Thesis (M. En.)--Miami University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], v, 101 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).

Weserdomen 2015 resulterade i en strängare tolkning av EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten vilket bland annat innefattade att inga exploateringar får tillåtas om dessa medför att minst en kvalitetsfaktor i vattnet får en sämre statusklass, oavsett hur övriga kvalitetsfaktorer påverkas. Den strängare tolkningen, i kombination med en ökad urbaniseringsgrad, ställer högre krav på samhällets hantering av spill- och dagvatten. Ett vanligt sätt att säkerställa ovanstående krav är att tillämpa olika lösningar för lokalt omhändertagande av dagvatten (LOD). Syftet med dessa lösningar är att hantera dagvattnet så nära uppkomstkällan som möjligt. I vissa fall kan det dock tänkas att det finns mer effektiva åtgärder för att säkerställa god vattenstatus.   En åtgärd som syftar till att kompensera för frånvarandet av en annan åtgärd kallas för kompensationsåtgärd. I det här examensarbetet har fallet med att spåra och åtgärda felkopplingar i ledningsnätet (spillvatten kopplat på dagvattennätet) undersökts som kompensationsåtgärd för LOD. Den specifika LOD-lösning som använts i arbetet har varit dagvattendammar. Examensarbetet har utrett rådande lagstiftning vad gäller kompensationsåtgärder samt gjort en fallstudie för Bällstaån med en kostnads-nyttoanalys där åtgärdandet av felkopplingar jämförts med anläggandet av dagvattendammar.   Resultatet av undersökningarna visade att kompensationsåtgärder idag är ett begrepp som kan tolkas olika, där det även i domstolen genom åren har tolkats olika. Nuvarande praxis är dock att en kompensationsåtgärd inte kan åberopas för att tillåta en exploatering som annars hade funnit avslag. Att kunna nyttja åtgärdandet av felkopplingar som kompensationsåtgärd för LOD är således, med dagens regelverk, väldigt osannolikt.   Fallstudien visade att åtgärdandet av felkopplingar, med avseende på vattenkvalitet är en betydligt mer kostnads-nyttoeffektiv åtgärd i jämförelse med anläggandet av dagvattendammar. Bristen på studier och utredningar på felkopplingar av denna typ är, mot bakgrund av fallstudien, förmodligen en indikator på att mer resurser bör läggas inom detta område. / In 2015 the Weser Case resulted in a more stringent interpretation of the EU Water Framework Directive. For instance, the ruling stated that no projects should be given permission if even as little as one quality factor ends up with a lower status, regardless of how the other quality factors are affected. The stricter interpretation, combined with an increasing grade of urbanization, places higher demands on society’s management of wastewater and stormwater. One common way of ensuring the above requirements is to apply different solutions of best management practices for stormwater (BMP). The purpose of these solutions is to process the water as close to the source of origin as possible. However, in some cases it may be that there are more effective measures to ensure good water quality.   A measure taken with the purpose of compensating for the absence of a different action is called a compensatory measure. In this thesis, the case of fixing incorrect connection of sewage pipes (where wastewater pipes have been incorrectly connected to stormwater pipes) was investigated as a compensatory measure for stormwater ponds (a common BMP). The prevailing legislation regarding compensatory measures was analysed and a case study has been conducted for Bällstaån. The case study included a cost-benefit analysis where the fixing of incorrectly-connected sewage pipes was compared with the implementation of stormwater ponds.   The investigation regarding the legislative aspect showed that compensatory measures are a concept that can be interpreted somewhat differently. This has also been the case in the court over the years. However, current practice shows that a compensatory measure cannot be invoked to allow a project that otherwise would have been refused. Being able to use the fixing of incorrect connections as a compensation for BMP is thus, with today’s regulation, very unlikely.   The case study showed that fixing incorrect connections in sewage pipes is, with regard to water quality, a far more cost-beneficial measure compared to the construction of stormwater ponds. Furthermore, the lack of studies regarding this kind of incorrect connections is, in the light of the results from the case study, probably an indication that this is a problem that fairly few people work with and where more resources could be a good investment for future water quality.

