A bulk of empirical literature has emerged that explores the role of various location factors as determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). A notable feature of these studies is that their empirical approaches abstract from third-country (spatial) effects in FDI across the home and host country dimensions. Neglecting these effects could bias results concerning the role of location factors for attracting FDI. This in turn may lead to misguided economic policy conclusions. The current paper adds to the literature by applying the recently proposed spatial "origin-destinationow model" of LeSage and Pace (2008) to FDI ows from 7 Western OECD home countries to 8 CEE host countries. Controlling for country-pair and time effects our results indicate that (a) spatial interactions across the host country dimension matter for FDI revealing that vertical complex FDI ows dominate total FDI ows to CEECs; (b) spatial autocorrelation in the home country dimension is absent; (c) results of previous studies remain valid as coefficient estimates on location factors change only slightly when spatial interdependencies are considered and (d) effective corporate income taxes and the endowment with production-related material infrastruc- ture are statistically and economically signifficant determinants of FDI in CEECs. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

Ampia discussione è in corso riguardo ai Fondi Strutturali Europei, uno strumento creato dall’Unione Europea per ridurre le differenze economiche tra le sue regioni. Durante il CSF 2000-06 essi hanno rappresentato 1/3 del budget comunitario. Nonostante tale sforzo, parte della letteratura trova scarsi effetti e persistenza nei differenziali di PIL che i fondi dovrebbero ridurre. In questo lavoro si affronterà la questione osservando le regioni dell’EU-15, nel periodo 2000-07. L’effetto dei fondi è stato dapprima stimato con modelli di convergenza assoluta e considerando problemi come l’autocorrelazione spaziale e l’eterogeneità delle regioni. L’attenzione si è quindi diretta alla costruzione di un dataset contenente cifre dettagliate dei fondi pagati annualmente a ciascuna regione, tramite combinazione di informazioni da fonti ufficiali e tramite stime per coprire le cifre per cui tali informazioni erano mancanti. Con questo dataset sono quindi stati stimati modelli che considerassero effetti di spill-over e la possibilità di cluster convergence. È risultato che i fondi strutturali hanno effetti tutto sommato positivi. L’utilizzo di modelli più complessi e realistici ha però mostrato una debole convergenza, lasciando quindi dubbi sull’effettiva efficacia dei fondi. / A vast discussion is underway regarding European structural funds, an instrument the European Union created in order to reduce the economic differentials among its regions. During the 2000-2006 CSF they represented 1/ 3 of EU budget. Despite these efforts, part of the literature finds small effects and persistence in those differences in GDP which these funds should reduce. In this work the issue will be addressed by looking at regions within EU-15, in the period 2000-2007. Proof of the positive effect of funds was first searched using models of absolute beta convergence and addressing issues like spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity between regions. The attention moved then to the task of constructing a dataset which could provide detailed figures on funding paid to each region each year, by combining information available from official sources and through the estimation of those figures for which information was missing. On the base of this dataset new models were estimated, taking into account the spill-over effects and the possibility of cluster convergence. The result was that structural funds have, overall, a positive impact. Once we move to more complex and realistic models, convergence becomes weaker, casting some doubts on the effectiveness of these funds.

