Syftet med mitt examensarbete är att studera lärares användning av talhandlingar till flickor och pojkar, samt se om talhandlingarna kan ha någon inverkan på elevers talutrymme i klassrummet. Jag har valt att avgränsa mig till tre talhandlingar; beröm, tillsägelser och uppmaningar. Jag undersöker även om lärarnas egna upplevelser av interaktionen i klassrummet stämmer överens med hur det faktiskt ser ut. För att söka svar på mitt syfte och mina frågeställningar har jag använt mig av triangulering genom två metoder. Enskilda intervjuer har genomförts med de berörda lärarna för att få svar på deras kommentarer om interaktionen i klassrummet. Observationer har använts för att observera lärarnas interaktion med eleverna.  Min undersökning visar att lärare använder talhandlingar som beröm och uppmaningar relativt lika mellan flickor och pojkar. Den mest framträdande skillnaden mellan flickor och pojkar är när lärarna ger tillsägelser till eleverna. Då dominerar tillsägelser till pojkarna. Pojkarna tar själva friheten till att uttrycka sig fritt i klassrummet och får där med mer talutrymme. Lärarna själva ansåg inte att de gjorde någon skillnad mellan könen vid tillsägelser, vilket dock inte visade sig vara fallet i mina analyser av observationerna. Även utformningen av tillsägelser skiljer sig mellan könen. Till flickor är det vanligare med indirekta tillsägelser och till pojkar direkta. När pojkar får tillsägelser av lärarna handlar det oftast om beteenden som stör andra i klassen. När flickor får tillsägelser gäller det i allmänhet sådant som enbart stör dem själva. / The aim of my thesis is to study teachers' use of speech-acts for girls and boys, as well as see if the speech acts can influence pupils' speech space in the classroom. I have chosen to delimit my study to three speech acts, praise, reprimands, and calls. I also investigate if the teachers' own experiences of the interaction in the classroom are in line with what it looks like. To seek answers to my questions, I have used the triangulation by two methods. Individual interviews were conducted with the teachers concerned to get answers and their comments about the interaction in the classroom. I also observed the teachers' interactions with students.  My study shows that teachers uses speech acts as praise and calls relatively similar between girls and boys. The most prominent difference between girls and boys is when teachers give reprimands to the students. Then dominate reprimands the boys. The boys themselves take the liberty to express themselves freely in the classroom and get there with more speech space. Teachers themselves considered that they made no distinction between the sexes at reprimands, which not proved to be the case in my analysis of the observations. The design of the reprimands differs between sexes. For girls, it is more common with indirect reprimands and boys directly. When the boys get reprimands by the teachers, it's mostly about behavior that disturbs others in the class. When the girls get reprimands, in general such that only bothers them.

In this study, I examined how the study guide for A reading class - Practice reading comprehension is used in both theory and in practice, based on the type of questions asked. The aim of the concept is to practice reading comprehension based on five characters: foretell lady, reporter, detective, cowboy and artist. I have studied what type of questions the concept use and categorized these questions as authentic- or non-authentic questions. I have also studied how two teachers in Central Sweden use the concept, what type of questions they ask and then categorized them as authentic- or non-authentic questions. My results shows that the concept of A reading class - Practice reading comprehension use most authentic questions unlike the teachers who use slightly more non-authentic questions. The authentic questions give the students a greater opportunity to speak, unlike the non-authentic questions. When the students speaking space becomes greater the power relationship between the teacher and students becomes more equal.

The aim for this study has been to research how talking space is distributed in an Englishspeaking classroom in Swedish schools. This aim has been answered by conducting a phenomenographic research method, as well as semi-qualitative interviews which have been analysed with regard to related literature and research. A second aim has been to establish whether teachers make use of pedagogical tools while trying to distribute talking space. Both literature and research, as well as the Swedish National Agency of Education, deem it essential that students utilize their talking space in order to optimise their English-speaking abilities, while additional research emphasizes the benefits of pedagogical tools as aids to achieve this. Experience suggests it is not unusual for learners to have difficulties in creating and recognising opportunities to speak in class. A major motivating factor for conducting this study has thus been to discover what teachers do to encourage less communicative students to contribute orally. The results show that teachers tend to be aware of the need to make their students speak as much as possible, although their methods trying to achieve this vary. The results also show that the interviewees display an overall negative attitude towards physical pedagogical tools, but that they instead view their students, general teaching methods, the setting of assignments etc, as pedagogical tools in their own right to achieve this purpose.

The purpose of this essay is to highlight the space students receive through teachers´ questions in text conversations from a power perspective. The empirical data is based on observations in the classrooms, and student and teacher interviews. The ambition of this essay is to investigate the way power and standards reproduce and are created in classrooms. This is preformed through observations. Through interviews with students and teachers the study aims to display their experiences and reflections about the space provided. Methods used in the study are both quantitative and qualitative. The material in this study is represented by two schools and four classrooms in grade two. The theoretical framework is based on Foucault's theory of power and on Åsa Bartholdsson´s concept of "friendly exercise of power". The theoretical framework is also based on exercise of power as it has been analyzed in Donald Broady´s "educational frameworks" and the relationship between these frames and power, as well as the analytical concepts of speaking space, action space and interaction space. The results show that speaking space in the classroom is dominated by closed questions. To answer the teacher's questions the student needs to sit still on a chair and raise the hand and also that teachers do not create enough opportunities for students to refer to each other’s reply in conversations about a text. The conclusion that can be drawn is that teachers teach students through hidden power shapes and democratic forms for students' future roles as democratic citizens.