Storage Class Memory (SCM) is emerging as a viable alternative to traditional DRAM, alleviating its scalability limits, both in terms of capacity and energy consumption, while being non-volatile. Hence, SCM has the potential to become a universal memory, blurring well-known storage hierarchies. However, along with opportunities, SCM brings many challenges. In this tutorial we will dissect SCM challenges and provide an in-depth view of existing programming models that circumvent them, as well as novel data structures that stem from these models. We will also elaborate on fail-safety testing challenges -- an often overlooked, yet important topic. Finally, we will discuss SCM emulation techniques for end-to-end testing of SCM-based software components. In contrast to surveys investigating the use of SCM in database systems, this tutorial is designed as a programming guide for researchers and professionals interested in leveraging SCM in database systems.

Rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion energy storage devices are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage technologies. However, the lack of highly reversible Zn2+-storage anode materials with low potential windows remains a primary concern. Here, we report a two-dimensional polyarylimide covalent organic framework (PI-COF) anode with high-kinetics Zn2+-storage capability. The well-organized pore channels of PI-COF allow the high accessibility of the build-in redox-active carbonyl groups and efficient ion diffusion with a low energy barrier. The constructed PI-COF anode exhibits a specific capacity (332 C g–1 or 92 mAh g–1 at 0.7 A g–1), a high rate capability (79.8% at 7 A g–1), and a long cycle life (85% over 4000 cycles). In situ Raman investigation and first-principle calculations clarify the two-step Zn2+-storage mechanism, in which imide carbonyl groups reversibly form negatively charged enolates. Dendrite-free full Zn-ion devices are fabricated by coupling PI-COF anodes with MnO2 cathodes, delivering excellent energy densities (23.9 ∼ 66.5 Wh kg–1) and supercapacitor-level power densities (133 ∼ 4782 W kg–1). This study demonstrates the feasibility of covalent organic framework as Zn2+-storage anodes and shows a promising prospect for constructing reliable aqueous energy storage devices.

The Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) paradigm became a core principle for optimizing query processing in columnar database systems. Until now, only the LOAD/STORE instructions are considered to be efficient enough to achieve the expected speedups, while avoiding GATHER/SCATTER is considered almost imperative. However, the GATHER instruction offers a very flexible way to populate SIMD registers with data elements coming from non-consecutive memory locations. As we will discuss within this article, the GATHER instruction can achieve the same performance as the LOAD instruction, if applied properly. To enable the proper usage, we outline a novel access pattern allowing fine-grained, partition-based SIMD implementations. Then, we apply this partition-based SIMD processing to two representative examples from columnar database systems to experimentally demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of our new access pattern.

Sensors in smart-item environments capture data about product conditions and usage to support business decisions as well as production automation processes. A challenging issue in this application area is the restricted quality of sensor SAP HANA is a pioneering, and one of the best performing, data platform designed from the grounds up to heavily exploit modern hardware capabilities, including SIMD, and large memory and CPU footprints. As a comprehensive data management solution, SAP HANA supports the complete data life cycle encompassing modeling, provisioning, and consumption. This extended abstract outlines the vision and planned next step of the SAP HANA evolution growing from a core data platform into an innovative enterprise application platform as the foundation for current as well as novel business applications in both on-premise and on-demand scenarios. We argue that only a holistic system design rigorously applying co-design at different levels may yield a highly optimized and sustainable platform for modern enterprise applications.

While we are already used to see more than 1,000 cores within a single machine, the next processing platforms for database engines will be heterogeneous with built-in GPU-style processors as well as specialized FPGAs or chips with domain-specific instruction sets. Moreover, the traditional volatile as well as the upcoming non-volatile RAM with capacities in the 100s of TBytes per machine will provide great opportunities for storage engines but also call for radical changes on the architecture of such systems. Finally, the emergence of economically affordable, high-speed/low-latency interconnects as a basis for rack-scale computing is questioning long-standing folklore algorithmic assumptions but will certainly play an important role in the big picture of building modern data management platforms. In this talk, we will try to classify and review existing approaches from a performance, robustness, as well as energy efficiency perspective and pinpoint interesting starting points for further research activities.

