Neste trabalho utilizamos um modelo espaço-temporal proposto em Rojas (2004) para medir a interação social da criminalidade na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Realizamos simulações de Monte Carlo para testar a capacidade de estimação do modelo em diferentes cenários. Observamos que a estimação melhora com o aumento de observações ao longo do tempo. Já os resultados empíricos indicam que a região metropolitana de São Paulo é um hot spot no estado, pois é encontrado um maior grau de interação social no índice de homicídio em relação aos índices de roubo e furto. / In this paper we employ a spatio-temporal model proposed in Rojas (2004) to evaluate the social interaction in crime in São Paulo metropolitan area. We carry out Monte Carlo simulations to test the model estimation capability in different scenarios. We notice that the estimation gets better as the number of observations in time raises. The results point out that São Paulo metropolitan area is a hot spot in the state since we found out a greater social interaction for the homicide index, compared to robbery and thievery.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-16T12:05:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keyla Vaz Silva - 2017.pdf: 6392794 bytes, checksum: f8d2dc0417e8093d8de54c4eb9b66428 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-16T12:06:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keyla Vaz Silva - 2017.pdf: 6392794 bytes, checksum: f8d2dc0417e8093d8de54c4eb9b66428 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T12:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keyla Vaz Silva - 2017.pdf: 6392794 bytes, checksum: f8d2dc0417e8093d8de54c4eb9b66428 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-18 / The present research was developed in the city of Goiânia-GO with the objective of analyzing the importance of the Areião and Vaca Brava Parks in the mitigation of heat islands, from the spatial and temporal variation of temperature and relative humidity of the air and Absolute minimum, considering different forms of land use and occupation. The analysis considered the parameters temperature and relative humidity of the maximum and minimum air; Morphometric aspects, such as slope, hypsometry, orientation of the slopes; The different patterns of land use and occupation; The regional circulation. The morphometric information was obtained from the digital cartographic base model of the Urban Basic Digital Map of Goiânia (MUBDG, version 23) using ArcGis 10.1 software. The soil use and occupation pattern was obtained from the orthophoto image. The theoretical and methodological proposal was structured in the S.C.U (Urban Climate System), based on the Monteiro thermodynamic perception channel (1976). Air temperature and humidity data were obtained in situ and by means of secondary data provided by INMET (National Institute of Meteorology) from May to December 2016. In situ data were obtained from thermocouples (Datalogger) installed in (Sezarino and Monteiro, 1990b), with records every 15 minutes, distributed in densely urbanized sites and parks (Areião and Vaca Brava). The study area is located in the southern portion of Goiânia, due to the peculiar characteristics of a metropolis city. This research allowed to understand the spatial and temporal variation of the temperature and relative humidity of the air, being that the aspect of the seasonality is strongly identified. Among the analyzed factors, the morphometry, in this scale of analysis, had little influence on the spatial variation of the data. The pattern of land use and occupation was what, together with the regional dynamics, established influences in the analysis of data behavior. Specifically, points P3 and P4 (Field Headquarters of Goiás Esporte Clube and State College Pedro Xavier Teixeira) presented higher values of maximum air temperature (38.8 and 39.8 ° C) and the lowest relative humidity Air, of 18%. The importance of points P1 and P2 (Areião and Vaca Brava parks) is emphasized for cooling the temperature and increasing the humidity of the air in the place. They presented during the period considered hotter and drier in the study area, contribution of up to 5,5ºC in the cooling of the air temperature and, of up to 7%, in the higher humidity, thus improving the environmental quality. It is considered that due to the strong climatic seasonality of Goiânia, it is necessary to expand green areas as corridors integrated with the city parks in order to make it possible to cool the effects of the heat island. / A pesquisa que ora se apresenta foi desenvolvida na cidade de Goiânia-GO com o objetivo de analisar a importância dos Parques Areião e Vaca Brava na mitigação das ilhas de calor, a partir da variação espacial e temporal da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar máximas e mínimas absolutas, considerando diferentes formas de uso e ocupação do solo. A análise considerou os parâmetros temperatura e umidade relativa do ar máxima e mínima; aspectos morfométricos, como declividade, hipsometria, orientação das vertentes; os diferentes padrões de uso e ocupação do solo e; a circulação