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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Significant under expression of the DosR regulon in M. tuberculosis complex lineage 6 in sputum

Ofori-Anyinam, B., Dolganov, G., Van, T., Davis, J.L., Walter, N.D., Garcia, B.J., Voskuil, M., Fissette, K., Diels, M., Driesen, M., Meehan, Conor J., Yeboah-Manu, D., Coscolla, M., Gagneux, S., Antonio, M., Schoolnik, G., Gehre, F., de Jong, B.C. 04 March 2017 (has links)
Yes / Mycobacterium africanum lineage (L) 6 is an important pathogen in West Africa, causing up to 40% of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The biology underlying the clinical differences between M. africanum and M. tuberculosis sensu stricto remains poorly understood. We performed ex vivo expression of 2179 genes of the most geographically dispersed cause of human TB, M. tuberculosis L4 and the geographically restricted, M. africanum L6 directly from sputa of 11 HIV-negative TB patients from The Gambia who had not started treatment. The DosR regulon was the most significantly decreased category in L6 relative to L4. Further, we identified nonsynonymous mutations in major DosR regulon genes of 44 L6 genomes of TB patients from The Gambia and Ghana. Using Lebek's test, we assessed differences in oxygen requirements for growth. L4 grew only at the aerobic surface while L6 grew throughout the medium. In the host, the DosR regulon is critical for M. tuberculosis in adaptation to oxygen limitation. However, M. africanum L6 appears to have adapted to growth under hypoxic conditions or to different biological niches. The observed under expression of DosR in L6 fits with the genomic changes in DosR genes, microaerobic growth and the association with extrapulmonary disease. / European Research Council-INTERRUPTB starting grant nr.311725 (to BdJ, BO, FG, MA, CM).
12

Medidas de óxido nítrico no ar exalado de pacientes com história prévia de broncoespasmo no período intra-operatório / Exhaled nitric oxide measure from patients with previous history of intraoperative bronchospasm.

Saraiva, Beatriz Mangueira 11 March 2008 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com vias aéres hiperresponsivas têm uma resposta exarcebada das vias aéreas a vários estímulos. Nestes pacientes, a simples intubação é a causa mais freqüente do broncoespasmo, levando a complicações no peri-operatório. O óxido nítrico está envolvido na regulação da função fisiológica bem como em doenças das vias aéreas e nos últimos anos seu papel vem sendo constantemente estudado na modulação da broncoconstrição. OBJETIVO: Estudar a possibilidade da medida de óxido nítrico exalado (NOex) ser um marcador de episódios de broncoespasmo no intra-operatório. MÉTODOS: 146.358 fichas anestésicas foram analisadas no período de 1999/2004. Ocorreram registros de broncoespasmos em 863 pacientes neste período. Destas, nove sujeitos foram identificados como não asmáticos (grupo broncoespasmo), 12 sujeitos foram diagnosticados como asmáticos (grupo asma) e 10 indivíduos sem história prévia de doença foram selecionados aleatoriamente como grupo controle. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos à medida de óxido nítrico exalado (partes/bilhão), espirometria e coleta de escarro induzido com salina hipertônica. Os dados foram comparados utilizando ANOVA seguido do teste de Tukey e Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn\'s. RESULTADOS: Os grupos broncoespasmo e controle apresentaram espirometria normal, com medidas estatísticamente diferentes do grupo asma (p <0,05). As porcentagens de eosinófilos (mediana) no escarro induzido foram maiores no grupo asma [2,5 (0,4-6,8)], menores no grupo broncoespasmo [0,5 (0-1,3), e grupo controle [0,0 (0)]. A medida de óxido nítrico exalado foi maior no grupo dos asmáticos [81,5 (57,6-86,8)] em relação aos controles [18,7 (16,0-24,7)] (p=0,001). Não houve diferença entre grupos broncoespasmo e asma, ambos significantemente diferentes do grupo controle (p <0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes não asmáticos que apresentaram broncoespasmo no intra-operatório durante a anestesia e manipulação da traquéia, possuem níveis de óxido nítrico no ar expirado exalado elevado. / INTRODUCTION: Airways of patients with bronchial hyperreactivity are characterized by exaggerated bronchoconstriction in response to a variety of stimuli. Henceforth, bronchospasm may occur during induction of anaesthesia. Nitric Oxide is part of either physiologic or pathophysiologic airway regulation and its role has been investigated as a bronchoconstrictior modulator. OBJECTIVE: to address the possibility of exhaled nitric oxide measurement (NOex) as a marker of intraoperative bronchospasm. METHODS: 146.358 anesthesia registered forms were revised (period: 1999/2004). Bronchospasm occurrence appeared registered in 863. From those, nine were identified as non-asthmatics patients (Bronchospasm group). Also, 12 asthmatics constituted one additional group (Asthma group) and 10 subjects with no previous airway disease or symptoms were randomly selected as control group. All subjects were submitted to exhaled nitric oxide measurements (parts/billion), spirometry and induced sputum. The data were compared by ANOVA followed by the Tukey test and Kruskal- Wallis followed by Dunn\'s test. RESULTS: Both bronchospasm and control groups had normal lung function test, different from asthma group (p <0.05). The percentage of eosinophils (median) in induced sputum was higher for asthma [2.5 (0.4-6.8)] lower for bronchospasm [0.5 (0-1.3)] and control group [0.0 (0)]. Exhaled Nitric Oxide was higher for asthmatic patients [81.5 (57.6-86.8)], compared to control group [18.7 (16.0-24.7)] (p=0.001). There was no difference between bronchospasm and asthma groups both different from control (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: non-asthmatics patients with intraoperative bronchospasm detected during anesthesia after airway manipulation showed higher nitric oxide expired levels.
13