A drenagem urbana é o componente do saneamento básico menos assistido no Brasil em termos de regulação e até mesmo de regulamentação direta pelo Titular. Embora a Lei nº 11.445/2007 tenha estabelecido, expressamente, o manejo de águas pluviais urbanas como um dos quatro pilares do saneamento básico, a estrutura institucional relacionada à prestação e à regulação deste serviço ainda não está consolidada e a normatização existente é parca e dispersa. Na maioria dos casos, não existe órgão regulador para o serviço de drenagem urbana, e sua prestação dá-se diretamente por secretarias de prefeituras municipais, que, não raro, encontram-se defasadas em termos de estrutura, qualificação técnica e recursos financeiros, faltando ainda integração do manejo de águas pluviais urbanas com a gestão de recursos hídricos e dos serviços de abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário e resíduos sólidos. Assim, verifica-se que um dos maiores problemas a serem enfrentados no setor de drenagem urbana é a sua estruturação institucional, sendo necessário constituir entidades autônomas de prestação do serviço que o executem de forma planejada, integrada e com sustentabilidade econômico-financeira, bem como prever agências reguladoras para garantir a adequação do mesmo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo formular propostas para a melhoria do serviço público de manejo de águas pluviais no Brasil com ênfase na questão institucional, a partir da análise dos contextos contemporâneos brasileiro e norte-americano de gestão deste serviço, observada a legislação aplicável e a busca pela autonomia financeira do prestador. Transversalmente, estudou-se o emprego de práticas sustentáveis de drenagem urbana, consideradas na elaboração das propostas Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica complementada por levantamento em campo das agências reguladoras brasileiras atuantes em drenagem urbana e visita técnica à ADASA – Agência Reguladora de Águas, Energia e Saneamento Básico do Distrito Federal. Após o exame detalhado dos contextos de gestão das águas pluviais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, concluiu-se que a macroestrutura regulatória deste país pode ser adaptada ao cenário brasileiro, desde que haja redução da escala espacial de atuação das entidades, que em território brasileiro não seriam agências reguladoras, e sim órgãos ambientais do SISNAMA. No que tange à prestação do serviço, constatou-se que o modelo estadunidense de utility (empresa de serviços públicos) tem se revelado eficaz, tanto para institucionalizar a figura do prestador, quanto para proporcionar sustentabilidade econômico-financeira. Outros aspectos da gestão norte-americana com aplicabilidade no Brasil foram identificados, e fizeram-se ainda proposições baseadas em parcas, porém exitosas, experiências nacionais de prestação e regulação sistemáticas. Dentre as propostas realizadas, destaca-se a orientação de que municípios de pequeno porte priorizem a prestação regionalizada do serviço público de drenagem urbana, alternativa esta que não só lhes permitiria elaborar um único Plano de Saneamento Básico, mas também abriria espaço para que o planejamento e a prestação do serviço ocorressem em escala de bacia hidrográfica, que é a ideal para o manejo de águas pluviais urbanas. / Urban drainage is the least assisted component of sanitation in Brazil in terms of regulation and even direct rulemaking by municipalities. Although Law Nº 11445/2007 expressly established the stormwater management as one of the four pillars of basic sanitation, the institutional structure related to the provision and regulation of this service has not yet been consolidated and existing regulations are few and dispersed. In most cases, there is no regulatory body for the urban drainage service, and it is provided directly by secretariats of municipal prefectures, which are often lagged in terms of structure, technical qualification and financial resources; thereto, it lacks integration of stormwater management with the water resources and water supply, sewage and solid waste services management. Thus, it is verified that one of the major problems to be faced in the urban drainage sector is its institutional structuring, and it is necessary to establish autonomous entities to provide this service in a planned, integrated and economically-financially sustainable way, as well as regulatory agencies to ensure its adequacy. The present work had the objective of formulating proposals for the improvement of the public stormwater management service in Brazil with emphasis on the institutional question, based on the analysis of the contemporary Brazilian and North American contexts of stormwater management, observing the applicable legislation and the the financial autonomy of the service’s provider. The use of sustainable urban drainage practices has been studied transversally and then considered in the preparation of the proposals For the development of this work, a bibliographical research was carried out complemented by field survey of the Brazilian regulatory agencies working in urban drainage and technical visit to ADASA - Regulatory Agency of Water, Energy and Basic Sanitation of the Federal District. After a detailed examination of the stormwater management contexts in Brazil and the United States, it was concluded that the regulatory macrostructure of this country can be adapted to the Brazilian scenario, since there is a reduction in the spatial scale of action of the entities, which in Brazilian territory would not be regulatory agencies, but environmental institutions of SISNAMA. Regarding the provision of the service, it was verified that the US utility model has proved to be effective, both to institutionalize the service provider and to afford economic-financial sustainability. Other aspects of US management with applicability in Brazil have been identified, and proposals have been made based on few but successful national experiences of systematic service rendering and regulation. Among the proposals made, it is important to point out that small municipalities should prioritize the regionalised provision of the urban drainage service, which would not only allow them to prepare a single Basic Sanitation Plan, but would also open space so that planning and service provision occur on a river basin scale, which is ideal for stormwater management.