Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The work was carried out to evaluate the defoliation patterns and quantify the leaf tissue flows in Alexandergrass, grazed by beef heifers in different feeding systems, in rotational grazing method. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures, three levels of supplementation with whole rice bran (0; 0.5 and 1% of body weight) and two area replications. The supply of whole rice bran for heifers grazing in Alexandergrass allows can increase 13% the stocking rate. The leaf tissue flows, consumption of leaf blades and the grazing intensity are not changed by supplement. Regardless of the system feeding the heifers graze the leaf blades growing in a smaller period of time compared to other types of leaf, which allows the leaf crop top extract canopy. / Objetivou-se avaliar os padrões de desfolhação e quantificar os fluxos de tecidos foliares em papuã, pastejado por novilhas de corte, em diferentes sistemas alimentares, em método rotativo de pastejo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, três níveis de suplementação com farelo de arroz integral (0; 0,5 e 1 % do peso corporal) e duas repetições de área. O fornecimento de farelo de arroz integral para novilhas em pastejo em papuã permite aumentar 13% a taxa de lotação. Os fluxos de tecidos foliares, o consumo de lâminas foliares e a intensidade de pastejo não são alterados pelo fornecimento de suplemento. Independente do sistema alimentar as novilhas pastejaram as lâminas foliares em expansão num menor intervalo de tempo em relação aos demais tipos de folha, o que permite a colheita de folhas do extrato superior do dossel.

O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul durante a estação de outonoinverno, com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros produtivos de uma pastagem natural fertilizada com diferentes níveis de N e submetida a diferimento e a sua influência sobre a produção animal. A fertilidade do solo foi corrigida 7 anos antes deste experimento (1996) com calcário e adubação de P e K. A área experimental foi roçada e diferida em 15/01/2003, quando foram aplicados os três níveis de nitrogênio (zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha/ano). O período experimental ocorreu de 15 de abril (entrada dos animais) a 1º de setembro (final do inverno). Foram utilizados novilhos de sobre-ano (18 meses) em lotação contínua com carga variável de forma a manter uma oferta média de forragem de 10 kg de MS/100 kg PV/dia. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo sendo o tempo considerado na parcela principal e o N na subparcela. A pastagem nativa fertilizada quando diferida no verão por um período de 90 dias permite manter altas cargas animais durante o outono e inverno e em níveis crescentes conforme a adubação nitrogenada (958, 1072 e 1443 kg PV/ha, para zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha respectivamente). Este efeito é devido fundamentalmente às taxas de crescimento observadas durante o período de diferimento. A performance animal somente é adequada durante o primeiro mês de utilização do pasto, ocorrendo perdas de peso a partir de meados de maio. Os níveis de nitrogênio utilizados não contribuem para atenuar estas perdas. Ainda assim é possível chegar ao final do inverno com o mesmo peso individual inicial dos animais. O diferimento de áreas de pastagem natural adubada revela-se uma estratégia interessante dentro de sistemas de produção animal a pasto, desde que integrado num planejamento forrageiro global da propriedade. / The experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Experimental Station of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, at Eldorado do Sul district, during the autumn-winter seasons of 2003, aiming the evaluation of the parameters of natural pasture and animal production at different levels of nitrogen fertilization and submitted to deferment. Soil fertility was amended seven years before this trial (1996) with limestone and P and K fertilizers. Experimental area was mowed and deferred in 15/01/2003, when three levels of nitrogen fertilization (zero, 50, 100 kg N/ha) were applied. Evaluation period extended from April 15th (beginning of grazing period) to September 1st (final of winter), using eighteen months steers in continuous grazing an variable stocking in order to maintain average dry matter (DM) allowance of 10 kg DM/100 kg LW/day. A randomized complete block design with two replications was utilized, with time considered as main plot and N as sub-plot. Deferring fertilized native pasture at mid summer by 90 days make possible to maintain high stocking rates during the critical autumn-winter period dependent on nitrogen level (958, 1072 e 1443 kg LW/ha, for zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha respectively). This differential effect is due to the forage growth rate verified during rest period. Animal performance was adequate only during the first month of pasture utilization and losses occur after mid may. The utilized N levels do not contribute to avoid these losses. Instead the observed weight losses, it is possible to keep the animals with the same initial weight of the beginning of autumn by the final of the winter. Deferring areas of natural pasture is a useful strategy inside animal production systems, if integrated on a global feed budget.