Šiame magistro darbe tyrinėjamos augalų pavadinimų žodinės asociacijos lietuvių ir baltarusių kalbomis, kurios kyla perskaičius tam tikrų augalų pavadinimus. Asociaciniame eksperimente dalyvavo 102 informantai: 52 lietuvių ir 50 baltarusių tautybės. Jiems buvo pateiktas 20 augalų pavadinimų sąrašas: ąžuolas, eglė, liepa, rožė, tulpė, kaštonas, klevas, beržas, šermukšnis, žibutė, erškėtrožė, tuopa, obelis, kriaušė, pušis, nendrė, gvazdikas, lelija, gluosnis, ramunė. Magistro darbo tikslas – aprašyti, kokias asociacijas sukelia apibrėžtos teminės grupės žodžiai-stimulai, t.y. augalų pavadinimai, ir nagrinėti žodines asociacijas psicholingvistiniu ir etnolingvistiniu aspektais. Žodinės asociacijos nagrinėjamos pagal tokius parametrus: asociacijų turinį, asociacijų santykį su žodžiu-stimulu, asociacijų dažnumo charakteristiką, asociacijų loginį ir gramatinį kriterijų. Tyrimui pasirinkti tokie metodai: anketavimas, lyginamasis ir aprašomasis. Atlikus analizę, paaiškėjo, kad abiejų tautybių informantų atsakymuose vyrauja daiktavardinės asociacijos, žodžiai-stimulai ir asociatai daugiausia susiję paradigminiais santykiais. Pastebėta, kad augalų pavadinimai dažniausiai sukelia vienažodes asociacijas. Ne visos asociacijos buvo logiškai motyvuotos ir pagrįstos, tačiau tokias asociacijas dažniausiai vartojo abiejų tautų mokyklinio amžiaus vaikai. Nustatyta, kad vyrų mąstysena ir kalba yra konkretesnė, moterų – abstraktesnė, susijusi su jausmine sritimi, asmenine gyvenimiška patirtimi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This study for an AM deals with verbal association of names of plants, which are evoked when tie names of certain are read. One hundred two people took part in this associative experiment: 52 Lithuanian and 50 Belarusian nationality. They were given a list of 20 plants: ąžuolas, eglė, liepa, rožė, tulpė, kaštonas, klevas, beržas, šermukšnis, žibutė, erškėtrožė, tuopa, obelis, kriaušė, pušis, nendrė, gvazdikas, lelija, gluosnis, ramunė. The objective of the study is to compare the differences in the use of language, which arise from social and psychic factors. The verbal association are studied by the following parameters: the contents of the association, the relationship of association with the word-stimulant, the character of the frequency of associations, and the logic and grammatical criterion of the associations. The following methods were chosen for the study: questioning, comparison and description. The study demonstrated that in the answers off two nationality of informants nouns prevail, and the words-stimulants and the association are mostly connected with paradigmatic relations. It was noticed that the plant names most often trigger one-word associations. Not all associations have been substantiated in a logical and reasonable, but such associations in both nations used mostly school-age children. It was found that the male way of thinking and language is more specific for women - more abstract, concerned with the sensual sphere of personal life experience... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção / Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno psiquiátrico que causa prejuízo significativo desde a infância, mas que igualmente tem um impacto negativo na vida adulta, para aqueles indivíduos que permanecem com o transtorno. Cada vez mais, os sistemas classificatórios modernos definem os transtornos mentais a partir de dados provenientes de pesquisas bem conduzidas metodologicamente. O critério de idade de início de sintomas causando prejuízo antes dos 7 anos para o diagnóstico de TDAH, presente tanto no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Doenças Mentais – 4ª Edição (DSM-IV) quanto de uma forma modificada na Classificação Internacional de Doenças – 10ª Edição (CID-10), foi determinado por uma decisão de comitê. Estudos iniciais não têm corroborado a validade desse critério para o diagnóstico do transtorno.Objetivos Esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a resposta ao tratamento com metilfenidato em pacientes com TDAH com e sem o critério de idade de início dos sintomas, mas que preenchem todos os demais critérios da DSM-IV para TDAH.Métodos Foram avaliadas duas amostras clínicas independentes provenientes do Programa de TDAH da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – PRODAH/UFRGS, sendo uma composta de 180 crianças e adolescentes (4–17 anos de idade) e a outra composta de 111 adultos (18 anos de idade ou mais). A medicação utilizada foi o metilfenidato, sendo a dose mínima de 0.30mg/kg/dia. A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada em sujeitos sem tratamento prévio com metilfenidato, utilizando-se a Escala Swanson, Nolan e Pelham – versão IV (SNAP IV) na linha de base e depois de 1 mês de tratamento. Os dados foram coletados entre Janeiro de 2000 e Janeiro de 2006. Resultados Em ambas as amostras estudadas os sujeitos com diagnóstico de TDAH pleno não tiveram uma resposta melhor ao metilfenidato em doses ao redor de 0.50mg/kg/dia