. Geriausia žieminiai rapsai peržiemojo sėti rugpjūčio 30 - rugsėjo 5. Jie lapuose sukaupė 15,23-18,14% sausųjų medžiagų, 4,61-5,69% bendrojo cukraus, N ir K santykis lapuose buvo 1,64-1,76. Viršūniniame pumpure – 18,01-19,68% sausųjų medžiagų, 6,00-8,49% bendrojo cukraus, N ir K santykis buvo 1,49-1,69 ir šaknyse – 17,46-18,37% sausųjų medžiagų, 7,71-10,30% bendrojo cukraus, N ir K santykis buvo 1,05-1,56. Hibridinės veislės rapsai, ypač sėjant juos vėliau, intensyviau ruošiasi žiemojimui. Rapsų peržiemojimas priklausė nuo skrotelės cheminės sudėties: sausųjų medžiagų ir bendrojo cukraus kiekio, bei nuo N ir K santykio. / The experiment carried out in the Experimental Station of Lithuanian University of Agriculture in 2009 – 2010. The soil is shallow calcareous Luvisols (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol). The aim of our investigation was to determine the effect of sowing time of winter oilseed rape on autumn rosette chemical composition and over-wintering. Chemical composition of rossete of winter rape sown at different time influenced crop over-wintering – significant correlation between this indicators was established. The stronger influence of the winter rape rosette composition on over-wintering was established in rape of linear cultivar ‘Sunday‘ than in rape of hybrid cultivar ‘Kronos‘.Winter rape of hybrid cultivar over-wintered better – 39, 2–77,0%, winter rape of linear cultivar – 12,8–54,0%. Winter rape sown on 30 August – 5 September best over-wintered. They acumulated 15,23–18,14% of dry matter, 4,61–5,69% of total sugar, N and K ratio was 1,64–1,76 in leaves, and in apical bud – 18,01–19,68% of dry matter, 6,00–8,49% of total sugar, N and K ratio was 1,49–1,69 and in roots – 17,46-18,37% of dry matter, 7,71-10,30% of total sugar, N and K ratio was 1,05-1,56. Winter rape of hybrid cultivar sown at later dates prepared for over-wintering more intensively. Winter rape of both cultivars sown at the latest date not over-wintered. Over-wintering depended winter rape rosette on the chemical composition: dry matter and total sugar content, and the N and K ratio.

Baigiamajame darbe pateikiami lauko eksperimento, vykdyto Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto bandymų stotyje 2010–2011 m., duomenys. Dirvožemis karbonatingas sekliai glėjiškas išplautžemis (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol). Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti sėjos laiko įtaką linijinių ir hibridinių žieminių rapsų derliaus formavimuisi skirtingos trukmės šiltėjančiu rudens – žiemos periodu. Sėjos laikas ir veislė turėjo esminės įtakos žieminių rapsų pasėlių tankumui rudenį. Rugpjūčio 20 d., rugsėjo 5 ir 10 d. sėtų skirtingų veislių žieminių rapsų pasėlių tankumas skyrėsi esmingai – tankesni buvo linijinės veislės rapsų pasėliai. Žieminių rapsų sudygimui įtakos turėjo meteorologinės sąlygos dygimo metu, ypač – kritulių kiekis ir intensyvumas. Sėjos laikas turėjo esminės įtakos rapsų biometriniams rodikliams rudenį prieš žiemojimą. Veislės esminė įtaka nustatyta tik lapų skaičiui pasėjus žieminius rapsus rugpjūčio mėnesį. Pasibaigus atsinaujinusiai vegetacijai rudens–žiemos laikotarpiu, sėjos laiko įtaka rapsų biometriniams rodikliams išliko esminė. Didesnę antžeminės dalies masę, lapų skaičių bei šaknų masę užaugino ‘Kronos’ veislės žieminiai rapsai. Atsinaujinus vegetacijai pavasarį, sėjos laikas turėjo esminės įtakos antžeminės dalies masei bei šaknų masei, tuo tarpu lapų skaičiui esminės įtakos nebuvo. ‘Kronos’ veislės žieminiai rapsai suformavo esmingai didesnę šaknų masę, juos sėjant rugpjūčio 10 d. Trumpas pasiruošimo žiemojimui laikotarpis, nepalankios meteorologinės sąlygos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Data of the field experiment completed on the experiment station at Aleksandras Stulginskis University in the period 2010 – 2011 are analysed in the thesis. Soil of the experiment field - (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol). Aim of the research – to estimate the effect of the linear and hybrid winter rape yield formation during the warming autumn – winter period. Sowing time and variety had significant effect on winter rape crop thickness in autumn. Thickness of the crop of the considered winter rape varieties sown August 20, September 5 and 10 differed, considerably. Thicker crop was recorded for the linear rape variety. Meteorological conditions especially precipitation amount and intensity were found to have significant effect on winter rape germination. Sowing time contributed significantly to the biometric rape indices before wintering. The obtained data revealed the effect of variety on the number of winter rape leaves sown in August. The effect of the sowing time after the end of renewed vegetation in autumn-winter period was found to be significant. ‘Kronos’ variety winter rape produced higher above-ground mass, leaves number and root mass. The sowing time was found to have a significant effect not only on the above-ground mass but also on root mass. ‘Kronos’ variety winter rape sown August 10 were recorded to produce considerably higher root mass. Due to unfavourable meteorological conditions at the end of winter the rape sown August 10 and 20 over-wintered. Sowing... [to full text]

There are presented the following parts in the final master diploma work: introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions and list of literature. Total coverage of diploma work- 57 pages, including 41 pictures and 6 charts. There are presented 51 sources of information. The goal of diploma work- to analyze traditional and protective technology of growth of sugar- beets and machines of soil treatment. To construe the movement of knifes of rotor cultivator in the soil. To investigate and compare sowing, harvest and qualitative indexes of growing the sugar- beets according different technologies. Main tasks of diploma work- to analyze technologies of growth of sugar beets; to overlook machines of soil treatment and their technological processes; to analyze the movement of vertical rotor cultivators and cultivators with horizontal roller in the soil; to investigate the influence of different technologies of soil treatment and sowing to quality of insertion of seeds of sugar- beets and to harvest of sugar beets and it’s qualitative indexes; to evaluate and to compare treatment of soil and sowing technologies of sugar beets by indexes of energy.