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate contrasting pasture management strategies on the foraging behaviour, pasture production, carcass characteristics, herbage intake, faecal gas emissions and methane emission by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates and two grazing strategy treatments (traditional rotational stocking method – RT meaning pre- and post-grazing target heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively and, “rotatinuous stocking” – RN with pre- and post-grazing target heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively). The grazing management was based on a 1-day strip-grazing regime. Male castrated sheep were used. The actual average sward heights for the RN treatment were 17.9 and 11.1 cm (pre- and post-grazing, respectively) and 27.1 and 7.8 cm for the RT (pre- and post-grazing, respectively). The stocking period in 2014 was 146 and 140 days (RN and RT, respectively) and in 2015 it was 155 and 146 days (RN and RT, respectively). The diurnal animal activities (grazing, ruminating and resting time) did not differ between treatments, with average of 439.6, 166.9 and 85.0 minutes, respectively. The bite rate, feeding station per min and steps per min were greater at the RN than the RT treatment. Grazing time and bite rate were greater in the afternoon than morning in both treatments. Therefore, the daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater for the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER II). The herbage production in the RN was 28% higher than the RT treatment. Individual average daily gain and live weight gain per hectare were greater in the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER III). RN treatment presented greater final live weight, carcass and commercial cut weights from grazing sheep than RT treatment (CHAPTER IV). RN treatment had a faecal chemical quality greater than RT treatment, resulting in a greater daily nitrogen excretion per animal and greater faecal CH4 and N2O emissions (CHAPTER VI). The “rotatinuous stocking” (RN) was the better grazing management strategy for mitigation of CH4 emissions by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass, emitting 64% less CH4 per unit area and 170% less CH4 per unit of animal product than the traditional rotational stocking method (RT) (CHAPTER V).

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as consequências bioeconômicas do aumento da taxa de lotação de vacas de cria em campo nativo com o uso de feno de palha de arroz. O experimento foi realizado em uma propriedade rural de Cachoeira do Sul 30º14’29” S 52º58’47” O, sul do Brasil, utilizando 110 vacas prenhas cruza Angus, com idade entre três e seis anos e alocadas nos tratamentos experimentais: SPF10 2.000 kg de peso vivo (PV/ha) e oferta de 10 kg feno/animal/dia; SPF5 1.000 kg PV/ha e oferta de 5 kg feno/animal/dia; SPF0 1.000 kg PV/ha sem oferta de feno. No início do experimento as vacas foram pesadas e avaliadas quanto ao escore de condição corporal (ECC) e distribuídas nos tratamentos: SPF10 (464 kg; 2,74); SPF5 (457 kg; 2,69); SPF0 (459 kg; 2,75) para PV e ECC, respectivamente. Todos os animais receberam um suplemento diário de 0,200kg/animal/dia de sal proteinado com 40% de PB. O período de suplementação com feno foi realizado no pré-parto das vacas, de 08 de maio a 01 de agosto. A partir do parto, os três grupos de vacas foram reunidos em um único lote e alocadas em pastagem anual de inverno (Lolium multiflorum e Avena strigosa). O acasalamento subsequente foi por meio de IATF e posterior repasse com touros na relação de 1:30 por um período de 60 dias. Foram avaliados o peso ao parto (PP; Kg), escore de condição corporal (ECC; 1-5), peso ao nascer (PN; kg), intervalo parto cio (IPC; dias), taxa de prenhez (TP; %) e produtividade (kg PV/ha) e resultado econômico (R$). Os sistemas não afetaram (P>0,05) o PP (492,0; 491,1; 479,7 kg), ECC (2,867; 2,692; 2,778) e PN (36,5; 35,9; 35,8 kg) para SPF10, SPF5 e SPF0, respectivamente. O IPC (52,2; 54,0; 56,1 dias) e a TP (65; 65; 72%) também não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os grupos experimentais. Contudo, no SPF10 a produtividade foi maior do que SPF5 E SPF0 (557,1 kg vs 288,9 e 320,0 kg) e o resultado econômico foi 181 e 190% superior aos sistemas SPF0 e SPF5, respectivamente. Esses resultados revelam o potencial nutricional do feno de