Empirical trade economists have found that shocks on foreign direct investment (FDI) of some parent country in a host country affect the same parent country´s FDI in other hosts (interdependent hosts). Independent of this, there is evidence that shocks on a parent country´s FDI in some host economy affect other parent countries´ FDI in the same host (interdependent parents). In general equilibrium, shocks on FDI between any country pair will affect all country-pairs´ FDI in the world, including anyone of the two countries in a pair as well as third countries (interdependent third countries). No attempt has been made so far to allow simultaneously for all three modes of interdependence of FDI. Using cross-sectional data on FDI among 22 OECD countries in 2000, we employ a spatial feasible generalized two-stage least squares and generalized moments estimation framework to allow for all three modes of interdependence across all parent and host countries, thereby distinguishing between market-size-related and remainder interdependence. Our results highlight the complexity of multinational enterprises´ investment strategies and the interconnectedness of the world investment system (authors' abstract). / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

大眾捷運系統帶來之快捷與便利，使其成為許多都會區民眾依賴之交通工具。捷運系統對鄰近不動產交通可及性提升，所伴隨之便利性將透過資本化效果反映於其價格之上，帶動周邊不動產價格上漲，過去不論國內外關於捷運對周邊房價影響之研究，實證結果亦多支持捷運對於房價有正面影響，且該影響隨著與捷運車站距離增加而遞減。捷運房價效果的區位差異與類型差異過去雖已有研究論及，但對捷運房價效果差異與其變化趨勢未能有明確細緻描述。此外，該等研究均忽略空間相關因素，將影響其估計結果。 　　本文使用國內某金融機構2007、2008年間台北都會區內台北捷運初期路網沿線車站周邊住宅為實證對象，應用空間迴歸模型檢視捷運系統對鄰近住宅價格之影響效果。實證結果顯示，就整體樣本而言捷運對房價確有正向影響但並不如想像之大，且該影響隨區位與類型之不同確有差異。 / Many previous studies have showed that metro system has a positive impact on the property values due to its accessibility benefits and the effect should decline as distance increases. While the pattern of the change and its difference between stations located in different locations has yet not been fully discussed, most of the studies failed to allow for spatial autocorrelation over space. This research uses spatial econometrics to estimate a residential housing model that considers spatial autocorrelation. The empirical results show the difference in the price effect of metro stations between urban and suburban areas does exist. The effect tends to get stronger in certain area, the closer the property lies within to the suburban area the greater the effect is. Also, we find price gaps between different metro station categories. Generally, underground stations and transfer stations have greater positive effect on residential property values.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 William Munhoz Projeto Final com Ficha Corrigido.pdf: 4473478 bytes, checksum: 7b1478eb7af3bddfea86fdecc4ffa256 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-01 / No início dos anos 2000 diversas usinas de cana-de-açúcar foram instaladas no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, principalmente na região da Grande Dourados no sul do estado. Na maior parte dos casos elas foram instaladas em pequenos municípios, cujo investimentos impactaram a dinâmica e a economia local. Por outro lado, não somente o município onde usinas foram instaladas sofreram impactos, mas sim todos que estavam diretamente ou indiretamente ligados a eles e a essa indústria que crescia vertiginosamente. O presente estudo buscou compreender a relação espacial entre os municípios na evolução de indicadores econômicos a partir da renda gerada pela produção de canade-açúcar. Para tal, foram construídos modelos de econometria espacial, a partir da metodologia Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) com dois conceitos de vizinhança distintos, um levando em conta os limites físicos políticos fronteiriços e o outro, a relação hierárquica entre os municípios da região sugerida pelo IBGE. Também, buscou-se compreender o impacto que o principal município da região, Dourados, tem nessa relação adicionando e retirando seus dados no cálculo das regressões. Verificou-se que o conceito de vizinhança dado pela hierarquia dos municípios captura a relação entre atividade econômica regional e produção de cana-de-açúcar municipal, enquanto o conceito dado pela fronteira física não permite encontrar tal relação. Por outro lado, a produção municipal possui pouca relação com a economia do próprio município onde se localiza. Também se verificou que o principal município da região é fundamental para captar a correlação entre a renda gerada pela produção de cana-de-açúcar municipal e indicadores econômicos dos municípios da região. Observou-se que cada município influencia e é influenciado pelos demais dentro de uma rede hierárquica com papeis e importância bem definidas, sendo que a distância física entre as unidades espaciais pouco ou nada importa no contexto regional para que os reflexos possam ser captados. Dessa forma, os resultados sugerem que a instalação da indústria sucroalcooleira em um município em particular gera spillovers para além do município onde se instala, e, portanto, políticas públicas de crescimento e desenvolvimento local associadas ao agronegócio sucroalcooleiro devem ser pensadas a nível