do que os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio. Na amostra de adultos, encontrou-se uma resposta melhor ao metilfenidato para os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio em comparação àqueles com diagnóstico pleno, mesmo após ajuste para confundidores (escore total do SNAP-IV na linha de base, tipos de TDAH) (crianças e adolescentes: F = 0.865, p = .354; adultos: F = 5.760, p = .018).Conclusão Os resultados corroboram aqueles encontrados nos demais estudos que questionam a validade deste critério de idade de início de sintomas para o diagnóstico do TDAH. Nossos resultados sugerem que os clínicos devem considerar a possibilidade do tratamento com metilfenidato para os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio. / Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that causes significant impairment since childhood, but it also has a negative outcome in adulthood, for those who maintain the diagnosis. Modern classificatory systems define mental disorders based on data from well conducted investigations. The age-at-onset of impairment criterion for ADHD diagnosis is present both in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) in a modified format (age-of-onset of symptoms). However, it was determined by a committee decision. Initial studies have not corroborated the validity of this criterion for ADHD diagnosis. Objectives This work aims to assess response to methylphenidate treatment in ADHD patients with and without this age-at-onset criterion, but fulfilling all other DSMIV criteria for ADHD. Method Two independent clinical samples deriving from the ADHD Outpatient Clinic at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – PRODAH/UFRGS were evaluated, one comprised of 180 children and adolescents (4-17 years of age), and the other comprised of 111 adults (18 years old or older). The medication used was methylphenidate in a minimum dose of 0.30 mg/kg/day. Response totreatment was assessed in drug-naive subjects for methylphenidate using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Scale - version IV (SNAP-IV) at baseline and after one month of treatment. Data were collected from January 2000 to January 2006. Results In both samples, subjects with the full diagnosis did not have a better response to MPH at doses around 0.5 mg/kg/day than the late onset ADHD subjects. In the adults’ sample, we found a better response to MPH in subjects with late onset ADHD compared to those with full diagnosis, even after adjustment for confounders (baseline total score at the SNAP-IV, and ADHD types) (children and adolescents: F = 0.865; p = .354; adults: F = 5.760; p = .018). Conclusions These results corroborate those found in other studies that challenged the validity of this age-at-onset criterion for ADHD diagnoses. Our results suggest that clinicians should consider the possibility of methylphenidate treatment for subjects with late-onset ADHD.

O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção / Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno psiquiátrico que causa prejuízo significativo desde a infância, mas que igualmente tem um impacto negativo na vida adulta, para aqueles indivíduos que permanecem com o transtorno. Cada vez mais, os sistemas classificatórios modernos definem os transtornos mentais a partir de dados provenientes de pesquisas bem conduzidas metodologicamente. O critério de idade de início de sintomas causando prejuízo antes dos 7 anos para o diagnóstico de TDAH, presente tanto no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Doenças Mentais – 4ª Edição (DSM-IV) quanto de uma forma modificada na Classificação Internacional de Doenças – 10ª Edição (CID-10), foi determinado por uma decisão de comitê. Estudos iniciais não têm corroborado a validade desse critério para o diagnóstico do transtorno.Objetivos Esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a resposta ao tratamento com metilfenidato em pacientes com TDAH com e sem o critério de idade de início dos sintomas, mas que preenchem todos os demais critérios da DSM-IV para TDAH.Métodos Foram avaliadas duas amostras clínicas independentes provenientes do Programa de TDAH da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – PRODAH/UFRGS, sendo uma composta de 180 crianças e adolescentes (4–17 anos de idade) e a outra composta de 111 adultos (18 anos de idade ou mais). A medicação utilizada foi o metilfenidato, sendo a dose mínima de 0.30mg/kg/dia. A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada em sujeitos sem tratamento prévio com metilfenidato, utilizando-se a Escala Swanson, Nolan e Pelham – versão IV (SNAP IV) na linha de base e depois de 1 mês de tratamento. Os dados foram coletados entre Janeiro de 2000 e Janeiro de 2006. Resultados Em ambas as amostras estudadas os sujeitos com diagnóstico de TDAH pleno não tiveram uma resposta melhor ao metilfenidato em doses ao redor de 0.50mg/kg/dia do que os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio. Na amostra de adultos, encontrou-se