No description available.

No description available.

Nous avons obtenu des angles de rotation Faraday (RF) allant jusqu'à 19° par orientation optique d'un gaz d'électrons dans GaAs de type n inclus dans une microcavité (Q=19000), sans champ magnétique. Cette forte rotation est obtenue en raison des multiples allers-retours de la lumière dans la cavité. Nous avons également démontré la commutation optique rapide de la RF à l'échelle sub-microseconde en échantillonnant le signal de RF sous excitation impulsionnelle mono-coup. De la dépolarisation de la RF en champ magnétique transverse, nous avons déduit un temps de relaxation de spin de 160 ns. Le concept de section efficace de RF, coefficient de proportionnalité entre l'angle RF, la densité de spin électronique, et le chemin parcouru, a été introduit. La section efficace de RF, qui définit l'efficacité du gaz d'électrons à produire une RF, a été estimée quantitativement, et comparée avec la théorie. Nous avons également démontré la possibilité de mesurer de manière non destructive l'aimantation nucléaire dans GaAs-n, via la RF amplifiée par la cavité. Contrairement aux méthodes existantes, cette détection ne nécessite pas la présence d'électrons hors équilibre. Par cette technique nous avons étudié la dynamique de spin nucléaire dans GaAs-n avec différents dopages. Contrairement à ce qu'on pourrait attendre, le déclin de la RF nucléaire est complexe et consiste en deux composantes ayant des temps de relaxation très différents. Deux effets à l'origine de la RF nucléaire sont identifiés: le splitting de spin de la bande de conduction, et la polarisation en spin des électrons localisés, tous deux induits par le champ Overhauser. Le premier effet domine la RF nucléaire dans les deux échantillons étudiés, tandis que la RF induite par les électrons localisés n'a été observée que dans l'échantillon métallique. / We obtained Faraday rotation (FR) up to 19° by using optical orientation of electron gas in n-doped bulk GaAs confined in a microcavity (Q=19000), in the absence of magnetic field. This strong rotation is achieved because the light makes multiple round trips in the microcavity. We also demonstrated fast optical switching of FR in sub-microsecond time scale by sampling the FR in a one-shot experiment under pulsed excitation. From the depolarization of FR by a transverse magnetic field, we deduce electron spin relaxation time of about 160 ns. A concept of FR cross-section as a proportionality coefficient between FR angle, electron spin density and optical path is introduced. This FR cross-section which defines the efficiency of spin polarized electrons in producing FR was estimated quantitatively and compared with theory. We also demonstrated non-destructive measurement of nuclear magnetization in n-GaAs via cavity enhanced FR. In contrast with the existing optical methods, this detection scheme does not require the presence of detrimental out-of-equilibrium electrons. Using this technique, we studied nuclear spin dynamics in n-GaAs with different doping concentrations. Contrary to simple expectation, the nuclear FR is found to be complex, and consists of two components with vastly different time constants. Two effects at the origin of FR have been identified: the conduction band spin splitting and the localized electron spin polairzation both induced by the Overhauser field. The first effect dominates the FR in both studied samples, while the FR induced by the localized electrons has been observed only in the metallic sample.