regional. As informações morfométricos foram obtidas a partir do modelo da base cartográfica digital do Mapa Urbano Básico Digital de Goiânia (MUBDG, versão 23), utilizando-se software ArcGis 10.1. O padrão de uso e ocupação do solo foi obtido a partir da imagem da ortofoto 2011. A proposta teórica e metodológica foi estruturada no S.C.U (Sistema do Clima Urbano), a partir do canal de percepção termodinâmico de Monteiro (1976). Os dados de temperatura e umidade do ar foram obtidos in situ e por meio de dados secundários disponibilizados pelo INMET (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia), entre maio a dezembro de 2016. Os dados in situ foram obtidos a partir de termohigrômetros (Datalogger) instalados em mini abrigo meteorológico (Sezarino e Monteiro, 1990b), com registros a cada 15 minutos, distribuídos em locais densamente urbanizados e de parques (Areião e Vaca Brava). A área de estudo está localizada na porção Sul de Goiânia, por apresentar características peculiares de cidade de porte de metrópole. Essa pesquisa permitiu compreender a variação espacial e temporal da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, sendo que o aspecto da sazonalidade é fortemente identificado. Dentre os fatores analisados, a morfometria, nessa escala de análise, pouco influenciou na variação espacial dos dados. O padrão de uso e ocupação do solo foi o que estabeleceu, juntamente com a dinâmica regional, influencias na análise do comportamento dos dados. Especificamente os pontos P3 e P4 (Sede do Campo do Goiás Esporte Clube e Colégio Estadual Pedro Xavier Teixeira) apresentaram valores mais elevados de temperatura máxima do ar (38,8 e 39,8°C) e, os menores índices de umidade relativa do ar, de 18%. Ressalta-se a importância dos pontos P1 e P2 (parques Areião e Vaca Brava) para o arrefecimento da temperatura e aumento da umidade do ar no local. Apresentaram durante o período considerado mais quente e mais seco na área de estudo, contribuição de até 5,5ºC no arrefecimento da temperatura do ar e, de até 7%, no de umidade mais elevada, melhorando assim a qualidade ambiental. Considera-se que mediante a forte sazonalidade climática de Goiânia, faz-se necessário a ampliação de áreas verdes como corredores integrados com os parques da cidade de forma a possibilitar o arrefecimento dos efeitos da ilha de calor.

Os efeitos de borda e a alteração da estrutura das paisagens constituem consequências negativas da fragmentação florestal responsáveis por transformações nos processos ecológicos. Decorrentes da expansão desordenada de atividades antrópicas, estas alterações podem comprometer o futuro dos remanescentes florestais e a manutenção dos recursos naturais na superfície terrestre. Nesta dissertação a dinâmica da vegetação arbórea foi analisada em oito transectos perpendiculares às bordas de seis remanescentes florestais entre 1996 e 2012. As paisagens do entorno destes transectos foram caracterizadas a partir de imagens orbitais de 1995 e 2011 para a verificação das mudanças ocorridas no uso do solo e para a investigação da influência de seus parâmetros físicos e estruturais sobre as taxas de mortalidade e recrutamento de espécies. Os resultados indicaram que, ao longo do tempo, a influência das bordas se pronunciou em direção ao interior dos remanescentes florestais, enquanto que o contraste entre a borda e o interior se atenuou. A distância média da borda das espécies: pioneiras/iniciais, anemocóricas e de dossel foi significativamente maior em 2012 do que em 1996. A comunidade arbórea apresentou menor similaridade em sua composição ao longo do tempo a menores distâncias da borda. Apesar da dinâmica verificada no uso do solo, a proporcionalidade dos parâmetros físicos e estruturais das paisagens se manteve entre 1995 e 2011. De maneira geral, estes parâmetros apresentaram pouca influência sobre a dinâmica da comunidade arbórea. Apenas as taxas de mortalidade das espécies exóticas e as taxas de recrutamento das espécies pioneiras/inicias apresentam forte relação com o tamanho e o número dos fragmentos florestais nas paisagens. Estes resultados indicam que os efeitos de borda precisam ser atenuados e que o contexto das paisagens deve ser incorporado às estratégias conservacionistas para que estas sejam efetivas e o futuro dos remanescentes florestais não seja comprometido. / Edge effects and landscape structure alterations are among the negative consequences of forest fragmentation responsible for ecological process alterations on the earths surface. Originated from the disordered expansion of anthropogenic activities these alterations may endanger the remaining forest patches future and the maintenance of natural resources. This dissertation was pledged to analyze the vegetation dynamics at forest edges and its relations with landscape features. The vegetation dynamics was examined through eight perpendicular-to-edge transects within six forest patches and the alterations on the arboreal community distribution and composition were assessed between 1996 and 2012. The surrounding landscapes of the analyzed transects were characterized from 1995 and 2011 orbital images and its land use changes were