uma resposta melhor ao metilfenidato para os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio em comparação àqueles com diagnóstico pleno, mesmo após ajuste para confundidores (escore total do SNAP-IV na linha de base, tipos de TDAH) (crianças e adolescentes: F = 0.865, p = .354; adultos: F = 5.760, p = .018).Conclusão Os resultados corroboram aqueles encontrados nos demais estudos que questionam a validade deste critério de idade de início de sintomas para o diagnóstico do TDAH. Nossos resultados sugerem que os clínicos devem considerar a possibilidade do tratamento com metilfenidato para os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio. / Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that causes significant impairment since childhood, but it also has a negative outcome in adulthood, for those who maintain the diagnosis. Modern classificatory systems define mental disorders based on data from well conducted investigations. The age-at-onset of impairment criterion for ADHD diagnosis is present both in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) in a modified format (age-of-onset of symptoms). However, it was determined by a committee decision. Initial studies have not corroborated the validity of this criterion for ADHD diagnosis. Objectives This work aims to assess response to methylphenidate treatment in ADHD patients with and without this age-at-onset criterion, but fulfilling all other DSMIV criteria for ADHD. Method Two independent clinical samples deriving from the ADHD Outpatient Clinic at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – PRODAH/UFRGS were evaluated, one comprised of 180 children and adolescents (4-17 years of age), and the other comprised of 111 adults (18 years old or older). The medication used was methylphenidate in a minimum dose of 0.30 mg/kg/day. Response totreatment was assessed in drug-naive subjects for methylphenidate using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Scale - version IV (SNAP-IV) at baseline and after one month of treatment. Data were collected from January 2000 to January 2006. Results In both samples, subjects with the full diagnosis did not have a better response to MPH at doses around 0.5 mg/kg/day than the late onset ADHD subjects. In the adults’ sample, we found a better response to MPH in subjects with late onset ADHD compared to those with full diagnosis, even after adjustment for confounders (baseline total score at the SNAP-IV, and ADHD types) (children and adolescents: F = 0.865; p = .354; adults: F = 5.760; p = .018). Conclusions These results corroborate those found in other studies that challenged the validity of this age-at-onset criterion for ADHD diagnoses. Our results suggest that clinicians should consider the possibility of methylphenidate treatment for subjects with late-onset ADHD.

O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção / Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno psiquiátrico que causa prejuízo significativo desde a infância, mas que igualmente tem um impacto negativo na vida adulta, para aqueles indivíduos que permanecem com o transtorno. Cada vez mais, os sistemas classificatórios modernos definem os transtornos mentais a partir de dados provenientes de pesquisas bem conduzidas metodologicamente. O critério de idade de início de sintomas causando prejuízo antes dos 7 anos para o diagnóstico de TDAH, presente tanto no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Doenças Mentais – 4ª Edição (DSM-IV) quanto de uma forma modificada na Classificação Internacional de Doenças – 10ª Edição (CID-10), foi determinado por uma decisão de comitê. Estudos iniciais não têm corroborado a validade desse critério para o diagnóstico do transtorno.Objetivos Esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a resposta ao tratamento com metilfenidato em pacientes com TDAH com e sem o critério de idade de início dos sintomas, mas que preenchem todos os demais critérios da DSM-IV para TDAH.Métodos Foram avaliadas duas amostras clínicas independentes provenientes do Programa de TDAH da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – PRODAH/UFRGS, sendo uma composta de 180 crianças e adolescentes (4–17 anos de idade) e a outra composta de 111 adultos (18 anos de idade ou mais). A medicação utilizada foi o metilfenidato, sendo a dose mínima de 0.30mg/kg/dia. A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada em sujeitos sem tratamento prévio com metilfenidato, utilizando-se a Escala Swanson, Nolan e Pelham – versão IV (SNAP IV) na linha de base e depois de 1 mês de tratamento. Os dados foram coletados entre Janeiro de 2000 e Janeiro de 2006. Resultados Em ambas as amostras estudadas os sujeitos com diagnóstico de TDAH pleno não tiveram uma resposta melhor ao metilfenidato em doses ao redor de 0.50mg/kg/dia do que os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio. Na amostra de adultos, encontrou-se uma resposta melhor ao metilfenidato para os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio em comparação àqueles com diagnóstico pleno, mesmo após ajuste para confundidores (escore total do SNAP-IV na linha de base, tipos de TDAH) (crianças e adolescentes: F = 0.865, p = .354; adultos: F = 5.760, p = .018).Conclusão Os resultados corroboram aqueles encontrados nos demais estudos que questionam a validade deste critério de idade de início de sintomas para o diagnóstico do TDAH. Nossos resultados sugerem que os clínicos devem considerar a possibilidade do tratamento com metilfenidato para os sujeitos com TDAH de início tardio. / Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that causes significant impairment since childhood, but it also has a negative outcome in adulthood, for those who maintain the diagnosis. Modern classificatory systems define mental disorders based on data from well conducted investigations. The age-at-onset of impairment criterion for ADHD diagnosis is present both in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) in a modified format (age-of-onset of symptoms). However, it was determined by a committee decision. Initial studies have not corroborated the validity of this criterion for ADHD diagnosis. Objectives This work aims to assess response to methylphenidate treatment in ADHD patients with and without this age-at-onset criterion, but fulfilling all other DSMIV criteria for ADHD. Method Two independent clinical samples deriving from the ADHD Outpatient Clinic at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – PRODAH/UFRGS were evaluated, one comprised of 180 children and adolescents (4-17 years of age), and the other comprised of 111 adults (18 years old or older). The medication used was methylphenidate in a minimum dose of 0.30 mg/kg/day. Response totreatment was assessed in drug-naive subjects for methylphenidate using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Scale - version IV (SNAP-IV) at baseline and after one month of treatment. Data were collected from January 2000 to January 2006. Results In both samples, subjects with the full diagnosis did not have a better response to MPH at doses around 0.5 mg/kg/day than the late onset ADHD subjects. In the adults’ sample, we found a better response to MPH in subjects with late onset ADHD compared to those with full diagnosis, even after adjustment for confounders (baseline total score at the SNAP-IV, and ADHD types) (children and adolescents: F = 0.865; p = .354; adults: F = 5.760; p = .018). Conclusions These results corroborate those found in other studies that challenged the validity of this age-at-onset criterion for ADHD diagnoses. Our results suggest that clinicians should consider the possibility of methylphenidate treatment for subjects with late-onset ADHD.

INTRODUÇAO: Recentes achados experimentais sugerem que a cocaína na forma crack é mais neurotóxica quando comparada à cocaína inalada. Estes estudos são congruentes com os achados clínicos de que pacientes com transtorno por uso da cocaína e usuários de crack têm pior prognóstico e mais consequências adversas para à saúde. OBJETIVO: Investigar alterações diferenciais em substância cinzenta cerebral (SC) e prejuízos neurocognitivos entre usuários de crack (CRACK), cocaína inalada (COC) e controles. MÉTODOS: 78 indivíduos adultos foram avaliados neste estudo (16 CRACK, 26 COC e 36 controles). Todos indivíduos realizaram uma bateria abrangente de testes neurocognitivos. Dados estruturais do cérebro foram analisados através de um protocolo de morfometria baseada em voxels (VBM) e do Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) 12. Diferenças em volume de substância cinzenta entre os três grupos foram avaliadas através de um modelo fatorial tendo idade e escolaridade como covariáveis. Foram realizados testes de correlação entre variáveis de uso da cocaína e volume de substância cinzenta. RESULTADOS: Participantes do grupo CRACK apresentaram volumes menores de SC no córtex orbitofrontal esquerdo (p < 0,001), cingulado anterior bilateral (p < 0,001), córtex precentral direito e córtex temporal medial (p < 0,05) em relação aos controles. Em comparação aos indivíduos do grupo COC, os indivíduos do grupo CRACK tiveram volumes menores de SC no córtex orbitofrontal esquerdo (p < 0,001), cingulado anterior direito (p < 0,05) e giro parietal superior esquerdo (p < 0,001). A idade de início de uso da cocaína mais precoce foi associada a volumes menores de SC no córtex temporal superior esquerdo (p < 0,05) e lóbulo paracentral direito (p < 0,05) no grupo total de usuários e CRACK. Anos de uso da cocaína foram associados negativamente ao volume de SC no polo temporal medial direito (p < 0,05) no grupo CRACK. O uso da droga no último mês foi associado a volumes menores de SC em córtex parahipocampal e hipocampo direito (p < 0,05) no grupo total de usuários e CRACK e cíngulo anterior direito apenas no grupo CRACK (p < 0,05). CRACK e COC desempenharam pior que os controles em funções executivas globais e impulsividade. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que usuários de crack apresentam alterações mais graves em região pré-frontal e prejuízos em funções cognitivas como auto-monitorização e funções executivas quando comparados a usuários de cocaína inalada. Variáveis como idade de início da cocaína, anos de uso e dias de uso da droga no último mês foram associadas a volumes menores de SC em regiões corticais relacionadas ao funcionamento executivo e controle inibitório. Em conclusão, usuários de crack apresentaram mais prejuízos em região pré-frontal do cérebro e novos estudos longitudinais poderão contribuir para uma melhor compreensão de como tais alterações podem impactar negativamente o curso clínico e resultados no tratamento / BACKGROUND: Recent experimental studies have shown that smoked crack is more neurotoxic when compared with intranasal cocaine. These reports are congruent with clinical findings that crack-addicted patients have a worse prognosis and more severe health consequences. AIM: To examine differential gray matter (GM) alterations and neurocognitive impairments in crack-addicted patients (CRACK) compared with intrasanal cocaine-addicted patients (COC) and controls. METHODS: 78 adult male subjects were evaluated in this study (16 CRACK, 26 COC and 36 controls). Subjects were submitted to an extensive battery of neurocognitive tests. Structural brain data were analyzed using a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) protocol and the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) 12. Differences in gray matter volume among the three groups were investigated with a full-factorial model controlling for age and years of education. We have performed a correlation analysis between variables of cocaine use and gray matter volume. RESULTS: CRACK presented significantly reduced GM volume in left orbitofrontal (p < .001), bilateral anterior cingulate (p < .001), right precentral gyrus (p < .05), and right medial temporal cortex (p < .05) compared with controls. When directly compared with COC, CRACK had reduced GM volume in left orbitofrontal (p < .001), right anterior cingulate (p < .05), and left superior parietal gyrus (p < .001). Age at first cocaine use was positively associated with GM volume in the left superior temporal cortex (p < .05) and paracentral lobe (p < .05) in the total sample and CRACK. Years of cocaine use were negatively associated with GM volume in the right medial temporal pole (p < .05) in CRACK. Past-30 days cocaine use was associated with reduced GM in the parahippocampal and hippocampus (p < .05) in the total sample and reduced right anterior cingulus in CRACK (p < .05). Both CRACK and COC participants performed worse than controls in global measures of executive functioning and impulsivity. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that participants with cocaine use disorder who use crack present more severe prefrontal cortex abnormalities and self-monitoring/executive alterations when compared with intrasanal cocaine users. Age of first cocaine use, years of cocaine exposure, and past-30 days cocaine use were associated with GM reductions in cortical areas implicated in executive functioning and inhibitory control. In conclusion, crack users presented more alterations in the prefrontal cortex and further longitudinal studies are warranted to a better comprehension of how such alterations may impact negatively treatment outcomes

This report presents findings of a community survey of 3,021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years in Munich, Germany, carried out to determine the prevalence of use and abuse of and dependence on ecstasy, amphetamines and hallucinogens. The response rate was 71%. Results: (1) In 1995, 4% of the male and 2.3% of the female respondents aged 14–24 reported the use of ecstasy. Ecstasy-related substances (amphetamines and chemically related substances) were reported by 3.6% of men and 1.6% of women. Hallucinogens were reported slightly less frequently by 3% of men and about 2% of women (LSD combined with others). (2) Compared to findings from a 1990 survey this constitutes a substantial, at least twofold, increase in consumption rate of both types of substances. (3) Among lifetime users of both ecstasy and related substances as well as hallucinogens about two thirds could be regarded as regular users. (4) The prevalence of DSM-IV abuse and dependence on ecstasy and related substances is about 1%, identical to rates of hallucinogen abuse and dependence. Findings also point to a significant dependence potential for both substances. (5) Furthermore, considerable overlap between the two substances was found. Conclusion: Our study suggests a substantial increase in both the use of ecstasy and related substances as well as hallucinogens. The data further suggest that the increase is strongest in younger age groups, but the risk of first use of these substances continues to be present up to the age of 24 years. The higher proportion of women contributing to this increase is noteworthy.