Halbleiter Quantenpunkte (QP) standen in den letzten Jahren im Mittelpunkt vieler Forschungsaktivitäten im Bezug auf mögliche Anwendungen im Bereich der Quanteninformationsverarbeitung. Durch das dreidimensional Confinement sind nur diskrete, energetisch stark separierte Zustände in einem QP möglich. Damit sind phasenzerstörende Streuprozesse unwahrscheinlicher und man kann Dekohärenzzeiten erwarten, die nur durch die Lebensdauer der Zustände limitiert sind. Materialbasis dieser Arbeit sind CdSe QP in einer ZnSe Barriere. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Arten von Kohärenzphenomänen, die das zeitliche Verhalten solcher Quantensysteme beschreiben, mittels optischer Methoden untersucht. Im Falle optischer Kohärenz wechselwirkt ein angeregter Zustand, der strahlend mit einem Grundzustand verbunden ist, mit einem externen elektro-magnetischen Feld. Mittels phasensynchronisierter kohärenter Kontrolle werden biexzitonische und auch erste angeregte Zustände in einzelnen QP untersucht. Im Fall des angeregten Zustandes findet man optische Dephasierungszeiten unterhalb von 10 ps. Für das Biexziton kann nur eine untere Grenze bestimmt werden, die auf einer 10 ps Zeitskala liegt. Das zweite Phenomän ist die Quantenkohärenz (QK), die das Phasengedächtnis zweier Zustände im selben QP vergleicht. In dieser Arbeit wird die QK durch die Analyse von Quantenschwebungen in der Emission des Grundzustandsexzitons in einem einzelnen QP untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dass es keine messbare Dekohärenz der beiden Unterzustände des Grundzustandsexzitons im Rahmen der strahlenden Lebensdauer von circa 300 ps gibt. Die dritte Gruppe von Experimenten beschäftigt sich mit der longitudinalen Spinrelaxationszeit einzelner Ladungsträger. Die verwendeten Proben ermöglichen den direkten Zugang zur Spindynamik einzelner Löcher. Die Experimente in der Spektral- als auch in der Zeitdomäne lieferten Spinrelaxationszeiten für Löcher von knapp 10 ns. / Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) have attracted considerable interest during the past years as possible candidates for quantum information processing. Due to the confinement potential in such structures, the density of states in a single QD is discrete. If the states are well separated in energy the coupling to the environment is expected to be smaller, implying that coherence is maintained during the exciton lifetime. In the present work CdSe in ZnSe QDs are used. Two kinds of coherence phenomena, reflecting the time evolution of such a quantum system, are studied by use of optical methods. In case of optical coherence, an excited state which is radiatively coupled to a ground state interacts with an external electro-magnetic field. The experimental technique of temporal coherent control is applied via a two photon process on the biexciton state and also by a single photon process on the excited state in a single QD. As a result optical coherence times below 10 ps are found for the excited state, while for the biexciton only a lower limit on a 10 ps timescale was elaborated. The second phenomena is quantum coherence and describes the phase memory between two states in the same QD. It is studied in this work by the analysis of the observed quantum beats in the time resolved photoluminescence emission (PL) of the ground state exciton in a single QD. As a result it was found that there is no measurable decoherence between the two substates of the ground state exciton during the exciton lifetime of about 300 ps. In a third group of experiments the longitudinal spin relaxation time is investigated on a single carrier level. The used QD sample contains charged QDs with resident electrons, which provide direct access to the separate spin dynamic of the holes. Different experiments carried out, yielding a longitudinal spin relaxation time for a single hole on a 10 ns timescale.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Untersuchungen der Spinrelaxation in epitaktischen GaN-Schichten mit unterschiedlichen Donatorkonzentrationen und Versetzungsdichten mit Hilfe spin- und zeitaufgelöster differentieller Reflektanzspektroskopie präsentiert. Dabei wurden die optischen Anregungsbedingungen sehr sorgfältig gewählt. Neben der genauen Abstimmung der Anregungsenergie, unterstützt durch die Modellierung der differentiellen Reflektanz, wurden insbesondere spektral schmale Laserpulse verwendet. Diese erlauben eine selektive Anregung der untersuchten Übergänge. Es wurden Spinlebensdauern von 30 bis 170~ps bei tiefen Temperaturen für das freie A-Exziton bestimmt. In der Nähe des Metall-Isolator-Übergangs ließ sich eine langsamere Spinrelaxation als für schwächer dotierte Proben nachweisen. Die längsten beobachteten Spinrelaxationszeiten zeigen freistehende GaN-Schichten hoher Materialqualität mit sehr geringen Versetzungsdichten. In der Literatur besteht eine kategorische Unterteilung der Ergebnisse in lange elektronische Spinlebensdauern bis in den Nanosekundenbereich, erhalten mit Kerr-Messungen, und extrem kurze exzitonische Spinrelaxation in Reflektanz-Experimenten im (Sub-)Pikosenkundenbereich. Dieses Bild wird hier nicht bestätigt. Die beobachteten Spinrelaxationszeiten liegen eineinhalb bis zweieinhalb Größenordnungen über Ergebnissen, von denen bisher mit der hier verwendeten Methode berichtet wurde. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Beobachtungen extrem kurzer Spinrelaxationszeiten an anderer Stelle eine Folge der optischen Anregungsbedingungen sind. Die Verwendung sehr kurzer und damit spektral breiter Laserpulse, die eine selektive Exziton-Anregung verbieten, führt zu einem deutlich anderen zeitlichen Verhalten und stark verfälschten Ergebnissen. Diese Beobachtung löst den scheinbaren Widerspruch zwischen den beiden Ergebnisgruppen in der Literatur auf und bildet die Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen. / In this work, an investigation of spin relaxation in GaN epitaxial layers with different doping concentrations and dislocation densities is presented. The measurements were carried out by the means of spin- and time-resolved differential reflectance spectroscopy. The conditions of optical excitation were chosen with special care. In particular, spectrally narrow laser pulses were used to achieve selective excitation of the examined transitions in addition to the precise adjustment of the excitation energy, supported by the modeling of the differential reflectance. The spin relaxation times obtained for the free A exciton at low temperatures are in the range of 30 to 170 ps. In the proximity of the metal insulator transition, a slower spin relaxation was observed than for lower doping concentrations. The longest spin relaxation times were found in high quality, free-standing GaN layers with very low dislocation densities. Existing results in the literature can be strictly grouped into long electronic spin lifetimes of up to a few nanoseconds, obtained with Kerr rotation, and extremely short spin relaxation in the (sub)picosecond range, measured with reflectance experiments. This picture cannot be confirmed here. The spin relaxation times observed here lie 1.5 to 2.5 orders of magnitude above the values previously reported using the same experimental method. It is shown that the instances of extremely fast spin relaxation are caused by the properties of the optical excitation. The use of ultra-short and thus spectrally broad laser pulses, which prohibits the selective excitation of excitons, leads to a significantly different temporal behavior and strongly distorted results. This finding elucidates the apparent conflict between the two groups of results and forms the basis for further investigations.

Orientador: Guillermo Gerardo Cabrera Oyarzun / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Abstract: Quantum spin systems are caracterized by huge spaces of states, whose dimensions grow exponentially with the particles number. If following the preparation of the initial state, the system is kept isolated from external variables, it will develop a unitary time evolution according to Schrödinger equation or to Liouville equation. The system is driven exclusively by quantum uctuations, whose origin is the Uncertainty Principle. The evolution of a quantum state or a physical observable or mathematical nonobservable operator mean values may involve all states of the whole space of states, or big or small fractions of the total number of states. The analysis of the relaxation of a spin system from an arbitrary initial state to the equilibrium has to cope in general with the difficulty of requiring an extraordinarily great number of eigenstates and eigenvalues. In this work the main interest is centered on the evolution of magnetization¿s Fourier components in low dimensional systems of spins 1/2, whose interactions be given by the exchange modeled by Heisenberg Hamiltonians with axial anisotopy, XXZ. Exact solutions, analitic or numeric, are obtained. This is the continuation of work done in our research group which dealt with XY Hamiltonian families. In the analysis of the systems with the Hamiltonian XXZ, it was specially analysed the subspace defined by null total magnetization and the subspace defined by one spin wave, where chains up to 14 and 1200 were treated, respectively. There are emergence of fast and slow relaxation processes, which depend on the interations and on the initial state, and which result from destructive or constructive quantum interferences. Connections between the presence of those processes and the energy spectrum structure is discussed. Finally, the time evolution of some measures of global entanglement from initial states in the subspace of one spin wave are analised: the considered dynamics creates global entanglement until each entanglement measure reaches a saturation / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T18:24:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_JulioGarcia_D.pdf: 5851086 bytes, checksum: fe9467d4e143df319d98e75ddb334401 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os sistemas quânticos de spin são caracterizados por espaços de estados muito grandes, cujas dimensões crescem exponencialmente com o número de partículas. Se após a preparação do estado inicial, o sistema for mantido isolado de variáveis externas, desenvolve-se uma evolução temporal unitária prescrita pela equação de Schrödinger ou pela equação de Liouville. O sistema é movido