palha de arroz como alternativa para viabilizar o aumento da taxa de lotação no pré-parto de vacas em sistemas de cria, mantidas em campo nativo, e assim produzir um maior número de bezerros por área associados ao benefício econômico. / The objective of this research was evaluate the effect of the baled rice straw in the beef cows pre-partum supplementation on the performance productive of the cow-calf systems. The 110 Angus cows between three and six years old allocated at experimental treatments on the farm at southern Brazil: SPF10 2.000 kg LW/ha and 10 kg of rice straw/cow/day; SPF5 1.000 kg LW/ha and 5 kg rice straw/animal/day; SPF0 1.000 kg LW/ha without rice straw offer. At the start of the experimental period the cows were weighed and evaluated in BCC. Thereby, the cows were allotted in the treatments according: SPF10 464 kg LW and 2,74 BCC; SPF5 457 kg LW and 2,69 BCC; SPF0 459 kg LW and 2,75 BCC. All the experimental groups received 0.200 kg/cow/day the protein salt with 40% CP. The supplementation period was the pre-partum phase, between May 8 and August 1 (85 days). The cows was kept in one lot in the start de parturition and transferred to a winter pasture (Lolium multiflorum e Avena strigosa). The breeding season period was by IATF and natural mount with bulls during 60 days. Was evaluated the cows weight at calving (PP;kg), body condition score (1-5), calf birth weight (BW: kg), resumption cyclicity postpartum interval (IPC;days), pregnant rate (PR;%) and productivity. The systems supplementation has no effect (P>0.05) on the cows PP (492.0; 491.1; 479.7kg), BCS (2.86; 2.69; 2.77) and calf BW (36.5; 35.9; 35.8 kg) to SPF10, SPF5 and SPF0, respectively. The IPC were 52.2; 54.0; 56.1 days and PR 65; 65; and 72%, to SPF10, SPF5 and SPF0, respectively (P>0.05). However, in SPF10 the productivity was higher (557.1 kg vs 288.9 e 320.0 kg) than SPF5 and SPF0, respectively, and your economics results evidenced the superiority of the 180% in ratio the other systems. Therefore, this results showed the potential of baled rice straw as an alternative to enable the increase of the stocking rate pre-partum cows, maintained in the natural pastures, and thus increase the productivity in cow-calf operations.

This diploma thesis researched the use of self-feeding systems in intensive aquaculture of pikeperch and perch, serving to optimize the production of these fish species. In the experiment with the pikeperch, there was studied the effect of the various types of feeding methods including self-feeders on the production indicators and feeding behavior. In the experiment with the perch, there was studied the influence of the stocking density on the production indicators and feeding behavior using self-feeding.

O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul durante a estação de outonoinverno, com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros produtivos de uma pastagem natural fertilizada com diferentes níveis de N e submetida a diferimento e a sua influência sobre a produção animal. A fertilidade do solo foi corrigida 7 anos antes deste experimento (1996) com calcário e adubação de P e K. A área experimental foi roçada e diferida em 15/01/2003, quando foram aplicados os três níveis de nitrogênio (zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha/ano). O período experimental ocorreu de 15 de abril (entrada dos animais) a 1º de setembro (final do inverno). Foram utilizados novilhos de sobre-ano (18 meses) em lotação contínua com carga variável de forma a manter uma oferta média de forragem de 10 kg de MS/100 kg PV/dia. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo sendo o tempo considerado na parcela principal e o N na subparcela. A pastagem nativa fertilizada quando diferida no verão por um período de 90 dias permite manter altas cargas animais durante o outono e inverno e em níveis crescentes conforme a adubação nitrogenada (958, 1072 e 1443 kg PV/ha, para zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha respectivamente). Este efeito é devido fundamentalmente às taxas de crescimento observadas durante o período de diferimento. A performance animal somente é adequada durante o primeiro mês de utilização do pasto, ocorrendo perdas de peso a partir de meados de maio. Os níveis de nitrogênio utilizados não contribuem para atenuar estas perdas. Ainda assim é possível chegar ao final do inverno com o mesmo peso individual inicial dos animais. O diferimento de áreas de pastagem natural adubada revela-se uma estratégia interessante dentro de sistemas de produção animal a pasto, desde que integrado num planejamento forrageiro global da propriedade. / The experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Experimental Station of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, at Eldorado do Sul district, during the autumn-winter seasons of 2003, aiming the evaluation of the parameters