evaluated. Landscape structure and physical parameters influence were analyzed over species recruitment and mortality. The results indicated that the distance of edge influence increased over time while its magnitude was attenuated. The average distance from the edge of pioneer/earlysuccessional species, wind-dispersed and canopy species in 2012 became significantly larger than in 1996. Over time lower similarities in species composition were found to be closer to the edges. Although the observed land use changes in the surrounding landscapes of the edge transects landscape structure and physical parameters proportionality was maintained between 1995 and 2011. Overall the arboreal community dynamics were poorly associated with landscape features. A strong relation of the variables was only found between the exotic and pioneer/early-successional species mortality and recruitment and the size and the amount of forest patches within the landscapes. These results indicate that to be effective conservation planning must tackled edge effects and incorporate the landscape context otherwise they will fail for the maintenance of the future of forest patches.

Most albatrosses are critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable due to the deleterious impact of fisheries, pollution, introduced species, habitat alteration, and climate change. Foraging behaviour influences many aspects of seabird biology, and a detailed understanding of foraging ecology is required to better predict the impacts of significant changes to the marine environment. Campbell Albatross (Thalassarche impavida) is a threatened endemic, confined to a small number of locations on Campbell Island, New Zealand and was recently split from the closely related Black-browed Albatross (T. melanophrys). We currently lack much basic information on the foraging behaviour of this species, hindering our ability to understand how change may have occurred in the past and make predictions about it’s long-term future. First, I used GPS loggers and stable isotope analysis of blood to investigate how distribution and foraging effort (distance travelled and duration) varied with sex and breeding stage. I found that Campbell Albatrosses are sexually dimorphic and showed sex-specific foraging behaviour and habitat use – although this varied by stage of reproduction. Because males and females may be vulnerable to different threats, such as interactions with fisheries, I compared the spatial overlap and high resolution spatio-temporal overlaps between fisheries vessels and albatrosses within New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Albatrosses utilised 32% of the EEZ, however they overlapped with fisheries vessels in only 0.20% of the area. Previous research has demonstrated that the influence of fisheries vessels goes beyond the immediate location of the boat itself. Campbell Albatross have low levels of spatio-temporal overlap with fisheries – with males overlapping more than females. More generally, my results indicate that adding data on fine scale interactions will improve fisheries risk assessments, and provide information needed for the conservation and management of the Campbell Albatross. A key development in recent ecological research has been a greater appreciation that inter-individual variation in foraging behaviour can have profound population-level consequences. Accordingly I tested for individual differences in foraging behaviour in Campbell Albatrosses. The majority of individuals demonstrated both annual and inter-annual individual consistency in foraging locations, and the degree of specialisation was influenced by both sex and year. Consistent terminal latitude and longitude of foraging trips indicated high foraging area fidelity with a degree of flexibility in the fine-scale location. During brooding, females used the Campbell Plateau and showed more consistent behaviours than males, which tended to forage in the Southern Ocean. This adds to a growing body of evidence of individual foraging specialisation among seabirds in general and albatrosses in particular and reveals marked inter-individual differences in vulnerability to threats. In light of the evidence of individual foraging specialisations in the Campbell albatross, I also preformed a literature review of individual foraging specialisations across all seabirds. I found studies examining foraging specialisation for 35 species, with 28 (80%) providing evidence of consistent inter-individual differences (i.e. specialisation). Current studies suggest that specialisation is influenced by environmental variability and resource predictability, however, with limited data in tropical regions, more studies are needed to test these links. In summary, my thesis has provided new information on Campbell Albatross foraging ecology. Sex specific variations in behaviour and habitat use may influence conservation and management strategies. I have been able to contextualise the consistent individual differences in foraging distribution described for this species in light of global patterns of individual foraging specialisation in seabirds and highlight future areas of research.