exclusivamente por flutuações quânticas, as quais têm sua origem no Princípio da Incerteza. A evolução de um estado quântico ou de valores médios de observáveis físicos ou de operadores matemáticos não observáveis pode envolver todos os estados do espaço de estados, ou frações grandes ou pequenas do número total de estados. A análise da relaxação de um sistema de spins desde um estado inicial arbitrário até o equilíbrio apresenta a dificuldade de requerer em geral um número extraordinariamente grande de auto-estados e autovalores. Neste trabalho o maior interesse está na evolução das componentes de Fourier da magnetização em sistemas de baixa dimensão espacial, com spins 1/2 e cujas interações sejam dadas pela troca modelada por Hamiltonianos de Heisenberg com anisotropia axial, XXZ. Serão obtidas soluções exatas: numéricas ou analíticas. A motivação proveio de trabalhos anteriores realizados no grupo de pesquisa referentes a famílias do Hamiltoniano XY. Ao se considerar o Hamiltoniano XXZ, analisou-se especialmente o subespaço definido por magnetização total nula e o subespa¸ co de uma onda de spin, onde trataram-se cadeias com até 14 e 1200 sítios, respectivamente. Há emergência de processos rápidos e lentos de relaxação, os quais dependem das interações e do estado inicial, e resultam de interferência quântica destrutiva ou construtiva. Serão discutidas conexões entre a presença desses processos e a estrutura do espectro de energia. Finalmente serão analisadas as evoluções temporais de algumas medidas de emaranhamento global, a partir de estados contidos no subespaço de uma onda de spin: a dinâmica considerada cria emaranhamento global até cada medida atingir uma saturação / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

This Thesis presents studies of molecular association in aqueous solution and at the liquid/solid interface. The investigated molecular systems range from self-aggregating surfactants to hydration water in contact with micelles or individual molecules. In most studies, combinations of various NMR methods were applied. These vary from simple chemical shift and intensity measurements to more elaborate self-diffusion and intermolecular cross-relaxation experiments. Non-ideal mixed micelles of fluorinated and hydrogenated surfactants were studied by an experimental procedure that allows an analysis in terms of micellar structure, using a minimal number of initial assumptions. Quantitative conclusions about micro-phase separation within mixed micelles were obtained within the framework of the regular solution theory. Additionally, NMR was introduced and developed as a powerful method for studying adsorption of surfactants at solid interfaces. Adsorption isotherms for pure and mixed surfactant systems and non-ideal mixing behavior of fluorinated and hydrogenated surfactants at solid surfaces were quantified. Fluorosurfactant-protein association was investigated using the methods described. Intermolecular cross-relaxation rates between solute and solvent molecules were recorded at several different magnetic fields. The results reveal strong frequency dependence for both small molecules and micelles. This finding demonstrates that intermolecular cross-relaxation is not solely controlled by fast local motions, but also by long-range translational dynamics. Data analysis in terms of recently developed relaxation models provides information about the hydrophobic hydration and micellar structure. / QC 20100914

The objective of this dissertation is to classify the opportunities, advantages, and limits of novel interconnects for post-CMOS logic that can augment or eventually replace the CMOS logic. Post-CMOS devices are envisaged on the idea of using state variables other than the electron charge to store and manipulate information. In the first component of the thesis, a comprehensive analysis of the performance and the energy dissipation of novel logic based on various state variables is conducted, and it is demonstrated that the interconnects will continue to be a major challenge even for post-CMOS logic. The second component of the thesis is focused on the analysis of the interconnection aspects of spin-based logic. This research goal is accomplished through the development of physically-based models of spin-transport parameters for various metallic, semiconducting, and graphene nanoribbon interconnects by incorporating the impact of size effects for narrow cross-sectional dimensions of all-spin logic devices. Due to the generic nature of the models, they can be used in the analysis of spin-based devices to study their functionality and performance more accurately. The compact nature of the models allows them to be easily embedded into the developing CAD tools for spintronic logic. These models then provide the foundation for (i) analyzing the spin injection and transport efficiency in an all-spin logic circuit with various interconnect materials, and (ii) estimating the repeater-insertion requirements in all-spin logic, and (iii) estimating the maximum circuit size for all-spin logic. The research is crucial in pinpointing the implications of the physical limits of novel interconnects at the material, device, circuit, and architecture levels.