of natural pasture and animal production at different levels of nitrogen fertilization and submitted to deferment. Soil fertility was amended seven years before this trial (1996) with limestone and P and K fertilizers. Experimental area was mowed and deferred in 15/01/2003, when three levels of nitrogen fertilization (zero, 50, 100 kg N/ha) were applied. Evaluation period extended from April 15th (beginning of grazing period) to September 1st (final of winter), using eighteen months steers in continuous grazing an variable stocking in order to maintain average dry matter (DM) allowance of 10 kg DM/100 kg LW/day. A randomized complete block design with two replications was utilized, with time considered as main plot and N as sub-plot. Deferring fertilized native pasture at mid summer by 90 days make possible to maintain high stocking rates during the critical autumn-winter period dependent on nitrogen level (958, 1072 e 1443 kg LW/ha, for zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha respectively). This differential effect is due to the forage growth rate verified during rest period. Animal performance was adequate only during the first month of pasture utilization and losses occur after mid may. The utilized N levels do not contribute to avoid these losses. Instead the observed weight losses, it is possible to keep the animals with the same initial weight of the beginning of autumn by the final of the winter. Deferring areas of natural pasture is a useful strategy inside animal production systems, if integrated on a global feed budget.

Les salmonidés sont des poissons territoriaux en rivière, soumis à une compétition intense pour l'habitat et la ressource trophique dès les plus jeunes stades. Ces interactions exercent une influence sur la mortalité, la migration et la croissance, avec des intensités variables en fonction de l'ontogénie et des facteurs environnementaux. En Suisse, la truite Salmo trutta L. est l'espèce la plus prisée par les pêcheurs amateurs. La majeure partie des populations fait l'objet de rempoissonnements à partir de juvéniles « estivaux », relâchés au cours de leur premier été. L'élevage en pisciculture de ces individus issus de géniteurs captifs, peut avoir des effets néfastes sur la diversité génétique des populations ainsi que sur la fitness des poissons introduits et celle de leurs descendants. En outre, ces individus sont susceptibles d'affecter la dynamique des populations natives. Certains comportements (agressivité, comportement anti-prédateur ont déjà été analysés en milieu contrôlé, mais les conséquences ont rarement été mesurées précisément en milieu naturel.Ce travail de thèse consiste à évaluer l'intensité des mécanismes biotiques ou densité-dépendants entre poissons natifs et poissons introduits sur la base d'expérimentations en rivière. Les interactions biotiques ont d'abord été décrites au stade juvénile dans une population naturelle résidente. Puis, des expérimentations ont été menées en milieu contrôlé et in situ pour évaluer l'efficacité et les limites de deux méthodes de marquages utilisables sur des jeunes stades de truites : l'implantation de PIT tag et un marquage fluorescent à détection externe utilisant la calcéine. Ces techniques ont été employées pour évaluer les effets de la densité et de la taille des poissons introduits sur les juvéniles sauvages, à partir d'investigations conduites in situ dans trois rivières contrastées. Enfin, les résultats des différentes expériences de marquage-recaptures ont été utilisés pour modéliser la mortalité des poissons introduits, comparativement aux poissons natifs, et rechercher les facteurs environnementaux déterminant la survie.Les résultats montrent l'importance de la régulation densité-dépendante sur la survie apparente (ou taux de recapture) et la croissance des poissons natifs, et les interactions de ces mécanismes avec les facteurs environnementaux, en particulier le débit. Dans les cours d'eau soumis à repeuplement, la survie des poissons natifs est généralement bien supérieure à celle des poissons introduits, excepté dans le cours d'eau à faible pente. La densité introduite n'influence pas directement la survie des poissons introduits et des poissons natifs, mais peut augmenter la dévalaison des individus des deux origines. En agglomérant les données de survie apparente collectées dans les sept rivières de cette étude, les résultats indiquent une augmentation de la mortalité initiale des juvéniles introduits en fonction de la densité. Les caractéristiques morphologiques des cours d'eau influencent à la fois la mortalité initiale et la surmortalité des poissons introduits sur le long terme. Ces résultats doivent être confirmés sur la base d'expérimentations de marquages-recaptures couplés à des relevés environnementaux détaillés. / Stream-dwelling salmonids are territorial; from early-life stages they undergo intense