Learning to recognize and predict common activities, performed by objects and observed by sensors, is an important and challenging problem related both to artificial intelligence and robotics.In this thesis, the general problem of dynamic adaptive situation awareness is considered and we argue for the need for an on-line bottom-up approach.A candidate for a bottom layer is proposed, which we consider to be capable of future extensions that can bring us closer towards the goal.We present a novel approach to adaptive activity learning, where a mapping between raw data and primitive activity concepts are learned and continuously improved on-line and unsupervised. The approach takes streams of observations of objects as input and learns a probabilistic representation of both the observed spatio-temporal activities and their causal relations. The dynamics of the activities are modeled using sparse Gaussian processes and their causal relations using probabilistic graphs.The learned model supports both estimating the most likely activity and predicting the most likely future (and past) activities. Methods and ideas from a wide range of previous work are combined to provide a uniform and efficient way to handle a variety of common problems related to learning, classifying and predicting activities.The framework is evaluated both by learning activities in a simulated traffic monitoring application and by learning the flight patterns of an internally developed autonomous quadcopter system. The conclusion is that our framework is capable of learning the observed activities in real-time with good accuracy.We see this work as a step towards unsupervised learning of activities for robotic systems to adapt to new circumstances autonomously and to learn new activities on the fly that can be detected and predicted immediately. / Att lära sig känna igen och förutsäga vanliga aktiviteter genom att analysera sensordata från observerade objekt är ett viktigt och utmanande problem relaterat både till artificiell intelligens och robotik. I det här exjobbet studerar vi det generella problemet rörande adaptiv situationsmedvetenhet, och vi argumenterar för behovet av ett angreppssätt som arbetar on-line (direkt på ny data) och från botten upp. Vi föreslår en möjlig lösning som vi anser bereder väg för framtida utökningar som kan ta oss närmare detta mål. Vi presenterar en ny metod för adaptiv aktivitetsinlärning, där en mappning mellan rå-data och grundläggande aktivitetskoncept, samt deras kausala relationer, lärs och är kontinuerligt förfinade utan behov av övervakning. Tillvägagångssättet bygger på användandet av strömmar av observationer av objekt, och inlärning sker av en statistik representation för både de observerade spatio-temporala aktiviteterna och deras kausala relationer. Aktiviteternas dynamik modelleras med hjälp av glesa Gaussiska processer och för att modellera aktiviteternas kausala samband används probabilistiska grafer. Givet observationer av ett objekt så stödjer de inlärda modellerna både skattning av den troligaste aktiviteten och förutsägelser av de mest troliga framtida (och dåtida) aktiviteterna utförda. Metoder och idéer från en rad olika tidigare arbeten kombineras på ett sätt som möjliggör ett enhetligt och effektivt sätt att hantera en mängd vanliga problem relaterade till inlärning, klassificering och förutsägelser av aktiviteter. Ramverket är utvärderat genom att dels inlärning av aktiviteter i en simulerad trafikövervakningsapplikation och dels genom inlärning av flygmönster hos ett  internt utvecklad quadrocoptersystem. Slutsatsen är att vårt ramverk klarar av att lära sig de observerade aktivisterna i realtid med god noggrannhet. Vi ser detta arbete som ett steg mot oövervakad inlärning av aktiviteter för robotsystem, så att dessa kan anpassa sig till nya förhållanden autonomt och lära sig nya aktiviteter direkt och som då dessutom kan börja detekteras och förutsägas omedelbart.