regional, e não simplesmente municipal. Por fim, recomenda-se que novos estudos busquem mensurar o real tamanho dos impactos diretos e indiretos na economia ocasionada pela renda gerada pela produção de cana-de-açúcar como também se recomenda testes com defasagem de um ano da variável independente para observar possíveis mudanças nos resultados observados nesse estudo. / At the beginning of the years 2000th, several sugar cane mills have been installed in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil, mostly in the region of Dourados city, in the south of the State. In most cases these mills have been installed in small cities, where the investments have played big role to impact local economy and dynamic. In the other hand, not only the city where investments have been driven to felt these impacts, but also all the other cities where they have been connected directly or indirectly within this rapid growing sugar cane industry. This study have tried to understand the spatial relation within the cities and the evolution of their economic performance indicator related to the sugar cane production income. Therefore, two spatial econometrics models have been written off following the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) methodology. It was used two different neighbourhood concept, one has taken into account geographical and political borders whereas the other has taken into account the city’s hierarchy among them suggested by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). It was also part of this study do understand the meaning of the main and more important city in the whole region, Dourados, once the city’s data is added or withdrew in the regression analysis. It was verified that the neighbourhood concept given by cities’ hierarchy captures the relationship between regional economic activities and sugar cane production within the city, whereas the concept given by geography and political border have failed to find it. Not only that, but it was also verified that the inner county sugar cane production has not much to do with its own economy. It was also possible to verify that the main city in the region is essential to capture correlation between sugar cane production income and regional economic indicators in the cities. It was observed that each city influences and is influenced by the others following an hierarchy network where they play a well determined role and significance, and physical distance between spatial unities little or close to nothing have to do in the regional context to capture this correlation. For that reason, the results suggest that the investments from sugarcane industry in a county creates economic spillover beyond its border where it has been installed, and therefore, public policies to develop and growth associated with agribusiness shall be thought and created in a regional scale rather than local. Lastly, it is recommended new studies to measure the real size of economic direct and indirect impacts generated by sugar cane production income, as well it is recommended new tests with one-year lag of the independent variable seeking possible changes in observed results.

La production de bois intègre notamment des enjeux économiques, climatiques et énergétiques. En France, selon les données de l'Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière, l'accroissement biologique de la forêt est largement supérieur aux prélèvements de bois. C'est pourquoi l'État français a fixé l'objectif de prélever 21 millions de m3 supplémentaires de bois d'ici 2020 (Grenelle de l'environnement, 2007). Cependant, la forêt française appartient majoritairement à des propriétaires forestiers privés qui ont des préférences à la fois pour le revenu issu de la vente de bois et pour les aménités non-bois. Les politiques visant à accroître la production de bois doivent donc intégrer ces aspects. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de comprendre les déterminants de la production jointe de bois et d'aménités non-bois en France. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes d'abord intéressés aux déterminants individuels et régionaux de l'offre de bois. Nous montrons que le comportement d'offre de bois d'un propriétaire peut varier en fonction du comportement de production de bois constaté chez ses pairs (effets sociaux). Ensuite, nous mettons en évidence un comportement de mimétisme dans les décisions de production jointe de bois et d'aménités des propriétaires forestiers privés. Enfin, nous analysons les arbitrages inter-temporels réalisés par les propriétaires entre aménités non-bois et revenu de la vente de bois en prenant en compte explicitement les anticipations de prix et de croissance. Nous évaluons à 23e par an la valeur que les propriétaires de notre échantillon accordent à 1m3/ha de bois supplémentaire laissé sur pied par rapport au niveau de stock des propriétaires industriels afin d'avoir des aménités plus importantes.Un des enjeux de ce travail est d?offrir des pistes pour mobiliser la ressource forestière ne faisant pas l'objet d'une offre, faute d'implication des propriétaires privés, soit par manque de connaissance ou