Cette thèse se concentre sur l'étude de composés magnétiques géométriquement frustrés où les ions magnétiques se situent aux sommets d'un réseau de tétraèdres partageant leurs sommets: les composés pyrochlores. Deux familles de formule chimique R2M2O7, où R est un lanthanide et M= Ti, Sn, sont particulièrement intéressantes puisqu'elles présentent une grande variété d'états magnétiques exotiques. Premièrement, nous avons étudié le champ cristallin agissant au site de la terre rare dans l'approximation de Stevens où uniquement le terme fondamental est considéré. Un jeu unique de paramètres a été déterminé pour chaque famille considérée grâce à une analyse globale incluant des spectres de neutrons inélastiques de plusieurs composés. Ensuite, nous avons caractérisé avec un large éventail de techniques les propriétés physiques à basse température de Nd2Sn2O7. En dessous de la température de transition Tc=0.91 K, ce composé possède un ordre magnétique à longue portée dans la configuration de spins dite "all-in-all-out". Une persistance de la dynamique de spins a été révélée dans la phase ordonnée, attribuée à des excitations unidimensionnelles de spins. Une dynamique de spins anormalement lente est également reportée dans la phase paramagnétique. Enfin, nous avons apporté quelques informations sur les deux états fondamentaux proposés pour le composé très étudié Tb2Ti2O7: premièrement, l'apparition d'une transition Jahn-Teller à basse température est suggérée mais l'absence d'élargissement des pics de Bragg réfute la présence d'une transition structurale. Enfin ce composé pourrait être un exemple d'une glace de spin quantique mais l'existence d'un plateau d'aimantation n'est pas évident jusqu'à T=20 mK. / This Phd thesis focuses on the study of magnetically frustrated compounds where magnetic ions lie at the vertices of a corner-sharing tetrahedra network: the pyrochlore compounds. The two series of chemical formula R2M2O7, where R is a lanthanide and M=Ti, Sn, are of peculiar interest since they display a large variety of exotic magnetic ground states. First, we have studied the crystal-electric-field acting at the rare earth within the Stevens approximation where only the ground state multiplet is considered. A single set of parameters for each families of interest has been determined through a global analysis including several inelastic neutron scattering spectra of various compounds. Then, we have characterised with a large panel of techniques the low temperature physical properties of Nd2Sn2O7. This compound enters a long-range magnetic order at transition temperature Tc=0.91 K with an ``all-in-all-out'' spin configuration. A persistence of spin dynamics has been found in the ordered phase, ascribed to one-dimensional spin loops excitations. Anomalously slow paramagnetic spin fluctuations are also reported. Finally, we have brought information on the two proposed ground states of the widely studied compound Tb2Ti2O7: first, a Jahn-Teller transition is claimed to occur at low temperatures but no broadening of the Bragg peaks is seen down to T=4 K precluding premises of a structural transition. Secondly, this compound could be a realisation of a quantum spin-ice but no definitive evidence of a magnetisation plateau is found down to T=20 mK.

To fully exploit the capability of NV centers in diamond as magnetic sensors and quantum bits, the optimum production recipe as well as the method to enhance its optical performance has been studied in this work. The NV centers in bulk diamond were prepared by ion implantation and electron irradiation, and the optimum dose and temperature are found by comparing its optical and magnetic performance both experimentally and theoretically. In addition, the enhancement of optical performance and size characterization of NV centers in nanodiamonds will be discussed in this work.