A large part of people's lives are spent in indoor spaces such as office and university buildings, shopping malls, subway stations, airports, museums, community centers, etc. Such kind of spaces can be very large and paths inside the locations can be constrained and complex. Deployment of indoor tracking technologies like RFID, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi can track people and object movements from one symbolic location to another within the indoor spaces. The resulting tracking data can be massive in volume. Analyzing these large volumes of tracking data can reveal interesting patterns that can provide opportunities for different types of location-based services, security, indoor navigation, identifying problems in the system, and finally service improvements. In addition to the huge volume, the structure of the unprocessed raw tracking data is complex in nature and not directly suitable for further efficient analysis. It is essential to develop efficient data management techniques and perform different kinds of analysis to make the data beneficial to the end user. The Ph.D. study is sponsored by the BagTrack Project (http://daisy.aau.dk/bagtrack). The main technological objective of this project is to build a global IT solution to significantly improve the worldwide aviation baggage handling quality. The Ph.D. study focuses on developing data management techniques for efficient and effective analysis of RFID-based symbolic indoor tracking data, especially for the baggage tracking scenario. First, the thesis describes a carefully designed a data warehouse solution with a relational schema sitting underneath a multidimensional data cube, that can handle the many complexities in the massive non-traditional RFID baggage tracking data. The thesis presents the ETL flow that loads the data warehouse with the appropriate tracking data from the data sources. Second, the thesis presents a methodology for mining risk factors in RFID baggage tracking data. The aim is to find the factors and interesting patterns that are responsible for baggage mishandling. Third, the thesis presents an online risk prediction technique for indoor moving objects. The target is to develop a risk prediction system that can predict the risk of an object in real-time during its operation so that the object can be saved from being mishandled. Fourth, the thesis presents two graph-based models for constrained and semi-constrained indoor movements, respectively. These models are used for mapping the tracking records into mapping records that represent the entry and exit times of an object at a symbolic location. The mapping records are then used for finding dense locations. Fifth, the thesis presents an efficient indexing technique, called the $DLT$-Index, for efficiently processing dense location queries as well as point and interval queries. The outcome of the thesis can contribute to the aviation industry for efficiently processing different analytical queries, finding problems in baggage management systems, and improving baggage handling quality. The developed data management techniques also contribute to the spatio-temporal data management and data mining field. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Pour comprendre le fonctionnement d'un écosystème, il est essentiel de comprendre l'organisation du réseau trophique associé. Dans les eaux océaniques du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien (10-60°S, 35-90°E), si la répartition de la production primaire et la distribution des prédateurs supérieurs sont bien connues, un manque de connaissance demeure en ce qui concerne la distribution des différents organismes composant l'échelon trophique intermédiaire et ce, malgré leur importance écologique (pompe biologique et rôle trophique clé) et potentiellement économique (ambitions de pêche dans un futur proche). Pour combler ce manque, ce travail de thèse s'est concentré sur les distributions horizontale et verticale et la composition des organismes micronectoniques de cette région. La distribution du micronecton a donc été étudiée à méso- et large-échelle à partir d'enregistrements acoustiques (38 kHz). En termes de distribution verticale, une structuration en trois couches principales a été mise en évidence ; l'intensité et l'épaisseur de ces couches variant selon la période du jour (migrations nycthémérales) et les conditions océaniques (tourbillons océaniques à méso-échelle et fronts océaniques à large-échelle). En ce qui concerne la distribution horizontale, le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien a été caractérisé par des eaux (10 – 800 m) plus riches aux latitudes subtropicales, en été comme en hiver. Mais chaque type d'organisme ayant ses propres caractéristiques écologiques, il était important de pouvoir décrire les distributions propres à chaque groupe biologique composant ce micronecton. Une approche acoustique bifréquence (38 et 120 kHz) a permis de distinguer les crustacés micronectoniques des petits poissons mésopélagiques contenant une vessie natatoire gazeuse dans les eaux est de Kerguelen. En termes de distribution horizontale et de densité globale estimée, les crustacés micronectoniques dominaient les eaux océaniques à l'est de Kerguelen. Sur la verticale, deux types de structuration ont été mis en évidence : une structure agrégative et une structure en couches. Les crustacés micronectoniques ont été caractérisés par une structuration en couches, de jour comme de nuit, alors que les autres organismes sondés (les poissons ayant une vessie natatoire gazeuse notamment) présentaient une structuration mixte composée d'agrégats et de couches le jour et composée uniquement de couches la nuit. En résumé, l'approche acoustique utilisée dans ce travail a permis de décrire la distribution et la composition des organismes micronectoniques et fournit une base descriptive essentielle sur le micronecton du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. / To understand the functioning of an ecosystem, it is essential to understand the organization of its associated food web. While the distribution of primary production and top predators in the Southwest Indian Ocean's oceanic waters (10-60 ° S, 35-90 ° E) are well known, a lack of knowledge remains regarding the distribution of mid-trophic level organisms, despite