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Stacy Hutchinson / Urban areas have traditionally been managed as separate entities from the natural environment. Recently, urban planners have been interested in reconnecting these areas back to the biosphere to capitalize on ecosystem services restoring damaged hydrologic processes. This study focuses on suburban Johnson County, KS (part of the Greater Kansas City area), which has 62 USEPA 303(d) listed “impaired” or “potentially impaired” waterbodies. Previous studies show that watersheds crisscrossed by multiple politically boundaries see increases in water quantity and decreases in water quality. Using a multi-watershed, multi-city spanning entity like a school district, it is investigated how stormwater best management practices (BMPs) employed over a large entity can help undo the negative effects of watershed political fragmentation. BMP modeling includes simulating grassroots and planning policy change movements across three target watersheds using PC-SWMM watershed model. The grassroots simulation models rain barrels at single family homes and an extended dry detention basin (EDDB) at schools. Planning policy simulation models 10% and 20% reductions in impervious roads and parking lots in accordance to EPA Smart Growth practices. Resulting, it was seen that all three of these BMPs saw the greatest improvements from current conditions at low precipitation events. Ranking from least to most effective across the outlet’s average flow, maximum flow, and total volume and supporting watershed infiltration, surface runoff, and surface storage are as follows: rain barrels + EDDB, 10% reduced, and 20% reduced impervious simulations. All three stormwater BMPs help demonstrate how grassroots movements and planning polices changes can positively impact regional waterbodies in this maturely suburbanized region.

A drenagem urbana é o componente do saneamento básico menos assistido no Brasil em termos de regulação e até mesmo de regulamentação direta pelo Titular. Embora a Lei nº 11.445/2007 tenha estabelecido, expressamente, o manejo de águas pluviais urbanas como um dos quatro pilares do saneamento básico, a estrutura institucional relacionada à prestação e à regulação deste serviço ainda não está consolidada e a normatização existente é parca e dispersa. Na maioria dos casos, não existe órgão regulador para o serviço de drenagem urbana, e sua prestação dá-se diretamente por secretarias de prefeituras municipais, que, não raro, encontram-se defasadas em termos de estrutura, qualificação técnica e recursos financeiros, faltando ainda integração do manejo de águas pluviais urbanas com a gestão de recursos hídricos e dos serviços de abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário e resíduos sólidos. Assim, verifica-se que um dos maiores problemas a serem enfrentados no setor de drenagem urbana é a sua estruturação institucional, sendo necessário constituir entidades autônomas de prestação do serviço que o executem de forma planejada, integrada e com sustentabilidade econômico-financeira, bem como prever agências reguladoras para garantir a adequação do mesmo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo formular propostas para a melhoria do serviço público de manejo de águas pluviais no Brasil com ênfase na questão institucional, a partir da análise dos contextos contemporâneos brasileiro e norte-americano de gestão deste serviço, observada a legislação aplicável e a busca pela autonomia financeira do prestador. Transversalmente, estudou-se o emprego de práticas sustentáveis de drenagem urbana, consideradas na elaboração das propostas Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica complementada por levantamento em campo das agências reguladoras brasileiras atuantes em drenagem urbana e visita técnica à ADASA – Agência Reguladora de Águas, Energia e Saneamento Básico do Distrito Federal. Após o exame detalhado dos contextos de gestão das águas pluviais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, concluiu-se que a macroestrutura regulatória deste país pode ser adaptada ao cenário brasileiro, desde que haja redução da escala espacial de atuação das entidades, que em território brasileiro não seriam agências reguladoras, e sim órgãos ambientais do SISNAMA. No que tange à prestação do serviço, constatou-se que o modelo estadunidense de utility (empresa de serviços públicos) tem se revelado eficaz, tanto para institucionalizar a figura do prestador, quanto para proporcionar sustentabilidade econômico-financeira. Outros aspectos da gestão norte-americana com aplicabilidade no Brasil foram identificados, e fizeram-se ainda proposições baseadas em parcas, porém exitosas, experiências nacionais de prestação e regulação sistemáticas. Dentre as propostas realizadas, destaca-se a orientação de que municípios de pequeno porte priorizem a prestação regionalizada do serviço público de drenagem urbana, alternativa esta que não só lhes permitiria elaborar um único Plano de Saneamento Básico, mas também