Conhecimentos e opiniões de usuários sobre a importância do exame e das amostras de escarro no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar / Knowledge and opinions of patients regarding the usefulness of bacteriological method and samples sputum in the diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Campinas, Lucia de Lourdes Souza Leite 10 December 1999 (has links)
A tuberculose continua sendo um sério problema de saúde pública no Brasil. O coeficiente de mortalidade vem tendo aumento significativo, apesar de todo o avanço tecnológico no campo dos recursos diagnósticos e de tratamentos disponíveis. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar conhecimentos e opiniões de usuários num serviço de saúde do Município de São Paulo Brasil, sobre a importância do exame das amostras de escarro no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar pelo método bacteriológico. Setenta e oito (78) usuários foram entrevistados, durante o período de junho e julho de 1998. Os resultados mostram uma população com baixas condições sócio-econômicas. Todos os entrevistados haviam sido submetidos à baciloscopia de escarro e radiografia de tórax, e (46,2 por cento ) confiavam mais no RX do que na baciloscopia de escarro. Embora 93,6 por cento alegassem terem sido orientados quanto à colheita de escarro, constatou-se que 33,3 por cento deles, não sabiam colher o exame e 15,4 por cento apresentavam dúvidas. Quando indagados sobre a importância da colheita de mais de uma amostra, 52,1 por cento não souberam responder. Quanto à importância atribuída ao exame de escarro, 10,4 por cento citaram que o exame serve para avaliar o tratamento e, 16,6 por cento que o mesmo descobre se a doença é ativa; embora, uma grande maioria (72,9 por cento ) mencionassem que fizeram o exame porque o médico solicitou. As dificuldades quanto ao entendimento das orientações recebidas apresentam-se relacionadas às condições sócio-econômicas precárias da população estudada, ao modo de trabalho da equipe de saúde, aliadas à atitude passiva dos usuários diante da assistência prestada, ao forte estigma quanto ao ato de escarrar e a crença de que o exame radiológico é o melhor método diagnóstico. A somatória destes fatos promove falhas na qualidade da assistência prestada e na efetivação das ações do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose, o que traz, consequentemente, uma perda da qualidade dos serviços e o agravo do problema da tuberculose em nosso meio. / Tuberculosis continues to be considered a serious public health problem in Brazil. Despite the technological advancements and in addition to diagnosis resources and available treatments, mortality rates have been steadily increasing. The present investigation was intended to study either the knowledge and opinions of patients attending a health service located in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, regarding the usefulness of the bacteriological method and samples sputum used to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis using a bacteriological method. Seventy-eight (78) patients were interviewed from June to July, 1998. Results showed that the studied population presents a low social and economical level. All the interviewed individuals had been submitted to sputum smears tests and thorax radiographies, while 46,2 per cent of the patients reported a higher confidence level in the radiographic screening that in the sputum smear test. Although 93,6 per cent of the patients claimed to have been oriented on sputum collection, it was evidence that 33,3 per cent of them failed to know the way to collect the material and 15,4 per cent were doubtful in relation to the procedure. When inquired on the importance of collecting more than one sample, 52,1 per cent of the patients failed to know the answer. Regarding the importance attributed to the sputum smear test, 10,4 per cent reported that the test was useful in evaluating the treatment, and 16,6 per cent replied that the test was able to find out whether the disease was active. Most patients (72,9 per cent ) reported having carried out the test advised by medical request. The difficulties regarding the received orientations show to be related to the studied populations precarious socioeconomic conditions, health team working mode, patients passive attitude concerning the help provided, the strong stigma related to the expectoration act, and the belief that the radiographic examination is the best diagnostic method. The totality of findings show deficiencies in the quality of the provided assistance and in the accomplishment of the Tuberculosis Control Program, since they lead to a worsening quality of the service and aggravation of the tuberculosis program within our milieu.
14

