Contribution au développement et à l'optimisation des machines électriques à courant continu pour des applications Stop-Start Résumé Actuellement le marché automobile est en forte demande de modèles hybrides capables de limiter les consommations et les rejets de CO2. Parmi les diff érentes solutions technologiques possibles, cette thèse traite d'un dispositif microhybride de type Stop-Start reposant sur l'utilisation de moteurs à aimants permanents à commutation mécanique. Ce travail de recherche, encadré par Valeo et le laboratoire de Génie Électrique de Grenoble (G2Elab), a pour vocation à élaborer des méthodologies de conception permettant une implémentation facile et à bas coût de cette fonction. L'étude se concentre sur une modélisation numérique rigoureuse de la machine électrique pour ensuite analyser plusieurs améliorations techniques du démarreur en vue d'augmenter ses performances. Pour cela nous avons développé un modèle précis et rapide de la machine grâce à une approche d'identication des paramètres par optimisation et en utilisant la méthode des plans d'expériences. Ce modèle nous a permis de proposer des structures de démarreurs renforcés adaptés à la fonction Stop-Start. / Contribution to the development and optimization of direct-current machines for automotive stop-start applications abstract currently in the automotive market, the demand for hybrid vehicles is booming. These vehicles are meant to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Among various possible technological solutions, this thesis deals with one of the Stop-Start technologies of micro-hybrid vehicles that is based on the use of permanent-magnet brushed DC motors. The present work, performed under a partnership between Valeo and Grenoble Electrical Engineering laboratory (G2Elab), aims to develop new design methodologies allowing the implementation of this system in a cheap and easy way. The study focuses on a rigorous numerical modeling of the electrical machine in order to analyze several technical improvements and to achieve a better performing car starter. To this end, we have developed a fast and accurate numerical model of the motor through a parameter identication technique using the design of experiments optimization approach. This model has enabled us to propose several enhanced starter motor structures, suitable for the Stop-Start function.

Orientador: Arnaldo Yoshiteru Kuaye, Laura Maria Bruno / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:18:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_JulianeDoeringGasparin_D.pdf: 1954120 bytes, checksum: 4ba23fd784559801ff2b5568f4ba02c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O conhecimento da microbiota lática dos queijos de Coalho produzidos de forma artesanal a partir de leite cru, e suas propriedades tecnológicas são fundamentais para preservar as características originais do produto tradicional em queijos de Coalho industrializados, elaborados com leite pasteurizado. Para alcançar este conhecimento, foi realizado um trabalho de pesquisa dividido em três etapas: I) caracterização físico-química de queijos de Coalho artesanais produzidos no Ceará e de sua microbiota lática; II) estudo do comportamento das bactérias ácido láticas (BAL) durante o processamento do queijo; III) caracterização de propriedades tecnológicas das culturas láticas isoladas a partir deles. As análises físico-químicas caracterizaram as amostras avaliadas como sendo queijo de médio conteúdo de umidade (42%), baixa acidez (0,24%), com pH de 6,30; elevada atividade de água (0,959) e teor de NaCl de 2,88%. Dentre as BAL (643) isoladas destas amostras, foram encontrados os gêneros Enterococcus (59,6%), Lactobacillus (22%), Streptococcus (12,8%), Lactococcus (1,7%) e Leuconostoc (0,6%). A identificação de gênero não foi conclusiva para 3,3% de isolados. As espécies prevalecentes foram Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. O acompanhamento da evolução da microbiota lática em amostras de leite cru, massa de queijo e do produto final, coletadas em duas unidades produtoras, revelou a presença de Lactococcus no leite e sua ausência no queijo. A presença de Enterococcus aumentou das amostras de matéria-prima para o queijo, indicando a transferência e multiplicação destes microrganismos ao longo do processamento. Estes resultados evidenciaram uma seleção de microrganismos resistentes às temperaturas elevadas no processamento do queijo, durante o cozimento da massa. Quanto às propriedades tecnológicas avaliadas, 15 isolados foram considerados produtores rápidos de ácido, com predominância dos Lactococcus e Streptococcus (40% cada). Os Lactobacillus exibiram maior variabilidade e extensão proteolítica, além de maior produção de aroma. As culturas analisadas mostraram boa tolerância a 3 e 4% de sal. As cepas de Enterococcus faecium apresentaram a maior produção de