abriria espaço para que o planejamento e a prestação do serviço ocorressem em escala de bacia hidrográfica, que é a ideal para o manejo de águas pluviais urbanas. / Urban drainage is the least assisted component of sanitation in Brazil in terms of regulation and even direct rulemaking by municipalities. Although Law Nº 11445/2007 expressly established the stormwater management as one of the four pillars of basic sanitation, the institutional structure related to the provision and regulation of this service has not yet been consolidated and existing regulations are few and dispersed. In most cases, there is no regulatory body for the urban drainage service, and it is provided directly by secretariats of municipal prefectures, which are often lagged in terms of structure, technical qualification and financial resources; thereto, it lacks integration of stormwater management with the water resources and water supply, sewage and solid waste services management. Thus, it is verified that one of the major problems to be faced in the urban drainage sector is its institutional structuring, and it is necessary to establish autonomous entities to provide this service in a planned, integrated and economically-financially sustainable way, as well as regulatory agencies to ensure its adequacy. The present work had the objective of formulating proposals for the improvement of the public stormwater management service in Brazil with emphasis on the institutional question, based on the analysis of the contemporary Brazilian and North American contexts of stormwater management, observing the applicable legislation and the the financial autonomy of the service’s provider. The use of sustainable urban drainage practices has been studied transversally and then considered in the preparation of the proposals For the development of this work, a bibliographical research was carried out complemented by field survey of the Brazilian regulatory agencies working in urban drainage and technical visit to ADASA - Regulatory Agency of Water, Energy and Basic Sanitation of the Federal District. After a detailed examination of the stormwater management contexts in Brazil and the United States, it was concluded that the regulatory macrostructure of this country can be adapted to the Brazilian scenario, since there is a reduction in the spatial scale of action of the entities, which in Brazilian territory would not be regulatory agencies, but environmental institutions of SISNAMA. Regarding the provision of the service, it was verified that the US utility model has proved to be effective, both to institutionalize the service provider and to afford economic-financial sustainability. Other aspects of US management with applicability in Brazil have been identified, and proposals have been made based on few but successful national experiences of systematic service rendering and regulation. Among the proposals made, it is important to point out that small municipalities should prioritize the regionalised provision of the urban drainage service, which would not only allow them to prepare a single Basic Sanitation Plan, but would also open space so that planning and service provision occur on a river basin scale, which is ideal for stormwater management.

A drenagem urbana é o componente do saneamento básico menos assistido no Brasil em termos de regulação e até mesmo de regulamentação direta pelo Titular. Embora a Lei nº 11.445/2007 tenha estabelecido, expressamente, o manejo de águas pluviais urbanas como um dos quatro pilares do saneamento básico, a estrutura institucional relacionada à prestação e à regulação deste serviço ainda não está consolidada e a normatização existente é parca e dispersa. Na maioria dos casos, não existe órgão regulador para o serviço de drenagem urbana, e sua prestação dá-se diretamente por secretarias de prefeituras municipais, que, não raro, encontram-se defasadas em termos de estrutura, qualificação técnica e recursos financeiros, faltando ainda integração do manejo de águas pluviais urbanas com a gestão de recursos hídricos e dos serviços de abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário e resíduos sólidos. Assim, verifica-se que um dos maiores problemas a serem enfrentados no setor de drenagem urbana é a sua estruturação institucional, sendo necessário constituir entidades autônomas de prestação do serviço que o executem de forma planejada, integrada e com sustentabilidade econômico-financeira, bem como prever agências reguladoras para garantir a adequação do mesmo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo formular propostas para a melhoria do serviço público de manejo de águas pluviais no Brasil com ênfase na questão institucional, a partir da análise dos contextos contemporâneos brasileiro e norte-americano de gestão deste serviço, observada a legislação aplicável e a busca pela autonomia financeira do prestador. Transversalmente, estudou-se o emprego de práticas sustentáveis de drenagem urbana, consideradas na elaboração das propostas Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica complementada por levantamento em campo das agências reguladoras brasileiras atuantes em drenagem urbana e visita técnica à ADASA – Agência Reguladora de Águas, Energia e Saneamento Básico do Distrito Federal. Após o exame detalhado dos contextos de gestão das águas pluviais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, concluiu-se que a macroestrutura regulatória deste país pode ser adaptada ao cenário brasileiro, desde que haja redução da escala espacial de atuação das entidades, que em território brasileiro não seriam agências reguladoras, e sim órgãos ambientais do SISNAMA. No que tange à prestação do serviço, constatou-se que o