Asma grave em crianças e adolescentes: análise da variação fenótica e fatores relacionados ao não controle clínico / Severe asthma in children and adolescents: analysis of phenotypic variation and factors related to non-clinical control

Vergani, Karina Pierantozzi 22 January 2018 (has links)
Introdução: Há um grande desafio na identificação de crianças e adolescentes com asma grave resistente ao tratamento (AGRT). O objetivo do estudo foi detectar crianças e adolescentes com AGRT pela análise dos parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais, funcionais e comorbidades. Métodos: Este estudo de coorte prospectivo incluiu 40 pacientes (6-18 anos) com asma grave. Os pacientes foram avaliados durante 3 visitas consecutivas. Na primeira e na última visita (intervalo de 3 meses) foram determinados testes funcionais, FeNO e análise de escarro induzido. Foi aplicado o Teste de Controle de Asma (ACT) e o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida (pAQLQ). Foram avaliadas as anormalidades estruturais nasais e torácicas e a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Após a correção da técnica inalatória, adesão e tratamento das comorbidades, as crianças e adolescentes foram classificados em dois subgrupos: asma grave controlada e AGRT, de acordo com as recomendações da ATS/ERS. Resultados: foram identificados 27/40 (67,5%) pacientes com asma grave controlada, 13/40 (32,5%) com AGRT. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos parâmetros demográficos, atopia, medição de FeNO, parâmetros espirométricos e pletismográficos entre esses subgrupos. Os achados da TC de tórax e seios da face foram semelhantes. Os pacientes com AGRT apresentaram maior probabilidade do sintoma de tosse estar relacionado ao refluxo ácido (p = 0,0024). Pacientes controlados apresentaram maior porcentagem do padrão inflamatório eosinofílico na primeira visita do que os pacientes AGRT (p = 0,038). O pAQLQ foi significativamente menor no subgrupo AGRT. Conclusões: Os parâmetros clínicos, funcionais, laboratoriais e estruturais são semelhantes em AGRT e crianças e adolescentes asmáticos graves controlados. As comorbidades não são mais prevalentes em pacientes AGRT. O padrão inflamatório eosinofílico é muito comum na asma grave pediátrica, mas as crianças e adolescentes que atingem o controle possuem maior taxa de eosinófilos do que AGRT. O pAQLQ e o ACT podem ser uma ferramenta útil para identificar os pacientes com AGRT / Background: It\'s challenger to identify children and adolescents with severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA). The aim of this study was to detected STRA children through clinical, laboratory, functional parameters and comorbidities. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 40 patients (6-18 years old) with severe asthma. Patients were evaluated during 3 consecutive visits. At the first and final visit (interval of 3 months): functional tests, FeNO, induced sputum analysis was determined. Asthma Control Test (ACT) and Quality of Life Questionnaire (pAQLQ) were applied. Nasal and chest structural abnormalities and gastroesophageal reflux disease were evaluated. After correction of inhalation technique, adherence, and treatment of comorbidities children and adolescents were classified in two subgroups: severe controlled asthma and STRA according ATS/ERS recommendation. Results: Were identified 27/40 (67.5%) patients with controlled asthma, 13/40 (32.5%) with STRA. Didn\'t have statistically significant differences in demographic parameters, atopy, FeNO measurement, spirometric and plethysmograph parameters between these subgroups. The findings in chest and sinus CT are similar. STRA patients had higher probability of cough symptom being related to acid reflux (p = 0.0024). Controlled patients had higher percentage of eosinophilic inflammatory pattern at the first visit than STRA (p = 0.038). The pAQLQ was significantly lower in STRA subgroup. Conclusions: Clinical, functional, laboratory and structural parameters are similar in STRA and severe controlled asmathic children. Comorbidities aren\'t more prevalent in STRA. Predominant eosinophilic inflammatory pattern is very common in pediatric severe asthma, but children and adolescents that achieve the control have higher rate of eosinophils than STRA. The pAQLQ and ACT can be useful tool to identify STRA patients
15