bacteriocinas ativas contra Listeria spp., com potencial de emprego na produção de queijo de Coalho, como cultura protetora / Abstract: Understanding the lactic microbiota of the artisanal Coalho cheeses produced from raw milk, and its technological properties, is important to preserve the characteristics of the traditional product in the industrialized Coalho cheeses, elaborated with pasteurized milk. In order to achieve such knowledge, a research work was carried out in three stages: I) the physical-chemical characterization of the artisanal Coalho cheeses from Ceara-Brazil and its lactic microbiota, II) the study of the behaviour of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) along the processing of cheese, III) characterization of technological properties of the lactic cultures isolated from the cheese. The physical-chemical analyses characterized the evaluated cheese samples with medium moisture content (42%), low acidity (0.24%), pH of 6.30, high water activity (0.959) and 2.88% NaCl content. Amongst the 643 LAB isolated from these samples, Enterococcus (59.6%), Lactobacillus (22%), Lactococcus (1.7%), Leuconostoc (0.6%) and Streptococcus (12.8%) genera were found. The identification was not conclusive for 3.3% of the isolates. The main species were Lactococcus latis subsp. latis, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, Streptococcus thermophilus and Enterococcus faecium. Following the evolution of lactic microbiota in raw milk, curd and cheese samples collected in two dairies, Lactococcus was found to be present in the milk, but absent in the cheese. The presence of Enterococcus increased from the raw material to the cheese samples, indicating the transference and multiplication of these microorganisms throughout the cheesemaking. Such results evidenced a selection of high temperature resistant microorganisms at the curd cooking stage of cheesemaking. According to the technological properties evaluated, 15 isolates were considered fast producers of acid, with predominance of the Lactococcus and Streptococcus (40% each). The Lactobacillus showed high variability and provided the widest range of proteolytic activity and production of flavour. The lactic cultures also showed good tolerance to 3 and 4 % of NaCl. Strains of Enterococcus faecium produced active bacteriocins against Listeria spp., with potential use in the production of Coalho cheese like protective culture / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

This thesis presents the design and analysis of specialised control systems for switched reluctance (SR) and permanent magnet (PM) machines in vehicular electric applications. Control systems for operation in motoring and power generation are considered for both the types of machines. The SR machine operation considered in this thesis is mainly focused towards the application of aero-engine starter/generators. The control designs for PM machines are formulated considering general fault-tolerant and isolated multiphase PM machines which can be applied in the majority of safety-critical vehicular power and propulsion applications. The SR motoring mode presented in this thesis considers the control design for operation from zero speed to a high speed range, while SR generation mode is confined to the high speed range, such as for the requirements of aero-engine starter/generator operation. This thesis investigates applied control methods for both single-pulse and chopping modes of operation. Classical excitation control versus peak current control and the introduction of a zero-voltage interval are compared for SR motor operation. Optimized excitation control versus two classical forms of excitation control are developed and compared for SR generator operation. Studies include simulation of a 12/8 250kW machine and experimental work on a 6/4 300W machine. The PM motoring and power generation considered in this thesis focuses on a special class of PM machines and drives which are specifically designed for fault-tolerant operation. Optimized control strategies for the operation of PM machines with the parallel H-bridge per-phase converter architecture are investigated. Mathematical modelling of the machine and drive with a consideration of harmonics is presented. The developed control methods are then evaluated by means of finite-element model based simulations of a 125kW five phase surface PM rotor machine and an interior PM rotor machine.