This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the drainage pipeline of the Škoda K 220-44 steam turbine. This turbine is operated in Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant. One part of this work is proposal of corrective measures. The aims of this work include the creation of a search for drainage, steam, erosion corrosion and mapping of defects in long-term operated drainage system. Work also includes the evaluation of measured values of the pipe wall thickness measured by ultrasonic analyzer. In addition, the work contains images created from 3D model, on which the location of defects and measurements are displayed.

Diploma thesis named Condensing steam turbine deals with heat scheme balancing computation of condensing steam turbine K55 and her design. This turbine with 5 unregulated take-offs and overpressure blading type, is computed with (c_a/u) method in the middle of blading diameter. Regulation degree is chosen with impulse blading and feet cross section is checked on durability. At the end of the thesis turbine consumption characteristic is derived from the zero output up to the nominal output. Integrated part of this thesis is conceptional design of longitudal turbine section.

This thesis is focused on calculation of double casing condensing steam turbine with capacity 200 MW for petrochemical industry´s consumptions. Engine is projected for gas-steam cycle. It has one controlled extraction points placed between two bodies, two uncontrolled extraction points and axial output to air-cooling condenser. Balance scheme was made for 100% operation. Detail design is made only for ST/NT casing and it includes calculation of flowing part, selection of blade´s profile and its stress control. Rotor is checked for critical speed, safety rigid coupling is calculated and according to reaction forces journal bearing are designed. In the end regulation of turbo-set is discussed more precisely and there are calculation of temperature and pressure in uncontrolled extraction points during 80% and 60% operation. Thesis was written out according to Doosan Skoda Power´s instruction and with their cooperation.

This thesis describes the design of a condensing steam turbine with reheating for fossil power plant. The turbine is a double parts. The first casing is formed by a simple HP casing. The second casing is combined MP-LP casing with axial outlet of steam into the water-cooled condenser. Feedwater regeneration system consists of two high-pressure heaters, the four low-pressure heaters and feed tank. In thesis is includes the calculation of heat balance and the draft of flow channel of HP and MP-LP casing. Next is a detailed calculation of MP-LP casing with includes calculation of flowing part, selection of blade´s profiles and its stress control. Rotor MP-LP casing is checked for torsion and computed size of the critical speed. Clutch is ispected by security check and draft radial bearings. Stress control casing is carried out according to the theory of thick shells. Work includes flow scheme for 100% and 75% performance. In the end is comparing the efficiency of the individual casing of the turbine with the work 3b together with the specific heat consumption. Work includes a longitudinal section of the MP-LP casing. This thesis has been developed in cooperation Škoda Power, Doosan.

This thesis deals with design is condensing steam turbines burning fossil fuels with nominal capacity of the generator of 250 MW with steam reheating and regenerative eight uncontrolled extraction points. The turbine consists of two bodies: a combined high-intermediate pressure section and low pressure parts with dual way outlet down into the water-cooled condenser. Work includes calculating thermal scheme for 100% and 75% capacity, specific heat consumption calculation and design of the flow HP-MP body. Further strength control and basic engineering design of high-medium- work completed by longitudinal section. Achievements are at the end of work compared with work 3a and the conclusion summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the concept.

This diploma thesis is focused on the design of high-pressure hydraulic unit to drive a regulation of condensation turbine. The aim is to calculate all the elements of the hydraulic system, piping design and the necessary drawings. The entire assembly consists of purchased parts from other manufacturers. Major oil tank and a safety catch tank is described in detail and will be made, not bought.

Utsläppen av växthusgaser måste minska snabbt under de kommande åren. Sveriges mål är att uppnå nettonollutsläpp till år 2045. Industrisektorn spelar en avgörande roll i omställningsarbetet genom att minska sitt energibehov och fasa ut sin användning av fossila bränslen, teknikutvecklingen måste gå mot mer klimatsmarta och hållbara produkter och produktionsmetoder. Omställningen kommer att kräva ett mer robust och tillförlitligt energisystem där dagens centraliserade system kompletteras med mindre decentraliserade produktionsanläggningar så att effekt- och energibehov kan tillgodoses i alla lägen. Att producera el och värme närmare användaren bidrar till minskade överföringsförluster. Småskalig kraftvärmeproduktion (CHP) baserad på biobränslen eller restvärmeresurser kan vara en del av lösningen för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att undersöka möjligheten för ett medelstort svenskt industriföretag att producera sitt eget basbehov av värme och el med hjälp av den konventionella Rankinecykeln. Samt att undersöka hur produktionskostnaderna av el och värme förändras beroende på anläggningens storlek. Arbetet har bestått av datainsamling från olika tillverkare av turbiner och pannor, en beräkningsmodell skapades i Excel där anläggningar av olika storlek har jämförts vid olika driftscenarion. Ekonomiska kalkyler har gjorts med hjälp av Pay-off metoden och Nuvärdesmetoden. Resultatet visar att produktionskostnaderna för anläggningar med turbiner i storleksordningen 10 – 100 kWel ligger på en relativt jämn nivå och betydligt lägre än priserna på köpt el och fjärrvärme. Den ekonomiska bedömningen visar generellt på positiva resultat med korta pay-offtider och positiva nuvärden. En jämförelse av anläggningarna visar att elverkningsgraden är låg och att totalverkningsgraden i vissa fall blir lägre än för företagets befintliga värmeleverantör. Detta visar att trots att det ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv kan vara en lönsam investering kan det ur ett systemperspektiv vara ett sämre alternativ då en lägre verkningsgrad leder till en ökad primärenergianvändning. Det är många parametrar som påverkar en CHP-anläggnings prestanda och ekonomiska lönsamhet, men en av de viktigaste är drifttiden. Att ha en kontinuerlig drift under större delen av året har stor påverkan på anläggningens ekonomiska prestanda. Anläggningens låga elverkningsgrad gör också att största besparingen hamnar på värmeproduktionen vilket gör att anläggningen bör dimensioneras så att den ersätter så stor del som möjligt av företagets värmebehov. / The emissions of greenhouse gases need to decrease rapidly over the coming decades. Sweden has set the target to achieve net zero emissions by 2045. The industrial sector plays a crucial role in that conversion by reducing its energy needs and to convert from fossil fuels to renewables. This conversion will require a more robust and reliable energy system were todays centralized system has been supplemented by small decentralized production facilities. To produce heat and power closer to the consumers means less transmission losses. Small scale combined heat and power (CHP) production based on biofuels or excess heat could be a solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possibility for a mid-size Swedish industrial company to produce its own base load of heat and power with a conventional Rankine cycle. Also to evaluate the production costs depending on the size of the plant. The work has consisted of data collection from different manufacturers of steam turbines and steam boilers, a calculation model has been made in Excel to compare different plant sizes and in different operating scenarios. Economical evaluations has been made with the Pay-off method and the net present value method (NPV). The result shows that production costs for facilities with steam turbines in the size range of 10 – 100 kWel is well below the price of bought electricity and district heating. The economical evaluation generally shows on short pay-off times and positive NPV. A comparison of the CHP plants shows that the electric efficiency is low and the total efficiency sometimes can be lower than for the existing heat supplier of the company. This means that a switch to local CHP will have a negative impact from a system perspective, because of the increased use of primary energy resources. There is many parameters that affects the performance of a CHP plant but the most crucial is the operation time. To have a continuous operation over a major part of the year has a great impact on the economic performance. The low electric efficiency means that the major part of the savings gets on the heat production. This means that the CHP plant should be dimensioned to replace primarily the heat requirement.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa apresentam-se os principais conceitos gerais de estabilidade elétrica, assim como suas divisões e classificações, onde são desenvolvidas as condições de operação de um sistema elétrico de potência, que são relevantes nos estudos de estabilidade angular do rotor, tensão e frequência. Para os estudos de estabilidade da frequência e de tensão é preciso conhecer os equipamentos como os reguladores de tensão e frequência, em consequência é apresentada a modelagem matemática de vários componentes dinâmicos como o sistema de excitação, estabilizador do sistema de potência (PSS), sistema de regulação de velocidade, sistema de regulação de tensão (AVR), máquina síncrona, turbina a vapor e turbina hidráulica. É necessário a modelagem de eles para projetar seus respectivos controladores. Nesta pesquisa também se faz a introdução ao controlador Fuzzy e controlador PID convencional assim como os métodos de sintonia, depois projetamos um controlador que combine os dois controladores e tenha mais vantagens como o controlador híbrido PID-Fuzzy. Depois de desenvolver a modelagem do regulador de tensão e frequência, fazemos o projeto do controlador PID-Fuzzy, previamente projetado o controle PID. As simulações dos sistemas de regulação de tensão e frequência sem controlador, com controlador PID e com controlador PID-Fuzzy foram realizadas aplicando a ferramenta computacional de Matlab-Simulink no domínio do tempo contínuo e as respostas foram investigadas e discutidas. / Abstract: This research presents the main general concepts of electrical stability, as well as their divisions and classifications, where the operating conditions of an electrical power system are developed, which are relevant in the studies of angular stability of the rotor, voltage and frequency. For frequency and voltage stability studies it is necessary to know equipment such as voltage and frequency regulators, consequently the mathematical modeling of several components is presented as dynamic as the excitation system, power system stabilizer (PSS) , speed regulation system, voltage regulation system (AVR), synchronous machine, steam turbine and hydraulic turbine. We need the modeling of them to design their respective controllers. In this investigation we also do the introduction to the Fuzzy controller and conventional PID controller as well as the tuning methods then we designed a controller that combines the two controllers and has more advantages as the hybrid PID-Fuzzy controller. After developing the modeling of the voltage and frequency regulator, we design the PID-Fuzzy controller, previously designed the PID control. The simulations of the voltage and frequency regulation systems without controller, with PID controller and with PID-Fuzzy controller were performed applying the Matlab-Simulink computational tool in the continuous time domain and the answers were investigated and discussed. / Mestre

<p>The development in the steam turbine business is heading for applications with much higher steam parameters since this enables a raised efficiency. Steam parameters refer to the pressure and the temperature of the steam. The aim of this study was to generate concepts for steam turbine inlet control valves designed for higher pressure and temperature in comparison with the present design. Future steam power plants using solar energy, based on tower technology, request this kind of performance and are an important potential market.</p><p>This master thesis at Linköping University has been written in collaboration with Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. The performed work has incorporated literature studies, functional analysis and solid mechanics analysis, flow analysis, evaluation of sealings and cup springs and development of the dimensioning data for the future control valve. The aim was to find a design concept that sustains the new and higher steam parameters and is tolerant concerning vibrations.</p><p>A systematical way to work has been applied during the project and a detailed planning was continuously followed and adjusted. Major methods used were product design specification, quality function deployment, morphological matrices, decision matrices and failure mode and effect analysis. Important programs used during the project were Pro/ENGINEER, MATLAB, FloEFD and MS Excel.</p><p>Today’s valves are dimensioned for much lower performance than the new requirements in terms of pressure and temperature. The main problem for the present design is that the opening and closing forces requirements, with the new higher pressure, get unreasonably large. Therefore were many of the developed concepts equipped with a pressure balancing feature. This feature also gives another desirable result; the vibrations (that is the source of many of the problems with the present design) will also be reduced.</p><p>During the early concept development phase, 15 different concepts were generated and after the concept evaluation only three concepts remained. These concepts were further developed in different areas of interest and finally one of the three was chosen to be the winning concept. The new valve design will most likely meet the requirements and has the potential to be refined for even higher pressure for future demands.</p> / <p>Utvecklingen inom ångturbiner går mot applikationer med mycket högre ångdata eftersom detta möjliggör en ökad effektivitet. Ångdata refererar till ångans tryck och temperatur. Uppgiften var att generera koncept för inloppsreglerventiler (till ångturbiner) dimensionerade för högre tryck och temperatur jämfört med dagens design. Framtida ångkraftverk som drivs av solenergi, så kallade soltorn, efterfrågar denna prestanda och är en viktig framtida marknad.</p><p>Detta examensarbete vid Linköpings Universitet har skrivits i samverkan med Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. Det genomförda arbetet har innefattat litteraturstudier, funktionsanalys och hållfasthetsanalys, flödesanalys, utvärdering av tätningar och tallriksfjädrar samt framtagning av dimensioneringsunderlag för den framtida reglerventilen. Målet var att finna ett koncept som klarar av dessa nya och högre ångdata och är tåligt beträffande vibrationer.</p><p>Ett systematiskt arbetssätt har anammats under projektet och en detaljerad planering upprättades och uppdaterades kontinuerligt. Viktiga metoder som använts är PDS (Product Design Specification), QFD (Quality Function Deployment), morfologisk matris, relativ beslutsmatris och feleffektanalys. Viktiga program som använts i projektet är Pro/ENGINEER, MATLAB, FloEFD och MS Excel.</p><p>Dagens ventiler är dimensionerade för mycket lägre prestanda än de nya kraven kräver i termer av tryck och temperatur. Det huvudsakliga problemet med den nuvarande designen var att kraven på de öppnande och stängande krafterna, med dessa nya ångdata, blir orimligt höga. Därför har många av de framtagna koncepten utrustats med tryckbalanserande funktion. Denna funktion ger också ett annat önskvärt resultat; vibrationerna (som är källan till många problem med dagens design) kommer även de att reduceras.</p><p>Under den tidiga konceptutvecklingsfasen genererades 15 olika koncept och efter konceptutvärderingen återstod bara tre. Dessa koncept vidareutvecklades inom olika intressanta områden och slutligen valdes ett av koncepten som det vinnande. Den nya ventildesignen kommer med stor sannolikhet att uppfylla kraven och har potential att förfinas för ännu högre tryck för framtida krav.</p>

The development in the steam turbine business is heading for applications with much higher steam parameters since this enables a raised efficiency. Steam parameters refer to the pressure and the temperature of the steam. The aim of this study was to generate concepts for steam turbine inlet control valves designed for higher pressure and temperature in comparison with the present design. Future steam power plants using solar energy, based on tower technology, request this kind of performance and are an important potential market. This master thesis at Linköping University has been written in collaboration with Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. The performed work has incorporated literature studies, functional analysis and solid mechanics analysis, flow analysis, evaluation of sealings and cup springs and development of the dimensioning data for the future control valve. The aim was to find a design concept that sustains the new and higher steam parameters and is tolerant concerning vibrations. A systematical way to work has been applied during the project and a detailed planning was continuously followed and adjusted. Major methods used were product design specification, quality function deployment, morphological matrices, decision matrices and failure mode and effect analysis. Important programs used during the project were Pro/ENGINEER, MATLAB, FloEFD and MS Excel. Today’s valves are dimensioned for much lower performance than the new requirements in terms of pressure and temperature. The main problem for the present design is that the opening and closing forces requirements, with the new higher pressure, get unreasonably large. Therefore were many of the developed concepts equipped with a pressure balancing feature. This feature also gives another desirable result; the vibrations (that is the source of many of the problems with the present design) will also be reduced. During the early concept development phase, 15 different concepts were generated and after the concept evaluation only three concepts remained. These concepts were further developed in different areas of interest and finally one of the three was chosen to be the winning concept. The new valve design will most likely meet the requirements and has the potential to be refined for even higher pressure for future demands. / Utvecklingen inom ångturbiner går mot applikationer med mycket högre ångdata eftersom detta möjliggör en ökad effektivitet. Ångdata refererar till ångans tryck och temperatur. Uppgiften var att generera koncept för inloppsreglerventiler (till ångturbiner) dimensionerade för högre tryck och temperatur jämfört med dagens design. Framtida ångkraftverk som drivs av solenergi, så kallade soltorn, efterfrågar denna prestanda och är en viktig framtida marknad. Detta examensarbete vid Linköpings Universitet har skrivits i samverkan med Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. Det genomförda arbetet har innefattat litteraturstudier, funktionsanalys och hållfasthetsanalys, flödesanalys, utvärdering av tätningar och tallriksfjädrar samt framtagning av dimensioneringsunderlag för den framtida reglerventilen. Målet var att finna ett koncept som klarar av dessa nya och högre ångdata och är tåligt beträffande vibrationer. Ett systematiskt arbetssätt har anammats under projektet och en detaljerad planering upprättades och uppdaterades kontinuerligt. Viktiga metoder som använts är PDS (Product Design Specification), QFD (Quality Function Deployment), morfologisk matris, relativ beslutsmatris och feleffektanalys. Viktiga program som använts i projektet är Pro/ENGINEER, MATLAB, FloEFD och MS Excel. Dagens ventiler är dimensionerade för mycket lägre prestanda än de nya kraven kräver i termer av tryck och temperatur. Det huvudsakliga problemet med den nuvarande designen var att kraven på de öppnande och stängande krafterna, med dessa nya ångdata, blir orimligt höga. Därför har många av de framtagna koncepten utrustats med tryckbalanserande funktion. Denna funktion ger också ett annat önskvärt resultat; vibrationerna (som är källan till många problem med dagens design) kommer även de att reduceras. Under den tidiga konceptutvecklingsfasen genererades 15 olika koncept och efter konceptutvärderingen återstod bara tre. Dessa koncept vidareutvecklades inom olika intressanta områden och slutligen valdes ett av koncepten som det vinnande. Den nya ventildesignen kommer med stor sannolikhet att uppfylla kraven och har potential att förfinas för ännu högre tryck för framtida krav.