Avaliação dos conhecimentos dos sintomáticos respiratórios sobre a coleta de amostras de escarro para exames diagnósticos de Tuberculose

Sicsu, Amelia Nunes 15 June 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:13:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amelia nunes.pdf: 2080768 bytes, checksum: f9556eb08b5619bd6dc23143b7c3b34b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The quality of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) diagnostic exams is intrinsically related to the quality of sputum samples forwarded to the laboratory. Amongst the actions related to the collection of such samples, implies the disclosure of information within health service centers and the incorporation of this information by the patient. Considering this fact, this study had as objective to evaluate the knowledge of patients with respiratory symptoms suspicious of PTB regarding the collection of sputum samples for diagnostic exams, according to the orientations established by the Brazilian Department of Health. This refers to a descriptive, transversal, case detection study. The case was constituted by 138 male and female patients suspected with PTB, assisted by the Center of Reference in Sanitary Pulmonology (CREPS - Centro de Referência em Pneumologia Sanitária) Cardoso Fontes , from September 2010 through February 2011 and health professionals responsible for providing guidance for collecting sputum samples. Three sputum samples were collected from each patient, being the first at the health service center; the second at the patient s residence, on the following morning; and the third also at the patient s residence, on the day after the delivery of the second sample. The orientation for the collection of the third sample was conducted following the rules defined by the Brazilian Health Department, and during the delivery of the second sample at the laboratory service of CREPS Cardoso Fontes. In order to evaluate the knowledge of patients regarding the collection of sputum, the orientations given by the Brazilian Health Department were used as a parameter. The results obtained from the sputum smear microscopy analysis were compared to those obtained from cultures and analyzed according to the patient s knowledge and the sample quality. In order to determine co-positivity or co-negativity, table 2x2 was used. In order to evaluate the level of significance (p ≤0,05), the non-parametrical binomial test was used. The results showed that the cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) confirmed were majorly found on male patients, with low education, and who have previously received BCG. Cough was present on all PTB patients and the majority looked for medical help one month after appearance of the symptoms. The conclusion was total unawareness of patients on issues related to motivation and bio-safety on the collection of sputum samples. On what refers to the knowledge regarding the expectoration process, PTB patients had larger percentages of awareness, on 8 out of 10 recommended orientations, in comparison to those that did not have their diagnosis confirmed. The procedure with the smaller percentage of knowledge was the repetition of actions directly related to bronco-pulmonary sputum liberation. Preliminary, guidelines for biosafety and motivation are not being provided by professionals, whereas the flow directions are carried out routinely. There was no significant incorporation of knowledge concerning the main procedures for an adequate sputum. The conclusion was that after detailed orientation following the recommendation of Brazil s Health Department, the patient was capable of producing sputum samples with satisfactory aspect and volume in order to conduct the exam. Such results suggest urgency on the need for educational mechanisms that allow the transfer of all orientations homogeneously, using communication techniques that provide the