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-04T10:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 943889 bytes, checksum: 2c73252c1e6bb98d5e7d98fa75eb15c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-04T10:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 943889 bytes, checksum: 2c73252c1e6bb98d5e7d98fa75eb15c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As principais culturas starter utilizadas para produção de derivados cárneos fermentados são micro-organismos do grupo das bactérias láticas (BAL) e Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. Os gêneros Pediococcus e Lactobacillus possuem como principal característica a acidificação dos produtos e produção de compostos responsáveis pela determinação de aroma e sabor. Staphylococcus coagulase negativa contribuem para o desenvolvimento e a estabilidade da cor vermelha e para o desenvolvimento de outras propriedades sensoriais, como textura e aroma. O monitoramento adequado dessas populações é indispensável para manutenção da qualidade e inocuidade desses produtos. Porém, as metodologias convencionais de enumeração de culturas starter em alimentos possuem limitações quanto a praticidade e seletividade. Com isso, placas PetrifimTM AC tem sido empregadas para enumeração de culturas starter em produtos lácteos fermentados, desde que associadas a meios de cultura com agentes seletivos para grupos microbianos específicos. Considerando a escassez de dados científicos que demonstrem a pertinência de utilização de placas PetrifimTM AC associadas a meios de cultura seletivos para enumeração de BAL em produtos cárneos fermentados, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o uso de placas PetrfilmTMAC associado ao caldo MRS e vermelho de clorofenol para enumeração de culturas starter adicionadas em salames. Quatorze culturas puras e dois mix de culturas starter foram enumerados em seis protocolos diferentes: 1) PetrifilmTM AC associados ao caldo MRS adicionado de vermelho de clorofenol incubado em aerobiose e 2) em anaerobiose, 3) ágar MRS associado a vermelho de clorofenol, 4) MRS associado a púrpura de bromocresol, 5) MRS pH 5,7, e 6) ágar All Purpose Tween. Em seguida, amostras de salame foram obtidas e suas culturas starter enumeradas pelos protocolos 1, 2, 3 e 5. A análise de variância indicou ausência de diferenças significativas entre os protocolos de enumeração, independente dos tempos de incubação considerados (24, 48 e 72 horas). De maneira geral as contagens de culturas puras e culturas starter não apresentaram diferenças significativas considerando os diferentes tempos de incubação (exceto para AS 308 e S. xylosus em MRS com pH 5.7). Houve correlação significativa entre os protocolos, indicando a equivalência entre as contagens de culturas puras e culturas starter obtidas em aerobiose e em anaerobiose (p < 0,05). Os parâmetros de regressão linear também indicam correlações adequadas entre as contagens obtidas após 24, 48 e 72 h de incubação, indicando a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos em um menor tempo de análise (24 h). Considerando os resultados obtidos na enumeração de culturas starter em salames, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os protocolos, independente dos tempos e condições de incubação e todas as correlações foram significativas (p < 0,05), indicando equivalências entre os protocolos independente das condições (aerobiose ou anaerobiose) e tempos (24, 48, 72h) de incubação. Após análise morfológica e identificação molecular de isolados obtidos das amostras de salame pelos protocolos avaliados, verificou-se uma seletividade adequada dos mesmos, que permitiram a formação de colônias apenas por micro-organismos dos gêneros Lactobacillus e Pediococcus, bem como Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, tipicamente utilizados como culturas starter para a produção de salame. Esses resultados confirmam a viabilidade da utilização de PetrifilmTM AC associado ao caldo MRS e vermelho de clorofenol para enumeração de culturas starter isoladas e em amostras de salame, em diferentes condições de aerobiose e em um reduzido período de incubação, representando vantagens a serem consideradas no monitoramento desses micro- organismos. / The main starter cultures used for the production of fermented meat products are microorganisms from the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Staphylococcus coagulase negative. Pediococcus and Lactobacillus present as main technological characteristic the acidification of products and production of compounds responsible for determining aroma and flavor. Staphylococcus coagulase negative contributes to the development and stability of the red color and the development of others sensory properties such as flavor and texture. Monitoring the populations is essential for maintaining the quality and safety of these products. However, conventional methods for enumeration of starter cultures in foods have limitations, due to poor selectivity and handling. Thus, PetrifilmTM AC plates have been used for enumeration of starter cultures in fermented dairy products, since associated with culture media with selective agents for specific microbial groups. Considering the lack of scientific data demonstrating the relevance of using PetrifilmTM AC plates associated