competition for habitat and food. These interactions may affect mortality, migration and growth, at variable intensities in function of ontogeny and environmental factors. In Switzerland, brown trout Salmo trutta L. is the most favoured species by anglers. Most of the populations are subjected to stocking of juveniles, released during their first summer (“summerlings”). The rearing in hatcheries of these individuals, which are the progeny of captive broodstock, can have deleterious effects on the genetic diversity of the populations as well as on the fitness of the introduced fish and their offspring. In addition, these individuals are bound to affect the native population dynamics. Some behaviours (aggression and predator avoidance) have already been studied under controlled conditions, but the consequences have rarely been accurately measured in a natural environment.This thesis aimed to evaluate the intensity of the biotic, i.e. density-dependant, mechanisms between wild and stocked fish through a series of experiments in various rivers. The biotic interactions at the juvenile stage were first described in a natural resident population. Thereafter a series of experiments were carried out in controlled and natural environments to evaluate the efficiency and limitations of two marking techniques suitable for young trout: the implantation of a PIT tag and an externally detectable fluorescent marker using calcein. Both techniques were used to evaluate the effects of density and size of the stocked fish on the wild juveniles, through in situ investigations in three contrasted rivers. Finally the results of the various marking-recapture experiments were used to model the mortality of stocked versus wild fish, and to find the environmental factors that define survival.The results show the importance of the density-dependant regulation on the apparent survival, i.e. recapture rate, and the growth of wild fish, as well as the interactions of these mechanisms with environmental factors, especially water flow. In the rivers subjected to stocking, survival of the native fish is usually much greater than for introduced fish, except in the river with low slope. The stocked density does not influence directly the survival of both stocked and wild fish, but can increase the downstream movement of individuals of both origins. By combining apparent survival data collected from seven streams in this study, results show a density-dependent effect on the initial mortality of stocked juveniles. The morphological characteristics of the rivers influence both initial mortality and delayed over-mortality of the stocked fish. These results must be corroborated through supplementary marking-recapture experiments coupled with detailed environmental records.

Resumo: O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo avaliar as características morfogênicas e o acúmulo de forragem do dossel de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em função de diferentes ofertas de forragem, em regime de desfolha intermitente, ao longo da estação chuvosa. O experimento foi realizado no setor de forragicultura da FCAV, no período chuvoso de 2005/2006. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, utilizando o esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas foi avaliado o efeito das ofertas de forragem (4, 7, 10 e 13 % de OF) e na subparcela o efeito dos ciclos de pastejo (CP). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura do dossel comprimido, massa de forragem, dinâmica de acúmulo de forragem e características morfogênicas e estruturais. Observou-se aumento da altura do dossel comprimido com acréscimo da OF. Da mesma forma foi verificado acréscimo na massa de forragem. Constatou-se aumento da massa de forragem, pós pastejo, com a sucessão dos CP, exceto para OF de 4 %, que se manteve constante (3181 kg/ha) ao longo dos CP. Apenas a taxa de alongamento de colmo, das características morfogênicas sofreu alteração em função da OF, sendo que, esta variável aumentou linearmente com a OF. A densidade de perfilhos vegetativos aumentou linearmente com a intensidade de pastejo, no entanto, a densidade de perfilhos reprodutivos e totais ajustou-se ao modelo quadrático. Observou-se tendência de maior acúmulo de forragem nas OF intermediárias (7 e 10 %). Sendo assim, concluise que OF ao redor de 8 % parece ser a mais indicada para o manejo de pastagem de capim - Marandu em pastejo rotacionado. / Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the morphogenetic characteristics and the herbage accumulation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu swards in function different herbage allowance, managed on intermittent stocking during the summer season. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, FCAV/UNESP, in the summer period of 2005/2006 year. The experimental design was the complete randomized block, with split plot scheme, and three replications. In the plot the effect of the herbage allowance was evaluated (4, 7, 10 and 13% of HA) and in the split plot the effect of the grazing cycles (GC). There were evaluated the following variables: height of the compressed sward, forage mass, forage accumulation dynamics and morphogenetic and structural characteristics. An Increase of the compressed sward height was observed with increment of HA. Thus, the increase in the herbage mass was verified. An increase herbage mass after grazing was verified with the GC succession, except for 4% of HA, which kept constant (3181 kg/ha) along GC. The stem elongation rate, was the only morphogenetic characteristics altered in function of HA and, this variable increased lineally with HA. The vegetative tiller density increased lineally with the grazing intensity. However, reproductive and total density of tillers was adjusted to the quadratic model. There was a tendency of larger forage accumulation in intermediate HA (7 and 10%). As conclusion the HA around 8% showed the most suitable for grassland management with Marandu-grassin rotational stocking. / Orientador: Ana Claudia Ruggieri / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Carlos Guilherme Silveira Pedreira / Banca: Patrícia Menezes Santos / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_vcs_me_jabo.pdf: 201320 bytes, checksum: 0b3a492d89a4de0571bff67b2f0754ed (MD5) / Com o intuito de conhecer o potencial zootécnico do pampo, foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes densidades de estocagem (100 e 200 peixes/m3) na sobrevivência e crescimento do pampo amarelo (Trachinotus carolinus), criado em tanque-rede instalado em ambiente marinho. Peixes com aproximadamente 1,0 a 2,0 g, capturados em arrastos nas praias rasas do município de Ubatuba, SP, foram transportados ao Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Litoral Norte - Agência Paulista Tecnológica do Agronegócio - Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento e mantidos durante 45 dias em tanques-rede de 5mm de malhagem. Após seleção manual, animais de 4,0 ± 0,17g foram estocados, nas densidades de 100 e 200 peixes/m3, em tanques-rede de multifilamento com 2 x 2 x 1,5m e 12 mm de malhagem, fixos a um deck flutuante (6,0 x 8,0 m), instalado diretamente no mar a profundidade de aproximadamente 3,5 ± 0,5 m. Os animais foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia até a saciação com ração de 40% de PB. Após 120 dias, as taxas de sobrevivência média observadas foram 77,23% e 73,11 %; pesos médios (52,79 ± 4.86 9 e 52,64 ± 5.64 g); Ganho de Peso (GP) (48,69 ± 4,05 9 e 48,73 ± 4,00 g); Taxa de Crescimento Especifico (TCE) (2,13 ± 1,24 e 2,16 ± 1,03) e Conversão Alimentar Aparente (CAA) (3,23 ± 1,52 e 2,66 ± 0,78), respectivamente para 100 e 200 peixes/m3. Estes dados não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P~0,05) entre os tratamentos testados. Entretanto os ganhos de peso do pampo, no presente experimento foram superiores a muitos trabalhos encontrados na literatura, o que nos leva a concluir que a densidade de 200 peixes/m3, utilizada neste estudo, pode ainda estar abaixo da capacidade de suporte para a espécie e pode ser o ponto de partida para futuros estudos, considerando o estágio de desenvolvimento dos animais. / Aiming to know the zoothecnic potential of pampo, it was evaluated the effect of stocking densities (100 and 200 fish/m3) in the survival and growth rates of Florida pampano (Trachinotus carolinus), reared in marine cage. Fish with approximately 1 - 2g captured by seine in flat beaches of the city of Ubatuba, S.P. were transferred to the Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Litoral Norte - Agencia Paulista Tecnologica do Agronegocio - Secretaria Agricultura e Abastecimento and kept during 45 days in cage of 5mm mesh size. After manual selection, animals of 4.0 ± 0.17g had been stored, in the studied densities, cage of multifilament with 2 x 2 x 1.5 m and 12 mm of mesh size fixed to adeck (6.0 8.0 m), installed directly in the sea at a depth of approximately 3.5 ± 0.5 m. The animals had been fed twice¬-a day until satiation with ration of 40% of PB. Soon after a 120 days experimental period, the average survival rate (77.23% and 73.11 %); average body-weight (52.79 ± 4.86 and 52.64 ± 5.64); weiht gain (48.69 ± 4.05 and 48.73 ± 4.00); daily growth increment (2.13 ± 1.24 and 2.16±1.03) and apparent feed conversion rate (3.23 ± 1.52 and 2.66 ± 0.78), respectively for 100 and 200 fish/m3,were recorded. These parameters didn't present significant differences (P>=0,05) between the tested treatments. However pampo weight gain, in this experiment have been superior to many works found in literature, what allows the conclusion that pampo can be reaise in sea cages in densities above 200 fish/m3, and this density could be the starting point for future studies.