d'intérêt pour leur forêt, soit parce que d'autres aspects sont privilégiés (services d'aménités non-bois par exemple). Dans cette thèse, nous montrons que les effets de mimétisme et d'entrainement social (effets sociaux) peuvent être utilisés pour amener les propriétaires forestiers à produire plus de bois. Nous montrons également, qu'une hausse du prix du bois ou la mise en place d'une taxepeut favoriser la prise de la décision de coupe de bois et augmenter l'intensité de la récolte. / Timber production is related to economic, climate and energy issues. In France,according to data from the National Institute of Geoinformation and Forestry, thebiological growth rate of the forest is greater than the timber harvest rate. Thus, theFrench government has set a target of harvesting an additional quantity of 21 millioncubic meter of timber by 2020 ("Grenelle de l'environnement, 2007"). However, theFrench forest is majority owned by private forest owners who have preferences forboth income from timber trade and from non-timber amenities. The policies toincrease timber production must include these aspects. The objective of this thesisis to understand the determinants of joint production of timber and non-timberamenities in France.Therefore, we first analyze private forest owners' timber supply, taking into accountindividual and regional determinants. Afterwards, we investigate whether thedrivers of forest owners behavior differ within and between these different levels.We show that similar timber supply behavior can be observed when regional characteristicsor those of peers are similar. Then, we highlight a mimicry behavior injoint production decisions of timber and amenities made by private forest owners.Finally, we analyze inter-temporal trade-offs made by the owners from non-timberamenities and income from the sale of wood. We explicitly take into account theprice expectations and growth. Our estimations show that the willingness to pay fornon-timber amenities is e23 for our case study. This value is the difference betweenthe value they could have earned if they tried to maximize timber revenue and therevenue of their actual logging.Mainly beacause of a lack of involvement of private owners, either through a lackof knowledge or interest in their forest, or because other aspects are privileged (nontimberamenities, e.g.), a part of forest ressource is not subject to a commercial offer.Providing ways to mobilize this ressource is one of the challenges of this work. Weshow that the mimetic effects and the contextual effects can be used to encourageforest owners to produce more timber. An effective policy could be a combinationof these two effects. We also show that an increase in the price of timber or theadoption of a tax may be an incentive for timber harvesting.

Cette thèse examine les principaux déterminants des stratégies de subsistance des ménages ruraux. Elle cherche à comprendre comment ces stratégies impactent la déforestation à petite échelle et la conservation de la biodiversité suivant une approche paysagère. A partir d’une base de données unique obtenue grâce à une enquête en face-à-face auprès d’un échantillon représentatif de 1035 ménages dans le paysage transfrontalier de conservation du Trinational Dja-Odzala-Minkébé (Tridom-TCL)-Bassin du Congo, cette thèse vise à répondre à trois questions et s’organise en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre analyse "comment les ménages autochtones et locaux formulent leurs préférences parmi les stratégies et moyens d’existence” à l’aide d’un model Probit autorégressif spatial. Le deuxième chapitre examine "comment et à quelle amplitude ces stratégies impactent la déforestation à petite échelle" à l’aide d’un modèle de décalage spatial. Compte tenu de la nature des interactions entre les ménages et de la faune, de leurs principales activités, le troisième chapitre examine "les préférences des ménages pour la conservation des éléphants de forêt” à l’aide des modèles à variable qualitatives limitées.Les actifs financiers (transfert d’argent et emprunts), la distance au marché, les dommages résultant des conflits homme-éléphant et l’ethnicité, plus précisément, l’autochtonie comptent parmi les facteurs déterminants des choix de stratégies de subsistance des ménages ruraux dans le Tridom-TCL. Nous montrons en outre que l’intensité de déforestation des ménages varie significativement en fonction de ces stratégies de subsistance. Par conséquent, les engagements en faveur de la réduction de la déforestation peuvent être favorisés par une bonne prise en compte des facteurs qui gouvernent les choix des modes de subsistance opérés par les ménages. Ils peuvent également être favorisés par la prise en compte les interactions entre ménages ainsi que leur localisation dans le paysage. En effet, nous trouvons qu’il existe des effets d’imitation, dans la décision de déforestation, entre les ménages d’un même voisinage, avec des effets spatiaux indirects susceptibles d’amplifier la déforestation à petite échelle.Les solutions transversales, aux trois questions abordées dans cette thèse, en faveur d’un paysage durable devraient viser l’optimisation