with selective culture media for LAB enumeration in fermented meat products, the present study aimed to assess alternative protocols for the enumeration of starter culture in salami. Fourteen reference strains and two mix of starter cultures were plated on six different protocols: 1) PetrifilmTM AC added to MRS broth and chlorophenol red incubated in aerobiosis and 2) in anaerobiosis 3) agar MRS added to chlorophenol red 4) MRS added to bromocresol purple 5) MRS pH 5.7 and 6) agar All Purpose Tween. Then, samples of salami were obtained and their starter cultures enumerated by plating using protocols 1, 2, 3 and 5. The analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the enumeration protocols, independent of the incubation time: 24, 48 and 72 h. Generally, the counts of pure cultures of microorganisms and reference starter cultures showed no significant differences considering the different incubation times (except for AS 308 and S. xylosus in MRS at pH 5.7). The results indicated a significant correlation between the protocols, indicating equivalence between the counts of reference cultures and starter cultures in aerobiosis and anaerobiosis (p < 0.5). The linear regression parameters also indicate appropriate correlations between the counts obtained after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation, indicating a reliability of the results obtained in a shorter analysis time (24 h). Considering the results obtained in the enumeration of starter cultures in salami, no significant differences were observed among the protocols considered, independent of time and incubation conditions, and all correlations were significant (p < 0.05), indicating equivalence between the protocols independent the conditions (aerobiosis and anaerobiosis) and time (24, 48 and 72 h) of incubation. After morphological and molecular identification of isolates obtained from samples of salami by the tested protocols, it was observed an adequate selectivity, which allowed the formation of colonies only by microorganisms of the genera Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Staphylococcus coagulase negative, typically considered as starter cultures for the salami production. These results confirm the feasibility of using PetrifilmTM AC associated to MRS broth and chlorophenol red for enumeration of isolated starter cultures and starter cultures from salami samples, in different aerobic conditions and in a reduced incubation period, representing advantages to be considered during the monitoring of these microorganisms.

Orientador: Nelson Jose Beraquet / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavenaghi_AngelaDulce_D.pdf: 820135 bytes, checksum: d87ee57cf9506eb8fcb111d97c637bf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Face às demandas do mercado é necessário diversificar a elaboração de produtos industrializados à base de carne de frango, particularmente da carne da perna e coxa de frango que tem menor aceitação que o peito. Embutidos fermentados cozidos podem ser elaborados com carne de perna e coxa de frango constituindo-se num novo produto, ainda não disponível no mercado brasileiro. Carne de perna e coxa de frango foi utilizada em substituição às carnes suína e bovina numa formulação padrão de salame, mantendo-se o toucinho, e realizando-se a cocção após o estágio de fermentação quando o pH desejado foi atingido. Foram avaliados os efeitos da adição de dextrose em dois níveis 0,4 e 0,75%, duas misturas de culturas iniciadoras, sendo a cultura 1 (Staphylococcus carnosus e Lactobacillus pentosus) e a cultura 2 (Staphylococcus xylosus e Pediococcus pentosaceus), e adição de gordura suína também em dois níveis 12 e 16%. Essa última variável visa a obtenção de produtos lights e convencionais. O tempo de secagem/maturação foi controlado para obter duas faixas de atividade de água (Aa) no produto final, 0,87-0,88 e 0,90-0,91. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial completo, totalizando 16 tratamentos efetuados em duplicata. As curvas de queda de pH e Aa foram determinadas a partir de medidas tomadas durante o processamento. Avaliou-se a composição aproximada da massa de embutimento e dos produtos finais. As medidas de L*, a* e b*, força de cisalhamento, nitrito residual, cloretos e acidez lática foram realizadas nos produtos finais e conduziu-se análises sensoriais de aceitação (sabor, firmeza, cor e avaliação global) e descritiva quantitativa (ADQ) (aparência, sabor, textura e aroma). Para a avaliação da segurança microbiológica determinou-se as contagens de coliformes, Salmonella e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Os produtos elaborados com 0,4% de dextrose não atingiram pH final abaixo de 5,3 e, portanto seria recomendável a adição de 0,75% de dextrose. O uso da cultura 2 reduziu em cerca de 10 horas o tempo de fermentação, quando comparado à cultura 1. Os produtos elaborados com a cultura 2 e Aa final 0,90-0,91 tiveram o tempo de processamento reduzido em 1 dia em relação aos com Aa 0,87-0,88. Por outro lado, produtos elaborados com a cultura 1 apresentaram aroma mais característico de salame e foram considerados mais suculentos. Os produtos com adição de 12% de gordura poderiam ser classificados como lights de acordo com a legislação brasileira. Para os atributos avaliados todos os tratamentos foram considerados ¿bons¿ com base na análise sensorial de aceitação e na ADQ. Numa segunda fase um produto do tipo light (23,7% de gordura) e outro do tipo convencional (29,5% de gordura) tiveram a sua vida útil determinada sob condições ambientais (temperatura ambiente, seco e fresco). Para este fim, foram conduzidas determinações de pH, Aa, força de cisalhamento, oxidação lipídica e ADQ ao longo do tempo de estocagem. A ADQ mostrou que as características sensoriais dos dois produtos foram praticamente iguais, e na análise de aceitação os dois produtos apresentaram 80% de intenção de compra por parte dos consumidores. A vida útil dos produtos foi estimada em aproximadamente 90 dias uma vez que as primeiras alterações dos atributos sensoriais só ocorreram após 120 dias de estocagem / Abstract: Taking into account the market demands, it is necessary to develop a wider array of industrialized chicken products, with special emphasis on the use of leg and thigh meat since they do not have a consumer acceptance as high as breast meat. Cooked fermented sausages can be made by using chicken leg and thigh meat, creating then a new product not yet available to the Brazilian market. Chicken leg and thigh meat was used to replace pork and beef on a standard salami formulation, maintaining the swine fat cubes and cooking the sausages after the fermentation stage and after they had reached the desired pH level. The effects of two levels of dextrose addition (0.4 and 0.75%) and the development of two different starter cultures (Culture 1 Staphylococcus carnosus and Lactobacillus pentosus, and culture 2 Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus) were evaluated. The salamis also had different added swine fat contents (12 and 16%) in order to result in light e regular products, and the drying/maturation period was controlled in order to obtain two water activity levels (Aw) in the final product (0.87-0.88 and 0.90-0.91). The experimental design was a complete factorial, with a total of 16 treatments in duplicate. The pH and Aw fall curves were determined daily, as were the proximate composition of the initial and final product. The measurements of L*, a* and b* colour values, shear force, residual nitrote, chlorides, and lactic acidity were performed on the final product. Also, sensorial analysis of overall acceptance (taste, firmness, color and overall rating) as well as quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) (appearance, taste, texture and aroma), were performed on the final product. The microbiological safety of those products was determined through the counting of coliforms, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus. The products made with 0.4% dextrose addition did not reach a pH below 5.3. Therefore the 0.75% level is recommended. The use of culture 2 reduced in 10 hours the fermentation period, comparing to culture 1. The products made using culture 2 and with Aw 0.90-0.91 had the processing time reduced by one day when compared to Aw 0.87-0.88. On the other hand, products made using culture 1 were described as having an aroma more typical of salami and were considered juicier. The products with a 12% fat addition would be classified as light according to the Brazilian legislation. All treatments, considering both the sensorial analyses of overall acceptance and QDA methods, were considered ¿good¿ in terms of the attributes studied. On a second phase, the light product (23.7% fat content) and the regular one (29.5% fat content) had their shelf-lives determined at room temperature. In order to do so were determined the levels of pH and Aw, the shear force, the lipid oxidation, and the QDA throughout the storage period. The QDA showed that the sensory characteristics of the product were similar and presented 80% purchasing intent from consumers. The shelf-life of both product was around 90 days, although the sensory characteristics remained unchanged during 120th day of storage / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the problem of rubber production lines and their possible elimination. The next step is the point that will be devoted to the design of a possible improvement of the line to increase efficiency, the software I worked with will be described, the hardware that was used, and in the final part the source code for the control system, which is designed for very precise frame positioning in one part of the line.

Housing is one aspect of architecture and urban planning that has constantly been improved and redefined to suit the needs of people during the time periods they have been living in. People have taken significant steps in establishing how they want to live in retrospect to the times, according to their values and needs. Today, more architectural research may address the understanding and production of a healthy way of living than any other aspect of placemaking. It is no surprise that so much effort supports this spatial concern, which contributes to a fundamental building block of shared cultural definitions. The COVID-19 pandemic has simply underscored the importance of this movement. In human terms, these times have indicated that when the going gets tough, people turn to their own cocoons for shelter, safety, and storage, while this so-called place of safety becomes a focal point around which they can develop their life and subsequently their communication to the outside world. With the growing challenges in everyday urbanism, and the population of the world reaching new peaks every year, one must question if the issues of the past such as the scale and speed of construction can coordinate with the critical timelines that society now faces. On top of that, disasters and climate change simply heightens these challenges. Providing housing for all may not be a viable solution in the long term. People often see housing as a product or the result of the process, and this idea needs to be given significant thought so that the discourse of housing and eventually urban living reflect a world of comfort and social utopia. The thesis also narrowly touches on the fact that housing is a form of architecture that is ever changing. Once this idea has been accepted, urbanism can begin to address things that affect the environment, health, and other aspects of value which are now loosely attached to one’s living conditions. This thesis explores the various ways of establishing comfortable living space, in particular the notion of “Hygge” and its parallels across the world, and identifies “incrementalism” as a common framework to support health, facilitate safety, and build comfort for a large audience.

It is appreciated that improvements in feed form (FF) result in improved broiler performance. However, research has primarily focused on the finishing growth phase due to associated high feed consumption allowing the greatest opportunity to observe performance benefits. Due to lower feed volumes required in the starter growth phase, it may be more economical to improve FF in the starter phase if improvements in overall performance and processing characteristics are observed. Study 1 investigated the potential for interactive effects of high or low FF presented in each of three growth phases to influence broiler performance. These data demonstrated the potential for FF presented in the starter phase to interact with FF in the finisher phase influencing day (d) 46 ending body weight (BW). Due to starter FF impacting overall performance, this led to Study 2 which consisted of two experiments with the main objective of determining the optimal crumble particle size for improved starter (d 0-14) performance. Experiment 1 utilized 5 different crumble particle sizes ranging from 1202- 2172 µm; whereas Experiment 2 implemented 8 differing crumble particle sizes ranging from 1174- 3736 µm. These data demonstrated consistent improvements in feed conversion ratio (FCR) as crumble particle size increased, with improvements in BW gain being demonstrated in Experiment 2 for crumbles 2800 µm and larger. Due to associated performance benefits with large particle sizes, Study 3 examined the potential to feed pellets, in comparison to crumbles, at different qualities during the starter period. Additionally, two commonly used genetic strains were employed to determine if performance benefits due to FF and feed quality (FQ) would be similar among different strains. Lastly, common diets were fed following the starter phase to determine if benefits due to starter FF would translate to improved overall performance. Feed quality and FF interacted to influence d 18 BW and d 0-18 BW gain. Examining carryover effects, d 0-32 and 0-46 FCR were influenced by FF and FQ; whereas d 0-62 was not influenced. These data suggest that length of the growout should be considered for determining FQ and FF to present in the starter growth phase.

