This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping. In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external constructors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep. The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for. In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed. The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the constructor. It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the constructor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration. Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the constructors feel affect their work in any sense. Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same constructor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the constructor was a newcomer. The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the constructors and the road users. The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and constructor.

<p>This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping.</p><p>In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external constructors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep.</p><p>The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for.</p><p>In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed.</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the constructor.</p><p>It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the constructor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration.</p><p>Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the constructors feel affect their work in any sense.</p><p>Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same constructor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the constructor was a newcomer.</p><p>The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the constructors and the road users.</p><p>The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and constructor.</p>

Rapporten presenterar en fallstudie som genomförts som en del av lärarprogrammet vid Linköpings universitet. Den  nuvarande studien bygger på en tidigare studie om hur lärarstudenter löser problem gällande stickprov. Det övergripande syftet i den nuvarande studien är att undersöka vilka metoder och strategier som elever i den svenska gymnasieskolan använder för att lösa ett liknande problem. Metoden för datainsamling i denna studie var en semistrukturerad observation, där eleverna filmades med en videokamera. Det inspelade materialet analyserades sedan induktivt. Studiens resultat indikerar att problemlösningsprocessen hos elever med en högre förkunskapsnivå inom området  sannolikhetslära och statistik tenderar att vara mer framgångsrik. Dessutom verkar elevernas dispositioner, det vill säga deras attityder, vara en viktig faktor. / This report presents a case study conducted as a part of the teacher programme at Linköping University. The current study bulids upon an earlier study on how student teachers in mathematics solved problems regarding sampling.  The overall aim of the current study is to explore what methods and strategies students in a Swedish upper secondary school choose to solve a similar problem. The method for collecting data for this study was a semi-structured observation, where the students were recorded with a video camera. The recorded material was then analysed inductively. The result of this study indicates that the problem solving process among students with a higher level of previous knowledge in the area of probability and statistics, tends to be more successful. In addition to this, students’ dispositions, i.e. their attitudes, seem so be an important aspect as well.

Huvudmålet med detta projekt har varit att analysera området för personlig integritet vid användning av sökmotorer. Uppsatsen ger en inblick i hur sökmotorerna fungerar och visar vilka personliga data som samlas vid sökningar samt hur det påverkar sökresultat. Undersökningen bygger på tidigare forskning kring sökmotorer, användardata och begreppet ”integritet”. Metod och problembeskrivning utgår ifrån detta. För att kunna svara på forskningsfrågorna har vi skapat testfall och genomfört experiment mot tre sökmotorer i tre olika webbläsare. Vi har jämfört sökmotorernas säkerhets,- och integritetspolitik samt undersökt hur dessa påverkar sökresultatet för varje enskild sökmotor. Resultatet presenteras i form av grafer och diagram där testfall har analyserats mot varandra. Analysen av experimentet resulterar i riktlinjer för en mer privatvänlig och säker sökmotor.

<p>Dagvatten kan innehålla höga halter föroreningar. Vattnet leds från asfalterade ytor till recipient eller reningsverk. Detta kan bidra till att recipienter och reningsverk får en hög belastning när det gäller vattenflöden och mängden föroreningar. Vid bortledandet av dagvattnet minskar infiltrationen av vatten och detta kan medverka till att markens vegetation skadas och att markens bärkraft försämras på grund av en sänkning av grundvattenytan. </p><p>Västerviks kommun har beslutat för att ställa om dagvattenhanteringen i Västervik genom att använda sig av Lokalt Omhändertagande av Dagvatten (LOD). Detta har man gjort genom att anlägga en serie våtmarksdammar, bland annat i Peruområdet. Denna anläggning består av ett dräneringsdike och fyra våtmarksdammar. Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera denna dagvattenanläggning, som är anlagd för att utjämna dagvattenflöde och binda föroreningar. Utifrån denna studie diskuteras sedan val av olika provtagningsstrategier. </p><p>Denna studie visar att vattenflödet är som störst vid inloppet av systemet. Dräneringsdiket och dammarna fungerar alltså bra som vattenfördröjande system. Dräneringsdiket fungerar som källa för suspenderat material och kväve, det vill säga att det är lägre koncentrationer som kommer in idräneringsdiket av dessa ämnen, men koncentrationen höjs i den efterföljande dammen. Därefter minskar koncentrationerna av dessa ämnen i systemet. När det gäller fosfor och tungmetallerna minskar ämnenas koncentration genom hela systemet. Avskiljningen av suspenderat material i en damm ligger på lite drygt 50 % om man räknar över året. </p> / <p>Storm water may contain high contents of pollutants. The water arrives from areas with asphalts to waters and sewage treatment plants. Therefore recipients and sewage treatment plants receive high loads of pollutants. When the water is redirected, the infiltration of water is decreased, and this could harm the soil vegetation and deteriorate the bearing capacity of the soil. </p><p>Västervik municipality has decided to change the storm water handling in Västervik by taking care of the storm water at a local site. This has been done by construction of a weir plant, for example in the Peru area. The weir plant consists of a drainage ditch and four wetland ponds. The purpose with this study is to evaluate these wetland ponds with the intention to examine the reduction of pollutants. From the study different choice of sampling methods is discussed. </p><p>The study demonstrates that the water flow is highest in the beginning of the system. The drainage ditch and the ponds work well at delaying the water. The drainage ditch works as a source of solid suspensions and nitrogen, which means that it is lower concentrations that comes to the system of these substances than what it is in the next following pond. However, the substances are reduced in the next following ponds. Concerning phosphorus and heavy metals the concentrations of these substances are reduced through the whole system. The reduction of suspended solids in one pond is a little bit more than 50 % over the year counted.</p>

Dagvatten kan innehålla höga halter föroreningar. Vattnet leds från asfalterade ytor till recipient eller reningsverk. Detta kan bidra till att recipienter och reningsverk får en hög belastning när det gäller vattenflöden och mängden föroreningar. Vid bortledandet av dagvattnet minskar infiltrationen av vatten och detta kan medverka till att markens vegetation skadas och att markens bärkraft försämras på grund av en sänkning av grundvattenytan. Västerviks kommun har beslutat för att ställa om dagvattenhanteringen i Västervik genom att använda sig av Lokalt Omhändertagande av Dagvatten (LOD). Detta har man gjort genom att anlägga en serie våtmarksdammar, bland annat i Peruområdet. Denna anläggning består av ett dräneringsdike och fyra våtmarksdammar. Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera denna dagvattenanläggning, som är anlagd för att utjämna dagvattenflöde och binda föroreningar. Utifrån denna studie diskuteras sedan val av olika provtagningsstrategier. Denna studie visar att vattenflödet är som störst vid inloppet av systemet. Dräneringsdiket och dammarna fungerar alltså bra som vattenfördröjande system. Dräneringsdiket fungerar som källa för suspenderat material och kväve, det vill säga att det är lägre koncentrationer som kommer in idräneringsdiket av dessa ämnen, men koncentrationen höjs i den efterföljande dammen. Därefter minskar koncentrationerna av dessa ämnen i systemet. När det gäller fosfor och tungmetallerna minskar ämnenas koncentration genom hela systemet. Avskiljningen av suspenderat material i en damm ligger på lite drygt 50 % om man räknar över året. / Storm water may contain high contents of pollutants. The water arrives from areas with asphalts to waters and sewage treatment plants. Therefore recipients and sewage treatment plants receive high loads of pollutants. When the water is redirected, the infiltration of water is decreased, and this could harm the soil vegetation and deteriorate the bearing capacity of the soil. Västervik municipality has decided to change the storm water handling in Västervik by taking care of the storm water at a local site. This has been done by construction of a weir plant, for example in the Peru area. The weir plant consists of a drainage ditch and four wetland ponds. The purpose with this study is to evaluate these wetland ponds with the intention to examine the reduction of pollutants. From the study different choice of sampling methods is discussed. The study demonstrates that the water flow is highest in the beginning of the system. The drainage ditch and the ponds work well at delaying the water. The drainage ditch works as a source of solid suspensions and nitrogen, which means that it is lower concentrations that comes to the system of these substances than what it is in the next following pond. However, the substances are reduced in the next following ponds. Concerning phosphorus and heavy metals the concentrations of these substances are reduced through the whole system. The reduction of suspended solids in one pond is a little bit more than 50 % over the year counted.

Abstract This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping. In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external contractors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep. The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for. In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed. The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the contractor. It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the contractor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration. Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the contractors feel affect their work in any sense. Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same contractor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the contractor was a newcomer. The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the contractors and the road users. The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and contractor.

<p>Abstract</p><p>This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance</p><p>department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in</p><p>Jönköping.</p><p>In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on</p><p>external contractors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is</p><p>from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to</p><p>winter road upkeep.</p><p>The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more</p><p>conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The</p><p>downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate</p><p>how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make</p><p>sure to get what has been paid for.</p><p>In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new</p><p>set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed.</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules</p><p>are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the contractor.</p><p>It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how</p><p>it affects the possibilities of the contractor to come as a newcomer to a new area</p><p>of administration.</p><p>Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of</p><p>changes that the contractors feel affect their work in any sense.</p><p>Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been</p><p>scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which</p><p>areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where</p><p>the same contractor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of</p><p>changing rules and the other one was area where the contractor was a newcomer.</p><p>The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the contractors</p><p>and the road users.</p><p>The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of</p><p>Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and contractor.</p>

Arbetet kring mätfrekvenser, alltså hur ofta en producerad detalj ska mätas, inom produktionen på Volvo Cars följer i dagsläget inget standardiserat arbetssätt. Arbetet kring det bygger i stort på tidigare erfarenheter och vad liknande utrustningar har för mätfrekvens. Volvo Cars efterfrågar mer kunskap inom området för att få en mer kostnadseffektiv kvalitetssäkring. Arbetets huvudsyfte har innefattats av identifiering gällande vilka variabler som påverkar mätfrekvensen, samt uppbyggnad av en enklare modell där variablerna applicerats. Intervjuer har även genomförts på ett flertal företag, där några av de viktigaste slutsatserna är: Mätfrekvenser arbetas med retroaktivt, snarare än proaktivt. Duglighet är i dagsläget vanligast att använda vid arbete med mätfrekvenser. Arbete med mätfrekvenser sker inte standardiserat. Förbättring av mätfrekvenser jobbas med i låg grad och när det väl görs är det ofta triggat av en mantidsanalys. Arbetet har resulterat i identifiering av två huvudvariabler; duglighet och kvalitetskostnader. Även om verkligheten är mer komplicerad, kan dessa två variabler ses som huvudkategorier. Under duglighet och kvalitetskostnader finns sedan underkategorier. För duglighet finns verktygsrelaterade egenskaper såsom förslitning och dess material. Även detaljens material och dess termodynamiska egenskaper har inverkan på dugligheten. Slutligen återfinns felintensitet, vibrationer som uppstår och processens stabilitet. Gällande kvalitetsbristkostnader finns felkostnader som uppstår inom företagets väggar, interna felkostnader, och de felkostnader som uppstår när produkt levererats till kund, externa felkostnader. Utöver de två finns även kontrollkostnader och förebyggande kostnader. Arbetet har dessutom mynnat ut i en enklare modell där erfarenhet från intervjuer och data från Volvo Cars tagits i beaktande. Flera av de data som återfinns i modellen har tagits fram genom analysering av tre veckors produktionsdata från Volvo Cars. Data som används i modellen berörande kvalitet är duglighet och den procentuella fördelningen av den aktuella varianten. De data som har inverkan på kvalitetskostnaderna är hur många operationer flödet har och aktuell operations placering i relation till totala antalet. Även råämnets kostnad, allvarlighetsgraden för kvalitetsbristen hos aktuell egenskap och skrotkostnaden används. Modellen har sedan applicerat på en maskinerna som omfattats av arbetet för att kontrollera utfallet. Med data införd baserad på produktionsdata från Volvo Cars har en stickprovsfrekvens på 62 genererats. / Work on measuring frequencies, which is how often a produced detail is to be measured, within Volvo Cars’ production currently does not follow a standardized approach. The work around it basically builds on past experiences and what similar equipment has for measurement frequency. Volvo Cars requests more knowledge in the area to get more cost-effective quality assurance. The main objective of the work has contained identification of the variables that affect the measurement frequency, as well as construction of a simpler model where the variables are applied. Interviews have also been conducted on a number of companies, where some of the key conclusions are: Measuring frequencies are worked retrospectively, rather than proactively. Capability is currently the most common for work with measurement frequencies. Working with measurement frequencies does not occur standardized. Improving measurement frequencies occur to a low extent, and when done, it is often triggered by a man-time analysis. The work has resulted in the identification of two main variables; capability and quality costs. Although the reality is more complicated, these two variables can be seen as main categories. Under capability and quality costs, there are subcategories. For capability, tool-related properties such as wear and its material are available. The material of the detail and its thermodynamic properties also affect the capability. Finally, error intensity, vibrations and stability of the process are found. Regarding quality deficiency there are error costs arising within the company's walls, internal error costs, and the error costs that occur when the product is delivered to the customer, external error costs. In addition to the two, there are also control costs and prevention costs. In addition, the work has resulted in a simpler model, taking into account experience from interviews and data from Volvo Cars. Several of the data contained in the model have been developed by analyzing three-week production data from Volvo Cars. Data used in the model related to quality is the capability and the percentage distribution of the current variant. The data that impact on quality costs is how many operations the flow has and the current operation location in relation to the total number. The cost of the raw material, the severity of the quality lack of the current property and the scrap cost is also used. The model has then been applied to one of the machines covered by the work to check the outcome. With data imported based on production data from Volvo Cars, a sampling rate of 62 has been generated.