Orientadora: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri / Banca: André Fischer Sbrissia / Banca: Kleber Tomás de Resende / Resumo: A produção de forragem é influenciada pelas estratégias de manejo impostas a ela, desta maneira, as técnicas para identificação do melhor momento para início e término do pastejo, aliadas aos estudos das características morfogênicas e estruturais das plantas, tornam-se úteis para direcionamento do manejo, pois buscam auxiliar no melhor entendimento do crescimento vegetal, e por conseqüência, da produção forrageira. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Forragicultura, em área pertencente à FCAV da UNESP - Jaboticabal no período de dezembro de 2008 a abril de 2009, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de índices de área foliar residual (IAFr) sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais, além do acúmulo de forragem em pastos de Cynodon spp cv Tifton-85 sob regime de lotação rotacionada com ovinos. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três IAFr, 2,4, 1,6 e 0,8, mantidos por regime de lotação rotacionada com ovinos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo com sete repetições, totalizando 21 unidades experimentais. Foram avaliadas nas condições de pré e pós-pastejo, as alturas do dossel, os IAF e a massa de forragem, além da taxa de acúmulo de forragem e as características morfogênicas e estruturais dos pastos. No pré e pós-pastejo as alturas médias e o IAF do dossel se comportaram de forma análoga, decrescendo com a diminuição dos IAFr. O maior valor de interceptação luminosa no pós-pastejo (68,19%), foi verificado para o IAFr 2,4 e o menor valor (35,57%) para o IAFr 0,8. A taxa de aparecimento de folhas foi maior para o dossel mantido sob IAFr 0,8 em função da sua menor taxa de alongamento de colmos (0,51 cm/perfilho.dia). Os pastos mantidos sob IAFr 0,8 apresentaram maior densidade populacional de perfilhos. A massa de forragem seca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The production of forage is influenced by handling strategies imposed on the techniques to identify the best moment for the beginning and ending of grazing, linked to the studies of morphogenetic and structural characteristics of plants, become useful tools for the directing of management for they aim to aid the best understanding of vegetal growth, and as consequence, forage plants. The experiment was conducted at Setor de Forragicultura at Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, at UNESP - Jaboticabal from December 2008 to April 2009, and aimed to evaluate the effect of residual leaf area index (LAIr) about the morphogenical and structural characteristics, and forage accumulation in pastures of Cynodon spp cv Tifton-85 in a rotational stocking system with sheep. The treatments were constituted by three LAIr, 2,4, 1,6 e 0,8, maintained by rotational stocking with sheep. A complete randomized block design was used arranged in sub-divided parcels with seven replications, totaling 21 experimental units. They were evaluated in pre and post-grazing conditions, the height of the sward, LAI and forage mass, besides the accumulation of forage rate and the morphogenetic and structural characteristics. In the pre and post-grazing, the average height and the LAI of sward, decreasing with the diminishing of LAIr. The biggest value of light interception in post-grazing (68,19%), was verified by LAIr 2,4 and the smallest value (35,57%) for LAIr 0,8. The stem elongation rate (0,51 cm/tiller.day). The grazing maintained by LAIr 0,8 had higher tiller population density. The total dry forage mass was 27,1% superior for LAIr 2,4 regarding to LAIr 0,8 in pre-grazing conditions, being this total production, 72,0% was composed by stem fractions and dead material. The biggest rates of dry matter accumulation were observed with LAIr 2.4, in the second and third grazing cycles... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre