This report presented national findings for Germany, which emanated from a quantitative and qualitative study conducted as part of the two-year EU-funded Erasmus + research project New Age of Sport Management Education in Europe (NASME), which has been conducted in nine different European countries. The main objective of the project was to gain insights into the requirements of the sport labour market concerning the qualifications and competencies of sport management graduates. The sport labour market is characterised by a strong heterogeneity as a result of increasing functional differentiation and a rapid growth, which is fostered by global mega-trends, such as digitalisation, commercialisation and internationalisation. As a result, higher education institutions at national and European level will be presented recommendations for curriculum development, in order to better prepare their students for the requirements of the labour market. The quantitative study has been conducted between December 2017 and April 2018. In total, 54 experts in the sport labour market in Germany participated in the survey. These experts filled leading positions in the field of sport management and included top tier managers (50 %) and other specialists with responsibilities for human resource management in their organisations. The main research questions for the quantitative study included: • Which positions including their tasks, roles and activities exist currently and in the future in the sport labour market? • Which competency requirements do the employers address currently and in the future to (prospective) job holders? • How do these aspects affect recruitment processes currently and in the future? Subsequently, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with sport labour market experts of the different fields. It was the objective of the qualitative study to gain a deeper understanding of the results of the previous quantitative study, in particular concerning trends, competencies, job development and recruitment. The report derives implications for curriculum development at higher education institutions and organisations in the sport labour market in Germany and discusses these critically.:1 Introduction 2 Sport (management) in Germany 2.1 Sport structure and culture 2.1.1 Legal framework of sport 2.1.2 Main sources of funding for sport 2.1.3 Sport culture 2.2 Sport management education 2.3 Labour market in the area of sport management 3 Method and data collection 3.1 Quantitative data collection and analysis 3.2 Qualitative data collection and analysis 4 General findings and results 4.1 Results from quantitative data analysis 4.1.1 Changes in working life 4.1.2 Cooperation 4.1.3 Recruitment 4.1.4 Competencies 4.1.5 Sector analysis 4.2 Results from qualitative data analysis 4.2.1 Trends in sport management in Germany 4.2.2 Competencies 4.2.3 Job development, qualifications and recruitment 5 Conclusion, implications and outlook 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation for the future sport management curriculum 5.3 Implementation of findings in sport management curriculum at Leipzig University 5.4 Requests to sport labour market 5.5 Limitations 5.6 Outlook 6 References Annex

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Background: Due to the commercialization of football, clubs have put more focus on management in general, and stakeholder management in particular. Despite this, research on stakeholder management in football is in its infancy. Therefore, little is known about how football clubs manage their stakeholders that also possess unique characteristics. Furthermore, these characteristics are more prevalent in Swedish football because of the ownership structure that allows the stakeholder to possess multiple roles at once. Thus, Swedish football was selected as the area to study, as the unique features of Swedish football provide interesting implications.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the concept of stakeholder management in Swedish football. This study aims to understand the managerial implications that arise when managing stakeholders in Swedish football, how tensions are managed, and how to keep stakeholders satisfied.  Method: In order to fulfill the purpose of this thesis, a qualitative multiple case study approach was adopted since the nature of the study is exploratory. Through twelve semi-structured interviews, empirical data was gathered. This study adopted an inductive approach, and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis.  Conclusion: This study has found that tensions are managed through the use of good communication tools, as well as the building of relationships. These relationships later affect the level of influence stakeholders have on the club. Furthermore, clubs keep their stakeholders satisfied by listening, being clear and transparent, having good values for the stakeholders to be proud of, as well as giving stakeholders a good return on their investment. These findings emerged into a suggested framework that displays the relationship between the different aspects of stakeholder management in football.

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Hosting major sport events is a large and complex endeavour entangled with various stakeholders, investments, outcomes, resources, and exchanges. Hosting major sport events has often relied on residents’ public funding, with the promise that hosting will create a positive social return on investment (SROI) for residents. However, not only has no empirical research to date determined residents’ SROI from hosting a major sport event, SROI sport research often fails to apply necessary monetary valuation methods and follow an appropriate framework underpinned by relevant economic and social concepts. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation was to understand residents’ SROI from hosting a publicly-funded major sport event. To address this purpose, four research questions were presented, each answered through one of four articles: (1) what theoretical concepts have been used to underscore residents’ socio-economic exchanges when hosting a publicly-funded major sport event?; (2) which monetary valuation method(s) is(are) best to examine residents’ SROI from hosting a publicly-funded major sport event?; (3) what factors predict residents’ SROI from hosting a publicly-funded major sport event?; and (4) why did residents evaluate their SROI the way they did? To answer these questions, this dissertation first conducted a systematic review of relevant sport management literature and then followed a three-phase sequential mixed methods design which included pre-questionnaire semi-structured interviews with Metro Vancouver Regional District residents (n = 14), a self-administered online questionnaire with Canadian residents (n = 1901), and post-questionnaire semi-structured interviews with Canadian residents (n = 21). In the first article, the systematic review revealed the importance of transparency, economic indicators, and affinity with sport factors when understanding residents’ SROI, but also revealed the lack of research focused on understanding residents’ SROI or the factors concepts associated with it. In the second article, semi-structured interviews were used to understand Vancouver residents’ experiences and desires with hosting the Games. Then 13 monetary valuation methods were evaluated with two monetary valuation methods (i.e., reverse contingent valuation method and opportunity cost approach) considered to be most appropriate to determine SROI based on specific selection criteria and used to examine Vancouver residents’ SROI. Quantitative analyses from the questionnaire findings indicated the reverse contingent valuation method to be best for studying this phenomenon. Through a regression analysis, the third article stressed the importance of financial investments and event outcomes to determine SROI, and predicted SROI based on social experience outcomes, affinity with sport factors, and economic factors. Finally, the fourth article investigated Canadian residents’ post-exchange SROI evaluation through semi-structured interviews and elicited how residents’ perspectives were formulated. Interviewees highlighted the importance of social norms, residents’ identity, and time, and the benefits of having a reflective opportunity to evaluate the exchange itself. Consequently, this dissertation offers four concepts (i.e., structure, norms, time, experience) which collectively creates a comprehensive understanding of residents’ SROI from hosting a major sport event. This collection of concepts is presented in a conceptual framework with insight into its development, presentation, and potential construct relationships. The conceptual framework presents how and why residents who publicly fund major sport events evaluate their SROI. Specifically, this framework outlines the importance of the temporal effects of social outcomes while considering the power and control of government representatives, the alignment of pre-event desires and post-event outcomes, residents’ societal and hosting identities, their positive and negative experiences from hosting, and their affinity with sport and income. These findings highlight that hosting publicly-funded major sport events can produce positive SROI from residents. To do so, scholars, practitioners, and residents need to work harmoniously and transparently. Concurrently, the findings offer a path for scholars to explain this SROI phenomenon and produce better desired positive exchanges for residents and practitioners in the context of publicly-funded sport events.

The current research investigates pricing practices and consumer behavior in long-distance running events. Two studies address (1) current practices in pricing and registration policies for long-distance running events, and (2) factors that influence the decision-making process by which event organizers develop, adopt, and implement particular pricing policies. Study One involves a descriptive census of policies currently in use for a comprehensive list of running events in the United States that include races at the full or half marathon distance. Study Two adopts a multi-case study approach based on semi-structured interviews of running event organizers, supplemented by additional organizational documents, to investigate the pricing and registration policy development process. Collectively, these two studies examine the what, the why, and the how of pricing policy development in long-distance running events. Based on study findings, a conceptual model was developed incorporating major sources of influence (organizational, consumer, environmental, and event) on the pricing policy development process. This research contributes to sport management by providing deeper understanding of how participant sport, specifically long-distance running events, is priced and how pricing decisions influence consumer behaviors. Results additionally provide practical insight for running event organizers seeking to improve or enhance pricing policies and revenue management by understanding both common and atypical practices in use throughout the running event industry. Finally the current research lays a foundation for a stream of future research building on findings from two studies and data generated in the process of addressing the overarching research questions. / Tourism and Sport

Syftet med studien är att kartlägga hur klubblag med försäljning av merchandise går tillväga för att överleva på en ständigt utvecklande och konkurrerande marknad. Metoden är av kvalitativ abduktiv forskningsansats där djupintervjuer med svenska klubblag ligger till grund för empirin. Urvalet utgörs av sju respondenter som arbetar med merchandise, marknad, försäljning samt en klubbdirektör. Sammanfattningsvis anser studiens respondenter att merchandise är en viktig finansiell intäkt som används för att stärka banden till fans och sponsorer. Merchandise bidrar utifrån analysen även till att klubblagen lättare kan nå ut i samhället med sitt varumärke genom att tillämpa sportmanagement i hela organisationen. Utifrån analysen och teorierna är slutsatsen att merchandise utgör stor vikt för klubblag i arbetet kring att bibehålla en stark relation mellan evenemang, fans och sponsorer. Utifrån dessa faktorer har ytterligare faktorer identifierats för att mynna ut i en ny modell för att förstå hur svenska klubblag går tillväga för att överleva på en konkurrerande marknad. De ytterligare framtagna faktorerna är Merchandise, Klubben och Marknadsföring av klubblags varumärken, som tillsammans med evenemang, fans och sponsorer bildar “The Pentagon Modell for Sportteams”. / A qualitative abductive research approach where depth interviews with Swedish sport teams that form the basis of the empirical data. The selection consists of seven respondents who work with merchandise, marketing, sales and a club director. The purpose of the study is to identify how sport teams with the sale of merchandise proceed in order to survive in a constantly evolving and competitive market. From the basis of the analysis the respondents consider that merchandise is an important financial income but that it also is use to strengthen the ties to their fans an well as sponsors. Based on the analysis merchandise also contribute to the sport teams brand in the community by applying sport management throughout the organization. Based on the analysis and the presented theories the underlying conclusion is that merchandise is of great importance for sport teams work with maintaining a strong relationship between the events, fans and sponsors. Based on these factors, additional elements where found that resulted in a new model in order to understand how sport teams in Sweden proceed in order to survive on a competitive market. The additional factors are merchandise, the club and Marketing of the sport teams brand, along with the events, fans and sponsors form the model: "The Pentagon Model for Sport teams".

Sport development is an emerging discipline in sport management due in part to the popular, normative associations between sport and its beneficial outcomes. However, concerns on how sport is used and designed as well as the miscomprehension of the word development cloud sport's utilitarian prospectus. Although research has started to address these concerns in youth and adolescent forums, research on adults using sport for developmental purposes is widely ignored. With life expectancy growing, the pressure to sustain living quality in late adulthood has become almost unmanageable. Maintaining quality of life in late adulthood is difficult. Drawing from human development and aging literature, quality of life is still possible in light of the challenges presented by multiple developmental forces. Developmental trajectories are the products of net gains and losses over the life course and are influenced by transitional events and the ability in people to adapt to them. In addition, development is both cumulative and innovative, which affirms that people in later stages of life can still develop. In order to do this, gerontological and psychological research argue that resources are key in the achievement of positive outcomes. However, research understanding mechanisms that affect resources that produce positive gains is still in its infancy. Hence, I constructed a dissertation with two studies using a multi-method approach to ascertain the role and efficacy of sport participation on the transitional process that undergirds the developmental trajectory. The impetus for this approach was to examine the utility of sport as a developmental force adults could consider in improving their overall quality of life. Study 1 used a life-history, qualitative method that reveals sports' role as an influential resource provider during life event transitions across a person's life. Data show that sport was believed to aid in the adaptation process that provided distinct benefits that other activities or support structures could not match or replicate easily. Study 2 used structural equation modeling to specify the magnitude of sport's role on resources during a specific transitional event that most adults will experience: retirement from the workforce. Quantitative evidence from this study yields support that sport participation can positively impact resources and retirement well-being directly. Both studies supply substantiation for the argument that sport participation can act as a positive developmental force for adults by assisting with the recruitment of resources and acting as a resource provider which affords adaptation assistance in transitions. The combined results demonstrate how sport may be viewed as a developmental tool which has practical implications for sport development and managers wishing to design sport for this purpose. In addition, the common assumption that sport development programming should be geared exclusively toward youth and adolescents is dismissed. This dissertation provides theoretical and empirical justification for creating positive adult developmental programming in sport. / text