des compromis entre les stratégies de subsistance des ménages, les forêts et/ou les habitats naturels de la faune. Les décideurs devraient, par exemple, procéder à l’intégration des corridors de mobilité de grands mammifères dont les éléphants de forêt, dans des zones à forte concentration de la faune et loin des espaces communautaires afin de réduire le risque de conflits hommes-faune. / This thesis investigates the key drivers of rural households’ choices of livelihoods, and how these choices impact forest clearing and biodiversity conservation under a landscape approach. Using a novel and unique database obtained from a face-to-face survey with a representative sample of 1035 households in the Dja-Odzala-Minkébé trinational transboundary conservation landscape (Tridom-TCL)- Congo basin , this PhD thesis address three main questions investigated in three chapters. Using a spatial probit model, the first chapter investigates “how do local and indigenous households formulate their preferences among livelihoods strategies?” Using a spatial lag model, the second chapter investigates “how and how much do these livelihoods strategies, given wildlife constrains such as human-wildlife conflicts, impact smallscale deforestation?” Using corner solution models, the third chapter investigates "how the nature of the interactions among households and wildlife, the households’ main activities as well as their land holdings impact their willingness to pay to prevent endangered forest elephant extinction?”Among other, we find that livelihoods strategies are determined by autochthonous status, financial assets (money transfer and access to loan), distance to market and larger crop losses resulting from human-wildlife conflicts. Further, we show that livelihoods strategies are important for deforestation. Therefore, the commitments to reducing small-scale deforestation may be favored by a good consideration of factors that drive households’ livelihoods strategies. We find out that spatial issues seem to be important. Proximity among households yields spatial shift effects and spatial spillover effects that are likely to amplify small-scale deforestation. We also argue that, cross-cutting solutions towards a sustainable landscape considering these three crucial issues involve optimizing trade-off between households’ livelihoods strategies, forest and the natural habitats of fauna. Therefore, the issues of community land security, of where natural habitat is needed and of how it should be managed are at the core of the problem. For example, decision-makers should proceed with the integration of large mammals mobility corridors far away from the community settlements in order to enhance zero-conflict-oriented elephant habitats; corridors should be consistently placed relatively to high elephant-concentration zones without crossing into zones with denser human populations.

Doctor of Philosophy / Environmental Design and Planning / Huston Gibson / Lee R. Skabelund / Urban agriculture and urban food-systems are locally productive landscapes and their supporting programs and networks. Urban agriculture is now valued and actively promoted by many urban communities. Having numerous community benefits, UA is often considered to have desirable neighborhood amenities and is assumed to have effects on nearby property prices. However, very little is known about the primary or secondary economic contribution of these productive landscapes to urban environments, particularly in regards to how urban agriculture relates to property values in a neighborhood. Because urban agriculture sites are often overpowered by increasing exchange-values of surrounding properties, the original values (economic and non-economic) to the neighborhood or community may be lost as urban agricultural sites are transformed by “higher return” development schemes. Since urban agriculture can disappear or fail without effective financing and adequate policy and planning support, it is imperative to the longevity of such programs to understand how important land-use and economic variables interrelate. This study examines the spatial-temporal magnitude and economic relationship between urban agriculture parcels and property values. The study uses the hedonic method employing the Spatial-Durbin modeling approach. Findings expand the theoretical and policy discourse on how investment of public resources aids neighborhood development through low exchange-value programs such as urban agriculture. In understanding the advantages of local food systems to urban form, context-specific neighborhood strategies developed in tandem with targeted community development and comprehensive plans can improve urban revitalization and (re)development within a larger resilient city planning framework. The key findings from the study illustrate that there is great value in understanding the most appropriate design approach and features of urban agriculture for different neighborhoods and market groups. Important design considerations include scale, design aesthetic, abundance and quality of urban agriculture sites within different market groups and neighborhoods.