understanding and incorporation of knowledge by people with different educational levels. / A qualidade dos exames diagnósticos de Tuberculose pulmonar (TbP) está intrinsecamente relacionada à qualidade das amostras de escarro encaminhadas para o laboratório. Dentre as ações relacionadas à obtenção das mesmas está subtendida a divulgação de informações nos serviços de saúde e a incorporação destas pelo paciente. Nesse sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os conhecimentos dos sintomáticos respiratórios com suspeita de TbP sobre a coleta de amostras de escarro para exames diagnósticos, conforme as orientações estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, do tipo detecção de casos. A casuística foi constituída por 138 pacientes com suspeita de TbP, de ambos os sexos, atendidos no Centro de Referência em Pneumologia Sanitária (CREPS) Cardoso Fontes , no período de setembro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011 e por atendentes responsáveis pela orientação para coleta de amostras de escarro. Os pacientes realizaram a coleta de três amostras de escarro, sendo que a primeira foi realizada no serviço de saúde; a segunda, na residência do paciente, na manhã do dia seguinte; e a terceira, também em domicilio, no dia subseqüente após a entrega da segunda amostra. A orientação para a coleta da terceira amostra foi realizada conforme as normas preconizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde e na ocasião da entrega da segunda amostra no serviço laboratorial do CREPS Cardoso Fontes. Para avaliar o conhecimento dos pacientes sobre a coleta de escarro, teve-se como parâmetro as orientações preconizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos nos procedimentos baciloscópicos foram comparados com os obtidos nos cultivos e analisados conforme conhecimento do paciente e qualidade da amostra. Para a determinação da co-positividade e co-negatividade foi utilizada tabela 2x2. Utilizou-se o teste binomial não paramétrico para avaliar o nível de significância (p ≤0,05). Os resultados mostraram que os casos de TbP confirmada foram prioritariamente em pacientes do sexo masculino, com baixo grau de escolaridade e vacinados com a BCG. A tosse esteve presente em todos os pacientes com TbP e a maioria procurou o serviço de saúde após um mês de inicio dos sintomas. Constatou-se um total desconhecimento dos pacientes sobre as questões de motivação e de biossegurança na coleta das amostras de escarro. Referente aos conhecimentos relacionados ao processo de expectoração, os pacientes portadores de TbP possuíam maiores percentuais de conhecimentos, em 8 das 10 orientações preconizadas, do que os que não tiveram seus diagnósticos confirmados. O procedimento com os menores percentuais de conhecimento foi à repetição das ações relacionadas diretamente com a liberação do escarro das vias broncopulmonares. Preliminarmente as orientações para motivação e biossegurança não estão sendo fornecidas pelos profissionais, enquanto que, as orientações de fluxo são realizadas rotineiramente. Não houve significância de incorporação do conhecimento, referentes aos principais procedimentos para uma expectoração adequada. Constatou-se que após orientações detalhadas conforme o preconizado pelo Ministério da saúde, o paciente foi capaz de produzir amostras de escarro com aspecto e volume satisfatórios para realização do exame. Tais resultados sugerem ser urgente a necessidade de elaboração de mecanismos educacionais que possibilitem o repasse de todas as orientações de forma homogênea, utilizando técnicas de comunicação que favoreçam a compreensão e incorporação dos conhecimentos por pessoas com diferentes níveis educacionais.
16

Asma grave em crianças e adolescentes: análise da variação fenótica e fatores relacionados ao não controle clínico / Severe asthma in children and adolescents: analysis of phenotypic variation and factors related to non-clinical control

Karina Pierantozzi Vergani 22 January 2018 (has links)
Introdução: Há um grande desafio na identificação de crianças e adolescentes com asma grave resistente ao tratamento (AGRT). O objetivo do estudo foi detectar crianças e adolescentes com AGRT pela análise dos parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais, funcionais e comorbidades. Métodos: Este estudo de coorte prospectivo incluiu 40 pacientes (6-18 anos) com asma grave. Os pacientes foram avaliados durante 3 visitas consecutivas. Na primeira e na última visita (intervalo de 3 meses) foram determinados testes funcionais, FeNO e análise de escarro induzido. Foi aplicado o Teste de Controle de Asma (ACT) e o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida (pAQLQ). Foram avaliadas as anormalidades estruturais nasais e torácicas e a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Após a correção da técnica inalatória, adesão e tratamento das comorbidades, as crianças e adolescentes foram classificados em dois subgrupos: asma grave controlada e AGRT, de acordo com as recomendações da ATS/ERS. Resultados: foram identificados 27/40 (67,5%) pacientes com asma grave controlada, 13/40 (32,5%) com AGRT. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos parâmetros demográficos, atopia, medição de FeNO, parâmetros espirométricos e pletismográficos entre esses subgrupos. Os achados da TC de tórax e seios da face foram semelhantes. Os pacientes com AGRT apresentaram maior probabilidade do sintoma de tosse estar relacionado ao refluxo ácido (p = 0,0024). Pacientes controlados apresentaram maior porcentagem do padrão inflamatório eosinofílico na primeira visita do que os pacientes AGRT (p = 0,038). O pAQLQ foi significativamente menor no subgrupo AGRT. Conclusões: Os parâmetros clínicos, funcionais, laboratoriais e estruturais são semelhantes em AGRT e crianças e adolescentes asmáticos graves controlados. As comorbidades não são mais prevalentes em pacientes AGRT. O padrão inflamatório eosinofílico é muito comum na asma grave pediátrica, mas as crianças e adolescentes que atingem o controle possuem maior taxa de eosinófilos do que AGRT. O pAQLQ e o ACT podem ser uma ferramenta útil para identificar os pacientes com AGRT / Background: It\'s challenger to identify children and adolescents with severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA). The aim of this study was to detected STRA children through clinical, laboratory, functional parameters and comorbidities. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 40 patients (6-18 years old) with severe asthma. Patients were evaluated during 3 consecutive visits. At the first and final visit (interval of 3 months): functional tests, FeNO, induced sputum analysis was determined. Asthma Control Test (ACT) and Quality of Life Questionnaire (pAQLQ) were applied. Nasal and chest structural abnormalities and gastroesophageal reflux disease were evaluated. After correction of inhalation technique, adherence, and treatment of comorbidities children and adolescents were classified in two subgroups: severe controlled asthma and STRA according ATS/ERS recommendation. Results: Were identified 27/40 (67.5%) patients with controlled asthma, 13/40 (32.5%) with STRA. Didn\'t have statistically significant differences in demographic parameters, atopy, FeNO measurement, spirometric and plethysmograph parameters between these subgroups. The findings in chest and sinus CT are similar. STRA patients had higher probability of cough symptom being related to acid reflux (p = 0.0024). Controlled patients had higher percentage of eosinophilic inflammatory pattern at the first visit than STRA (p = 0.038). The pAQLQ was significantly lower in STRA subgroup. Conclusions: Clinical, functional, laboratory and structural parameters are similar in STRA and severe controlled asmathic children. Comorbidities aren\'t more prevalent in STRA. Predominant eosinophilic inflammatory pattern is very common in pediatric severe asthma, but children and adolescents that achieve the control have higher rate of eosinophils than STRA. The pAQLQ and ACT can be useful tool to identify STRA patients
17

Nutritional modeling of bacterial infections : physiology and metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during growth in cystic fibrosis sputum / Physiology and metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during growth in cystic fibrosis sputum