their ecological (biological pump and key trophic role) and potentially economic (commercial fisheries in the near future) importance. To fill this gap, this work focused on the horizontal and vertical distribution and composition of micronektonic communities in this region. Micronekton comprises relatively small organisms (1 to 20 cm long) able to swim freely without being unduly affected by currents. Micronekton distributions have been studied at meso- and large-scale using acoustic recordings (38 kHz). A vertical structure in three layers has been identified ; the intensity and thickness of these layers vary depending on the considered time period (diel migration) and ocean conditions (meso-scale oceanic eddies and large-scale oceanic fronts). Horizontaly, the Southwestern Indian Ocean harbours the richest waters (10-800 m) in subtropical latitudes in summer and winter times. Since every organism has its own ecological characteristics, it was important to separatly describe the distribution of biological groups composing micronekton. A bi-frequency acoustic approach (38 and 120 kHz) allowed the distinction of micronektonic crustaceans from small mesopelagic gas-filled swimbladder fish in waters east of Kerguelen where micronektonic crustaceans where dominant in terms of overall acoustic density. Two distinct types of vertical structure were highlighted : an aggregative and a layer structure. Micronektonic crustaceans were characterized by layering, day and night, while other organisms (gas-filled swimbladder fish in particular) exhibited structure mixing aggregates and layers during the day, but only composed of layers during the night. In summary, the acoustic approach used in this work helped to describe the distribution and composition of micronektonic organisms and provides an essential knowledge base on the micronekton of the southwest Indian Ocean.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present dissertation purports to analyze the relationship between the notions of reference and ontology in the Peter Frederick Strawson‟s philosophy. Strawson wants to defend an ontological realism, in which the basic entities are material bodies. We have occupied ourselves with the analysis of the role of identifying reference in his argumentation. In the first Chapter, we analyze how the ontological problem is formulated by Strawson, within ordinary language. The phrase Linguistic Turn‟ is used to denote the set of issues around this topic. Our analysis concluded that ordinary language is the most general and pervasive language, which also has the means necessary for metaphysical researches. In the second Chapter, we deal with the elucidation of the conditions in which an identifying reference is successfully made. The analysis showed that, when referring to particulars, to consider the contextual requirements it is necessary to make a successfully identifying reference, which necessarily include spatio-temporal elements this condition is not necessary when we refer identifyingly to general things. Thus, we use the term spatio-temporal particulars to designate a class of items, which are, in a philosophical sense, concretes. In the Third Chapter, we examine how Strawson uses the notion of identifying reference to get the notions of independent and basic, which ought to be attached to the notion of materials bodies, if the philosopher intends to be a metaphysical realist. Through the analysis of the concept of reference, Strawson comes to the notion of a unified framework of knowledge of particulars, which is necessary for us to refer non-demonstratively to spatio-temporal particulars. However, a condition of this unity is the independent existence of spatio-temporal particulars. Although material bodies are basic in the category of spatio-temporal particulars, the identification of particulars of various subcategories rests on the identification of material objects. In the end, discuss some criticisms of Strawson‟s arguments and make another argument in support of Strawson‟s argument. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre as noções de referência e ontologia na filosofia de Peter Frederick Strawson. Strawson pretende defender uma ontologia realista, onde suas entidades básicas são objetos materiais e pessoas, assim, ocupamo-nos em elucidar o papel que a noção de referência identificadora cumpre nessa argumentação. No primeiro Capítulo, analisamos o modo como o problema ontológico é formulado, por Strawson, no âmago da linguagem ordinária. A expressão Giro Linguístico‟ é tomada para designar o conjunto de questões em torno desse tópico. Nossas análises obtiveram como conclusão que a linguagem ordinária é a mais geral e penetrante, a qual também disporia dos meios necessários para as investigações de caráter metafísico. No segundo Capítulo, ocupamo-nos com a elucidação das condições em que uma referência identificadora ocorre com sucesso. As análises mostraram que, quando nos referimos a particulares, é necessário, para o sucesso em referir, a consideração de requerimentos contextuais, os quais necessariamente incluem aspectos espaços-temporais e são dispensáveis na maioria das referências a entidades gerais. Destarte, passamos a usar o termo particulares espaço-temporais‟ para designar um conjunto de itens, os quais seriam, num sentido filosófico, concretos. No terceiro Capítulo, analisamos o modo como Strawson usa a noção de referência identificadora para chegar até as noções de independente e básico, as quais devem estar relacionadas com a noção de objetos materiais, caso o filósofo pretenda defender um realismo metafísico. Através das análises da noção de referência, Strawson chega até a noção de quadro unitário de conhecimento de particulares, o qual é necessário para que possamos referir não-demonstrativamente para particulares espaço-temporais. Porém, uma condição dessa unidade consiste na existência independente de particulares espaço-temporais. Não obstante, objetos materiais são básicos na categoria de particulares espaço-temporais, pois, a identificação de particulares de várias subcategorias descansa sobre a identificação de objetos materiais. No final, serão analisadas algumas críticas aos argumentos de Strawson e será indicada a possibilidade da formulação de outro argumento em suporte da argumentação de Strawson.