This thesis analyses what drives sovereign credit risk when contagion is con- trolled for. CDS spreads are used as a measure of credit risk and bond yields are used to estimate interconnectedness of the examined countries. The main contribution lies in the use of high-frequency data and a robust wavelet based estimator in addition to spatial econometric model. The aim of this thesis is to test for presence of contagion and to evaluate which fundamentals are decisive for market perception of sovereign credit risk. Another goal is to evaluate the possibility of a structural break caused by the Greek debt restructuring. The results show that the restructuring did bring change. Contagion is present during the post-crisis period and it diminishes as the economies recover. Sim- ilarly, fundamentals are of higher importance in the post-crisis period when compared with the following period. JEL Classification C22, C31, C33, G01, G32, G33 Keywords spatial econometrics, CDS spreads, sovereign credit risk, financial contagion, realised covari- ance Author's e-mail josef.zahlava@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail petr.gapko@seznam.cz

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-07-20T11:48:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Eduardo de Souza Lauro - 2018.pdf: 2144486 bytes, checksum: e3297466fed7157ebeb44ccefd128da8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-23T12:04:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Eduardo de Souza Lauro - 2018.pdf: 2144486 bytes, checksum: e3297466fed7157ebeb44ccefd128da8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T12:04:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Eduardo de Souza Lauro - 2018.pdf: 2144486 bytes, checksum: e3297466fed7157ebeb44ccefd128da8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-13 / The present dissertation aims to evaluate the quality of the service provided by Celg Distribuição, through its continuity indicators, in order to propose improvement actions for the company. The collective indicators of duration and the equivalent frequency of interruptions (DEC and FEC), using a database formed from more than 200 data sets, are evaluated through unpublished methodologies for the theme, spatial analysis and decomposition of Oaxaca, with 200 million of observations related to all interruptions between 2014 and 2016 in the concession area of ​​the distributor. The main results indicate that there is a structural problem with the extrapolation of the regulatory limits of the distributor's indicators, placing it as the worst distributor in Brazil in recent years, a problem that was accentuated by the transfer of control of the State of Goiás to the Union in 2011. This problem presents a heterogeneous problem along the 200,000 km² area of ​​the concession area, whose problem is concentrated in the interior regions of the State of Goiás. In addition, there are significant differences regarding the the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia (REMG) and the interior of the State regarding the durations of the power outages. With the research, four actions are proposed for the company, being they to apply actions of the best electrical assemblies to those where the situation is more critical; to request the regulatory body to redefine regulatory limits; identify the primary cause of the outage; define a specific maintenance policy for the interior of the state of Goiás, a region whose continuity problem is more pronounced than in Goiânia. / A presente dissertação tem o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade do serviço prestado pela Celg Distribuição, por meio de seus indicadores de continuidade, a fim de propor ações de melhoria para a empresa. Avalia-se, por meio de metodologias inéditas para o tema, análise espacial e decomposição de Oaxaca, os indicadores coletivos de duração e frequência equivalente das interrupções (DEC e FEC), por meio de uma base de dados formada a partir de mais de 200 milhões de observações, relativas à todas as interrupções ocorridas entre 2014 e 2016 na área de concessão da distribuidora. Os principais resultados apontam que há um problema estrutural com a extrapolação dos limites regulatórios dos indicadores da distribuidora, colocando-a como pior distribuidora do Brasil nos últimos anos, problema que foi acentuado a partir da transferência de controle acionário do Estado de Goiás para a União, em 2011. Este problema apresenta-se de forma heterogênea ao longo dos cerca de 200 mil km² da área de concessão, cujo problema se concentra nas regiões do interior do Estado de Goiás. Além disso, verifica-se diferenças relevantes no que tange a região metropolitana de Goiânia (REMG) e o interior do Estado quanto às durações das quedas de energia. Com a pesquisa, quatro ações são propostas para a empresa, sendo elas a de aplicar ações dos melhores conjuntos elétricos àqueles onde a situação é mais crítica; pleitear junto ao órgão regulador a redefinição dos limites regulatórios; identificar a causa primária da interrupção e; definir uma política de manutenção específica para o interior do estado de Goiás, região cujo problema da continuidade é mais acentuado que na Grande Goiânia.