Objective: To determine incidence and patterns of natural course of ecstasy/stimulant/hallucinogen (ESH) use and disorders as well as cohort effects in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Method: Cumulative incidence and patterns of ecstasy use and disorders were examined in a prospective longitudinal design (mean follow-up period=42 months) in a representative sample (N=2446) aged 14–24 years at the outset of the study. Patterns of DSM-IV defined ESH use, abuse and dependence were assessed with the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Results: (1) Cumulative lifetime incidence for use of ESH at second follow-up: 9.1%, 1.0% for abuse, 0.6% for dependence; (2) men used and abused ESH more often than women; (3) the younger birth cohort (1977–81) tended to start earlier with substance (ab)use compared to the older birth cohort (1970–77); (4) use of ESH was associated with increasing rates of concomitant use of other licit and illicit drugs; (5) the majority of the lifetime ESH users without disorder had stopped to use these substances and not consumed them during the 12 months preceding the second follow-up; (6) those who had stopped to take ecstasy and related drugs at follow-up also took other illicit drugs less often than those who continued to consume ESH. Conclusions: Use of designer drugs is widespread in our sample, but the probability of developing use disorders is fairly low (1.6%). The majority of the ESH users stopped their use spontaneously in their twenties (80% of the prior users without disorder, 67% of the prior abusers), but 50% of those that once had fulfilled DSM-IV criteria of dependence continued to use these substances.

Introduction. Prior research has found high rates of behavioral health concerns, including several forms of substance use, among community college students. However, the prevalence of non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUS) as well as the motivations driving NMUS among community college students is unknown. Methods. Survey results from 13 community colleges within the Tennessee Board of Regents school system were evaluated to explore 1) rates of NMUS, 2) reported motivations for NMUS, and 3) how demographic characteristics including race, age, and income differ based on self-reported reasons for NMUS. Results. NMUS was reported by approximately 9% of the overall sample. The most common motivation for NMUS was to focus on studies or to improve academic performance reported by 67.5% of participants. Demographic characteristics varied between individuals reporting/denying NMUS and reported motivations for NMUS, with younger and urban-residing participants at the highest risk. Conclusions. NMUS is occurring in non-negligible amounts by community college students. Understanding motivations for use provides insight into possible mechanisms for behavior change. Future research should examine the efficacy of challenging specific motivations and expectancies in effort of preventing NMUS among community college students.

: Methamphetamine-related deaths have been rising along with those involving synthetic opioids, mostly fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs). However, the extent to which methamphetamine involvement in deaths differs from those changes occurring in synthetic opioid involvement is unknown.: To determine the patterns and temporal changes in methamphetamine-related deaths with and without other drug involvement.: Data from all methamphetamine-related deaths in West Virginia from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed. Quasi-Poisson regression analyses over time were conducted to compare the rates of change in death counts among methamphetamine and fentanyl//FA subgroups.: A total of 815 methamphetamine-related deaths were analyzed; 572 (70.2%) were male and 527 (64.7%) involved an opioid. The proportion of methamphetamine only deaths stayed relatively flat over time although the actual numbers of deaths increased. Combined fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine were involved in 337 deaths (41.3%) and constituted the largest increase from 2013 to 2018. The modeling of monthly death counts in 2017-2018 found that the average number of deaths involving fentanyl without methamphetamine significantly declined (rate of change -0.025, < .001), while concomitant fentanyl with methamphetamine and methamphetamine only death counts increased significantly (rate of change 0.056 and 0.057, respectively, < .001).: Fentanyl and FAs played an increasingly significant role in methamphetamine-related deaths. The accelerating number of deaths involving fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine indicates the importance of stimulants and opioids in unintentional deaths. Comprehensive surveillance efforts should continue to track substance use patterns to ensure that appropriate prevention programs are undertaken.