With the discovery of the ferroelectric (FE) properties within HfO₂, the scaling gap between state-of-the-art technology nodes and non-volatile memories based on FE materials can be bridged. In addition to non-volatility, new memory concepts should guarantee sufficient endurance and operation stability. However, in contrast to optimized perovskite based FEs, binary oxide based FE memories still show changes in the memory window (MW) followed by either hard breakdown or closure of the MW. Recently, we have shown that anti-FE (AFE) materials exhibit very stable and significantly higher endurance with respect to the FE counterparts. Inspired by the robustness and remarkable cycling performance of the AFE materials, we analyze the remaining reliability aspects of these devices. By characterizing the pure film properties of capacitor stacks and switching performance when integrated into devices, we compare and investigate temperature stability, imprint, retention, and variability of both FE and AFE memories. We investigate if the lower energetic barrier to be overcome together with partial switching and lower switching induced stress are responsible for the higher endurance of the AFE with respect to the FE based memories. By utilizing charge trapping and charge pumping tests together with leakage current spectroscopy in combination with comprehensive modeling we check that assumption. Moreover, we identify the interfacial buffer layer as the weakest link of these devices.

Leveraging Storage Class Memory (SCM) as a universal memory--i.e. as memory and storage at the same time--has deep implications on database architectures. It becomes possible to store a single copy of the data in SCM and directly operate on it at a fine granularity. However, exposing the whole database with direct access to the application dramatically increases the risk of data corruption. In this paper we propose a lightweight on-line testing framework that helps find and debug SCM-related errors that can occur upon software or power failures. Our testing framework simulates failures in critical code paths and achieves fast code coverage by leveraging call stack information to limit duplicate testing. It also partially covers the errors that might arise as a result of reordered memory operations. We show through an experimental evaluation that our testing framework is fast enough to be used with large software systems and discuss its use during the development of our in-house persistent SCM allocator.

Thermische Energiespeicher tragen u. a. zur Erhöhung der Versorgungsicherheit in der Fernwärmeversorgung und zur Effizienzsteigerung des Fernwärmesystems (z. B. Flexibilisierung der Erzeuger, Speicherung überschüssiger Wärme, besserer hydraulischer Betrieb) bei. Dafür eignen sich Druckbehälter, sog. schlanke Heißwasserspeicher (Speichertyp b1). Die oben genannten Vorteile setzen einen effizienten Speicherbetrieb (niedrige interne und externe Speicherverluste) voraus. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Minimierung der internen Verluste durch die Verbesserung des thermischen Schichtungsverhaltens. Eine thermische Schichtung mit einem möglichst schmalen Übergangsbereich zwischen heißer und kalter Zone ist ein Indikator für geringe Mischvorgänge während der Beladung. Die Minimierung dieser Mischungsvorgänge bei der Beladung nimmt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Minimierung der internen Speicherverluste ein. Lohse und Brähmer untersuchten die Beladung mit herkömmlichen radialen Diffusor in schlanken Heißwasserspeicher mit numerischer Strömungssimulation. Die Arbeiten identifizieren aufgrund der schlanken Speicherform nachteilige Strömungseffekte wie z. B. einen ausgeprägten Wandstrahl. Dieser Wandstrahl regt Mischvorgänge an und damit steigen die internen Speicherverluste. Zur Überwindung dieser Strömungsproblematik schlägt die Beladung mit Drall vor. Die Untersuchungen von Oestreich zeigten das Strömungsverhalten im Diffusor und im Speicher, die Auswirkungen auf die thermische Schichtung sowie die Vorteilhaftigkeit. Dieser Beitrag soll eine detailliertere Beschreibung der Strömungsvorgänge liefern. Dieses Wissen ist unbedingt notwendig, um die Ursachen und Wirkungen bei der Beladung mit Drall und beim Aufbau der thermischen Schichtung besser zu verstehen. Die Modellierung und Simulation des Diffusors bzw. des Speichers erfolgen mit ANSYS CFX. Zur Auflösung turbulenter Strukturen findet die Large Eddy Simulation Anwendung. Dieser Artikel präsentiert erstmalig die Wirbelstrukturen im Diffusor mit Leitelementen zur Drallerzeugung. Die Speicherströmung weist ein ähnliches Verhalten zu bekannten Dichteströmungen (z. B. Lappen-Kluft-Struktur, Instabilitäten in den freien Scherschichten) auf, was bisher nicht bekannt war. Hohe Peclet-Zahlen (hohe Advektionsströme) im Speichermodell führen zu numerischer Instabilität der Simulation und erfordern deshalb erhöhten Diskretisierungsaufwand. / Thermal energy storage systems contribute, among other things, to increasing the security of supply in the district heating system and to improving the efficiency of the district heating system (e.g., making the generators more flexible, storing waste heat, better hydraulic operation). Pressure vessels, so-called slim hot water storage tanks (storage type b1) are suitable for this purpose. The above mentioned advantages require efficient storage operation (low internal and external storage losses). This paper deals with the minimization of internal losses by improving the thermal stratification behavior. Thermal stratification with a thermocline between hot and cold zone as narrow as possible is an indicator of low mixing processes during loading. Minimizing these mixing processes during loading takes a key role in minimizing internal storage losses. Lohse and Brähmer investigated loading with conventional radial diffuser in slim hot water storage tanks with numerical flow simulation. The work identifies adverse flow effects due to the slim tank shape, such as a wall jet. This wall jet stimulates mixing processes and thus increases the internal storage losses. To overcome this flow problem, Findeisen et al. proposes swirl loading. The investigations of Oestreich et al. showed the flow behavior in the diffuser and in the storage, the effects on the thermal stratification as well as the advantageousness. This paper aims to provide a more detailed description of the flow processes. This knowledge is essential to better understanding the causes and effects of swirl loading and the structure of thermal stratification. Modeling and simulation of the diffuser and storage, respectively, are performed using Ansys CFX. Large eddy simulation (LES) is applied to resolve turbulent structures. This paper presents for the first time the vortex structures in the diffuser with internal elements for swirl generation. The storage flow exhibits similar behavior to known density flows (e.g., head and nose formation, instabilities in the free shear layers), which was previously unknown. High Peclet numbers (high advection currents) in the storage model lead to numerical instability of the simulation and therefore require increased discretization efforts.