Palmer, Kelli Lea, 1981- 08 October 2012 (has links)
The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a notorious opportunistic pathogen of individuals with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF). Pseudomonas aeruginosa establishes a chronic infection within the CF lung, where the sputum accumulation characteristic of CF provides a complex and copious growth substrate. P. aeruginosa can grow to high densities in vivo (>10⁹ cells/ml lung sputum), and exacerbations associated with P. aeruginosa high density in vivo growth are primary contributors to CF morbidity and mortality. Surprisingly little is known about the catabolic processes that underlie P. aeruginosa in vivo growth. Unfortunately, nutritional modeling of the CF lung environment in animal models is difficult, as current animal models fail to mimic the sputum accumulation characteristic of CF. In this dissertation, I describe the use of expectorated CF sputum as a P. aeruginosa in vitro growth medium. Using global expression analysis, I show that P. aeruginosa up-regulates genes important for amino acid and lactate metabolism during growth in CF sputum as compared to a laboratory medium. P. aeruginosa also demonstrates enhanced production of the cell-cell communication signal 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (the Pseudomonas quinolone signal, PQS), a critical regulator of virulence factor production, during growth in CF sputum. Further, I use chemical analyses of CF sputum samples to develop a defined, synthetic medium that can be used to nutritionally model in vivo conditions. Using this medium, I show that PQS biosynthesis and aromatic amino acid metabolism are intimately linked and that cell-cell communication mediated by PQS is strikingly dependent upon the growth environment of P. aeruginosa. In addition, I demonstrate that P. aeruginosa preferentially consumes specific carbon sources present in the CF sputum milieu during rapid growth. I also describe the use of in vivo-relevant nutrient concentrations to evaluate the potential for P. aeruginosa anaerobic growth in CF sputum. Finally, I describe the purification and characterization of the aromatic amino acid-responsive transcriptional regulator PhhR and discuss its potential role in regulation of P. aeruginosa in vivo carbon substrate preference. / text
18

Identification Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae, And Moraxella Catarrhalis From Sputum Samples Of Patients With Community Acquired Pneumonia By Polymerase Chain Reaction

Uskudar Guclu, Aylin 01 January 2005 (has links) (PDF)
iv The present work describes the evaluation of the value of polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis of pneumonia caused by the most common three bacterial pathogens / Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis from sputum of patients with community acquired pneumonia admitted to The Department of Pulmonary Diseases of Gulhane Military Medical Academy. In this study, 107 sputa from 142 patients with suspected community acquired pneumonia were used to survey the causative agents. Identification of the pathogens was performed by sputum Gram stain and conventional microbiological methods. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to investigate the presence of S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae, and M.catarrhalis for the same sputum samples as well. PCR products were processed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels with visualization of the amplicon with ethidium bromide and UV illumination. The 33 of 107 samples were positive in cultures and 67 in PCR. S.pneumoniae (48.5%) was the most common etiologic agent as to PCR analysis. The incidences of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis were determined as 18.6%, and 4.7% respectively. The incidence of S.pneumoniae in patients with CAP and control group individuals were almost the same. The sputum PCR positives were higher than those reported carriage rates for these three microorganisms. 9 of 107 patients with PCR-positive had evidence of infection with pathogens other than S.pneumoniae. The results indicated that some of the PCR results were false positive due to oropharyngeal contamination. PCR testing of sputum samples for diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia is unable to distinguish colonization from infection in some circumstances. To distinguish the colonization from infection, sputum Gram stain should be applied to the sputum specimens. Because of being faster and easier, PCR looks like becoming more reliable technique by the using of valid specimens from patients with community-acquired pneumonia if supported by quantitative techniques.
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Pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV interaction in a setting with a high prevalence of HIV : clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological aspects /

Bruchfeld, Judith, January 1900 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Who is in a hurry for HIV test results? an exploration of presentation for OraQuick rapid result HIV andibody testing in urban clinical and outreach settings in Alabama /

Zinski, Anne. January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 17, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-62).

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