The goal of this master thesis is to suggest a methodology for a visualization history of changes in cadastral maps. The suggested methodology takes into account a selection of original historical and contemporary data, processing workflow and follow-up visualization using existing open source web technologies. The greatest contribution of this thesis is in the design of the spatio-temporal database, because currently there does not exist workable editor similar to it, which could be used for creating such data. The suggested procedure is based on database updating method of ISKN database utilizing amendment records. However this method is significantly simplified with the use of PostgreSQL/PostGIS geospatial functions. The available literature and other informational sources to the topic are overviewed in the first part of the master thesis. The term "spatio-temporal data" is thoroughly defined and also the ways of integrating temporal features into spatial data, methods of visualization of spatio-temporal data and recent state of their implementations into desktop platforms and web applications are noted. Furthermore historical and current data sources and their usability for the master thesis are described. The full methodology of pre-processing and processing of data and a subsequent visualization using...

La thermographie infrarouge est un moyen d'analyse du comportement mécanique des matériaux. Elle a connu un essor considérable depuis les années 80 avec l'apparition des premiers capteurs. Deux techniques principales ont pu être développées ; la calorimétrie quantitative et l'analyse des contraintes par thermoélasticité (TSA en anglais). Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, la majorité des travaux a été réalisée sur les métaux et les polymères. Le présent manuscrit relève le challenge d'appliquer ces techniques aux matériaux verres, en développant une méthodologie de débruitage des films thermiques, permettant de conserver la résolution spatiale des mesures thermiques. Cela permet de caractériser de forts gradients dans des champs de variations de température de faible intensité. Cette méthodologie a été utilisée pour débruiter des films thermiques d'échantillons de verre soumis à un chargement mécanique cyclique. Dans un premier temps, elle a été appliquée pour étudier la réponse thermique d'une empreinte à l'échelle microscopique. Dans un second temps, elle a été utilisée pour remonter à des champs de contraintes et de sources de chaleur à l'échelle macroscopique. Ce travail ouvre de nouvelles perspectives à l'étude du comportement thermomécanique des matériaux fragiles présentant une faible réponse thermique sous sollicitation mécanique et de forts effets de gradients spatiaux. Les applications visées sont la fissuration et l'identification de paramètres constitutifs. / The infrared thermography is used to analyse the mechanical behavior of materials. Since the 80's, it has rised with the appearance of the first sensors. Two principal techniques has been developed; the quantitative calorimetry and the thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA). Until today, most of the works has been carried out on metals and polymers. This manuscript takes-up the challenge of applying these techniques to glassy materials by developing a methodology to denoise infrared movies, which allows to preserve the spatial resolution of the thermal measurement. It allows to caracterise high gradients of low temperature variation fields. This methodology has been used to denoised thermal movies of glass samples submitted to a cyclic mechanical test. In a first time, it has been applied to study the thermal response of an imprint at the microscopic scale. In a second time, stress and heat sources fields have been determined at the macroscopic scale. This work provides new possibilities to study the thermomechanical behavior of brittle materials which present a low thermal response and high spatial gradients under mechanical loading. The target applications are the cracking phenomenom and the identification of constitutive parameters.