Adaptive Content Distribution Networks (A-CDNs) sind anwendungsübergreifende, verteilte Infrastrukturen, die auf Grundlage verteilter Replikation von Inhalten und Inhaltsadaption eine skalierbare Auslieferung von adaptierbaren multimedialen Inhalten an heterogene Clients ermöglichen. Die Platzierung der Replikate in den Surrogaten eines A-CDN wird durch den Platzierungsmechanismus des A-CDN gesteuert. Anders als in herkömmlichen CDNs, die keine Inhaltsadaption berücksichtigen, muss ein Platzierungsmechanismus in einem A-CDN nicht nur entscheiden, welches Inhaltsobjekt in welchem Surrogat repliziert werden soll, sondern darüber hinaus, in welcher Repräsentation bzw. in welchen Repräsentationen das Inhaltsobjekt zu replizieren ist. Herkömmliche Platzierungsmechanismen sind nicht in der Lage, verschiedene Repräsentationen eines Inhaltsobjektes zu berücksichtigen. Beim Einsatz herkömmlicher Platzierungsmechanismen in A-CDNs können deshalb entweder nur statisch voradaptierte Repräsentationen oder ausschließlich generische Repräsentationen repliziert werden. Während bei der Replikation von statisch voradaptierten Repräsentationen die Wiederverwendbarkeit der Replikate eingeschränkt ist, führt die Replikation der generischen Repräsentationen zu erhöhten Kosten und Verzögerungen für die dynamische Adaption der Inhalte bei jeder Anfrage. Deshalb werden in der Arbeit adaptivitätssensitive Platzierungsmechanismen zur Platzierung von Replikaten in A-CDNs vorgeschlagen. Durch die Berücksichtigung der Adaptierbarkeit der Inhalte bei der Ermittlung einer Platzierung von Replikaten in den Surrogaten des A-CDNs können adaptivitätssensitive Platzierungsmechanismen sowohl generische und statisch voradaptierte als auch teilweise adaptierte Repräsentationen replizieren. Somit sind sie in der Lage statische und dynamische Inhaltsadaption flexibel miteinander zu kombinieren. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist zu evaluieren, welche Vorteile sich durch die Berücksichtigung der Inhaltsadaption bei Platzierung von adaptierbaren Inhalten in A-CDNs realisieren lassen. Hierzu wird das Problem der adaptivitätssensitiven Platzierung von Replikaten in A-CDNs als Optimierungsproblem formalisiert, Algorithmen zur Lösung des Optimierungsproblems vorgeschlagen und diese in einem Simulator implementiert. Das zugrunde liegende Simulationsmodell beschreibt ein im Internet verteiltes A-CDN, welches zur Auslieferung von JPEG-Bildern an heterogene mobile und stationäre Clients verwendet wird. Anhand dieses Simulationsmodells wird die Leistungsfähigkeit der adaptivitätssensitiven Platzierungsmechanismen evaluiert und mit der von herkömmlichen Platzierungsmechanismen verglichen. Die Simulationen zeigen, dass der adaptivitätssensitive Ansatz in Abhängigkeit vom System- und Lastmodell sowie von der Speicherkapazität der Surrogate im A-CDN in vielen Fällen Vorteile gegenüber dem Einsatz herkömmlicher Platzierungsmechanismen mit sich bringt. Wenn sich die Anfragelasten verschiedener Typen von Clients jedoch nur wenig oder gar nicht überlappen oder bei hinreichend großer Speicherkapazität der Surrogate hat der adaptivitätssensitive Ansatz keine signifikanten Vorteile gegenüber dem Einsatz eines herkömmlichen Platzierungsmechanismus. / Adaptive Content Distribution Networks (A-CDNs) are application independent, distributed infrastructures using content adaptation and distributed replication of contents to allow the scalable delivery of adaptable multimedia contents to heterogeneous clients. The replica placement in an A-CDN is controlled by the placement mechanisms of the A-CDN. As opposed to traditional CDNs, which do not take content adaptation into consideration, a replica placement mechanism in an A-CDN has to decide not only which object shall be stored in which surrogate but also which representation or which representations of the object to replicate. Traditional replica placement mechanisms are incapable of taking different representations of the same object into consideration. That is why A-CDNs that use traditional replica placement mechanisms may only replicate generic or statically adapted representations. The replication of statically adapted representations reduces the sharing of the replicas. The replication of generic representations results in adaptation costs and delays with every request. That is why the dissertation thesis proposes the application of adaptation-aware replica placement mechanisms. By taking the adaptability of the contents into account, adaptation-aware replica placement mechanisms may replicate generic, statically adapted and even partially adapted representations of an object. Thus, they are able to balance between static and dynamic content adaptation. The dissertation is targeted at the evaluation of the performance advantages of taking knowledge about the adaptability of contents into consideration when calculating a placement of replicas in an A-CDN. Therefore the problem of adaptation-aware replica placement is formalized as an optimization problem; algorithms for solving the optimization problem are proposed and implemented in a simulator. The underlying simulation model describes an Internet-wide distributed A-CDN that is used for the delivery of JPEG images to heterogeneous mobile and stationary clients. Based on the simulation model, the performance of the adaptation-aware replica placement mechanisms are evaluated and compared to traditional replica placement mechanisms. The simulations prove that the adaptation-aware approach is superior to the traditional replica placement mechanisms in many cases depending on the system and load model as well as the storage capacity of the surrogates of the A-CDN. However, if the load of different types of clients do hardly overlap or with sufficient storage capacity within the surrogates, the adaptation-aware approach has no significant advantages over the application of traditional replica-placement mechanisms.

Inhalt: Nachhaltiger Stadtumbau und Erneuerbare Energien - Ansatz und Konzepte einer ökologischen Stadtentwicklung Wohnprojekt Dresden Pillnitz - Innovatives Energiekonzept für zwei Mehrfamilienhäuser in Passivhausbauweise Tiefbautechnik in der Praxis - Die spektakuläre Gablenzbach-Sanierung Mauern für die Ewigkeit - Rekonstruktion, Sanierung und Neubau von Mauerwerksbauten Wärmebrückenbeheizung - Ein Widerspruch? Solares Heizen mit Großanlagen - Chancen und Perspektiven Bauphysikalische Wertung von belüfteten und nicht belüfteten Dächern Kritische Aspekte zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz – Vorbemessung