Le Nem chua est un produit vietnamien fermenté à base de viande porcine. Notre étude a pour but de formuler des starters lactiques afin de standardiser le processus de fabrication du Nem chua et améliorer la qualité des produits finis. Le pH de la pâte de viande diminue progressivement tandis que la population lactique se développe au cours des 5 jours de fermentation. Parmi les 131 souches identifiées, les Lactobacillus brevis et Lb. plantarum étaient les plus fréquents. Les autres bactéries lactiques telles que Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis sont présentes mais en plus faible pourcentage. L’utilisation de la combinaison des Lb. brevis et Pe. pentosaceus (6.106 UFC.g-1 pâte de viande, proportion de 1:1) donne des produits préférés par le jury de dégustateurs vietnamiens. Ces résultats permettent d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives de production et d’application au niveau industriel des starters lactiques choisis afin d’avoir les produits à la qualité bien maîtrisée et en sécurité alimentaire dans la fabrication des Nem chua du Vietnam, qui pouvant s’appliquer à d’autres fermentations carnées similaires. / Nem chua is a very popular fermented meat product in Vietnam. Our research aimed at the formulation of autochthonous starter cultures in order to standardise the production process of Nem chua and to improve the quality of final product. The paste meat pH progressively decreased while LAB increased during the fermentation. Among 131 isolates identified, the most frequent LAB revealed were Lactobacillus brevis and Lb. plantarum. The other LABs such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis, … existed in lowest percentage. The results of our sensorial experiments demonstrated significant effects of Lb. brevis and Pe. pentosaceus strains, which were previously isolated from Nem chua, on the sensory quality of this traditional fermented meat product. The use of both Lb. brevis and Pe. pentosaceus strains (6.106CFU.g-1 meat paste, strain ratio of 1:1) as starters for Nem chua offered the best sensorial quality. These results suggest further studies on the practical ability of using and producing these LABs in combination as commercial starters in order to produce products of well-controlled quality and safety for Nem chua in Vietnam and probably of other similar fermented meat products.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de diarreia e suas consequências no metabolismo animal em bezerros consumindo concentrado inicial contendo coprodutos como polpa cítrica, melaço e xarope de glicose; ou bezerros suplementados com probiótico. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar o efeito da substituição de milho por coprodutos. No primeiro experimento, 24 bezerros com idade média de 2 semanas, foram distribuídos em 3 tratamentos e receberam concentrado inicial contendo doses crescentes de polpa cítrica em substituição ao milho. No segundo experimento, 32 bezerros foram divididos em 4 tratamentos, recebendo concentrado inicial contendo xarope de glicose e doses crescentes de melaço em substituição ao milho. Em ambos os experimentos, os animais foram alojados em abrigos individuais, receberam 4 L de sucedâneo lácteo por dia, dividido em duas refeições e tiveram livre acesso à água e concentrado. Após o diagnóstico da ocorrência de diarreia, foram realizadas avaliações de escore fecal, escore clínico, além de medição dos parâmetros fisiológicos, nas seguintes 24, 48 e 72 horas. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para realização de hemograma, análises bioquímicas, análises gasométricas e eletrolíticas. A adição de coprodutos no concentrado inicial não afetou (P>0,05) o escore fecal, as características das fezes e os sinais clínicos dos animais diarreicos. As análises plasmáticas bioquímicas (glicose, proteínas totais, albumina, ?-hidroxibutirato, nitrogênio ureico plasmático, lactato total, D- e L-lactato) apresentaram valores normais e não sofreram efeito negativo (P>0,05) em resposta da substituição de milho por coprodutos no concentrado. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) nas análises gasométricas e no eritrograma, com resultados indicando ausência ou baixo nível de acidose metabólica e desidratação nos animais. De acordo com o leucograma realizado, foi constatada leucocitose e neutrofilia na maioria dos casos, significando que a diarreia foi de origem infecciosa, descartando a possibilidade que o consumo de coprodutos no concentrado fosse a etiologia da diarreia. Um terceiro experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho geral de bezerros suplementados com probíóticos contendo bactérias ruminais. Foram utilizados 20 bezerros divididos em 2 tratamentos (controle e fornecimento oral de 2 gramas de probiótico/dia), sendo os animais avaliados até a 10ª semana de vida. Os animais alojados em abrigos individuais, receberam 6 L de sucedâneo lácteo por dia, e tiveram livre acesso à água e concentrado. O desaleitamento foi realizado na 6ª semana de vida, de forma a causar uma situação de estresse nos animais. O consumo diário de concentrado, ganho de peso, desenvolvimento corporal e escore fecal foram avaliados. Nas semanas 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 foram colhidas amostras de sangue para determinação de parâmetros bioquímicos e realização do hemograma. O fornecimento de probióticos via oral não afetou (P>0,05) o escore fecal, o desempenho dos animais (ganho de peso e consumo de concentrado). Como conclusão, a substituição de milho por polpa cítrica, melaço ou xarope de glicose no concentrado inicial não apresentou efeitos negativos relacionados à diarreia e não agravou os quadros de desidratação e acidose metabólica. O fornecimento de 2 gramas diários de probióticos de bactérias ruminais não resultou em melhorias no desempenho de bezerros desaleitados precocemente. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of diarrhea and the consequences on animal metabolism of calves consuming starter feed containing coproducts such as citrus pulp, molasses and glucose syrup; or calves supplemented with direct-fed microbial (DFM). Two trials were performed to evaluate the effect of replacing corn by coproducts. In the first trial, 24 calves were divided into three treatments, and received starter feed containing increasing doses of citrus pulp replacing corn. In the second trial, 32 calves were divided into four treatments, and received starter feed containing glucose syrup and increasing doses of molasses replacing corn. In both experiments, animals were housed in individual hutches, received 4 L/d of milk replacer, divided into two meals and had free access to water and starter feed. After the diagnosis of the occurrence of diarrhea fecal score, clinical score, and the measurement of physiological parameters were evaluated during the following 24, 48 and 72 hours.Blood samples were taken for complete blood count (CBC), biochemical, electrolytes and gases analysis. The addition of coproducts in the starter feed had no effect (P>0.05) on fecal score, characteristics of the faeces and clinical signs of diarrheic animals. The plasma biochemical analysis (glucose, total protein, albumin, ?-hydroxybutyrate, urea nitrogen, lactate total D-and L-lactate) showed normal values and were negativelly affected (P>0.05) in response to the substitution of corn by coproducts in the stater feed for calves. No alterations (P>0.05) were noted in the erythrocyte and blood gases results, suggesting absence or low level of dehydration, and metabolic acidosis in animals. According to the white blood cell count (WBC), leukocytosis and neutrophilia were observed in most cases, suggesting infectious diarrhea and rejecting the possibility that the consumption of coproducts in the starter feed were the etiology of diarrhea cases. A third trial was performed to evaluate the overall performance of dairy calves supplemented with a probiotic containg ruminal bacterias. Twenty calves divided into two treatments (control and oral and daily supply of 2 grams of probiotic), animals were evaluated up to 10 weeks of age. Animals were housed in individual hutches, received 6 L/d of milk replacer, and had free access to water and starter feed. Weaning was done at the 6th week of age, as a meaning of causing stress in animals. Daily starter feed intake, weight gain, body development, and fecal score were evaluated. At 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th weeks, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and WBC. The oral supply of probiotic had no effect (P>0.05) on fecal score or animal performance (weight gain and starter feed intake). In conclusion, the substitution of corn by citrus pulp, molasses or glucose syrup in the starter feed for dairy calves had no negative effects related to diarrhea or the agravation of dehydration and metabolic acidosis. The oral and daily supply of 2 grams of probiotics containg ruminal bacteria resulted in no improvements in performance of early-weaned dairy calves.