modelo estadunidense de utility (empresa de serviços públicos) tem se revelado eficaz, tanto para institucionalizar a figura do prestador, quanto para proporcionar sustentabilidade econômico-financeira. Outros aspectos da gestão norte-americana com aplicabilidade no Brasil foram identificados, e fizeram-se ainda proposições baseadas em parcas, porém exitosas, experiências nacionais de prestação e regulação sistemáticas. Dentre as propostas realizadas, destaca-se a orientação de que municípios de pequeno porte priorizem a prestação regionalizada do serviço público de drenagem urbana, alternativa esta que não só lhes permitiria elaborar um único Plano de Saneamento Básico, mas também abriria espaço para que o planejamento e a prestação do serviço ocorressem em escala de bacia hidrográfica, que é a ideal para o manejo de águas pluviais urbanas. / Urban drainage is the least assisted component of sanitation in Brazil in terms of regulation and even direct rulemaking by municipalities. Although Law Nº 11445/2007 expressly established the stormwater management as one of the four pillars of basic sanitation, the institutional structure related to the provision and regulation of this service has not yet been consolidated and existing regulations are few and dispersed. In most cases, there is no regulatory body for the urban drainage service, and it is provided directly by secretariats of municipal prefectures, which are often lagged in terms of structure, technical qualification and financial resources; thereto, it lacks integration of stormwater management with the water resources and water supply, sewage and solid waste services management. Thus, it is verified that one of the major problems to be faced in the urban drainage sector is its institutional structuring, and it is necessary to establish autonomous entities to provide this service in a planned, integrated and economically-financially sustainable way, as well as regulatory agencies to ensure its adequacy. The present work had the objective of formulating proposals for the improvement of the public stormwater management service in Brazil with emphasis on the institutional question, based on the analysis of the contemporary Brazilian and North American contexts of stormwater management, observing the applicable legislation and the the financial autonomy of the service’s provider. The use of sustainable urban drainage practices has been studied transversally and then considered in the preparation of the proposals For the development of this work, a bibliographical research was carried out complemented by field survey of the Brazilian regulatory agencies working in urban drainage and technical visit to ADASA - Regulatory Agency of Water, Energy and Basic Sanitation of the Federal District. After a detailed examination of the stormwater management contexts in Brazil and the United States, it was concluded that the regulatory macrostructure of this country can be adapted to the Brazilian scenario, since there is a reduction in the spatial scale of action of the entities, which in Brazilian territory would not be regulatory agencies, but environmental institutions of SISNAMA. Regarding the provision of the service, it was verified that the US utility model has proved to be effective, both to institutionalize the service provider and to afford economic-financial sustainability. Other aspects of US management with applicability in Brazil have been identified, and proposals have been made based on few but successful national experiences of systematic service rendering and regulation. Among the proposals made, it is important to point out that small municipalities should prioritize the regionalised provision of the urban drainage service, which would not only allow them to prepare a single Basic Sanitation Plan, but would also open space so that planning and service provision occur on a river basin scale, which is ideal for stormwater management.

Stormwater Management (SWM) or Best management practices (BMPs) treat the stormwater runoff that carries pollutants. Pollutants in the waters and in the stormwater, negatively impact the environment, the ecology, and natural resources. Stormwater Control Measures (SCM) are used in different projects to improve water quality and quantity. This thesis aims to understand the connection between SWMs, the economy, and environmental sustainability. This thesis evaluates the cost-effectiveness of SWMs in Mediterranean climates. The research aims to guide the next project managers to choose better SWMs based on cost-effectiveness, socio-economic, and environmental implications. Various studies suggest that the terms SWM, SWM, and SCM are used interchangeably. The research methodology uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis The research was conducted in Los Angeles at the request of UCLA. Therefore, it focused on water quality improvement projects in Los Angeles. The costs for the projects, areas, and whatSWMs are used will be acquired through data gathering and personal communication with experts. This thesis compares several projects which include different SWMs. It calculates the cost-effectiveness with two different methods, firstly, the cost per drainage area, and secondly, the cost per pollutant removed. Data is gathered from the city of LA and other secondary data sources to calculate the cost-effectiveness. The calculation results showed that the Glenoaksproject and the Machado lake project were the most cost-effective. Glenoaks utilizes infiltration wells and grass swales, and the Machado lake is a large wetland. Based upon these facts, generally, wetlands and grass swales can be recommended for Mediterranean climates. The expensive total costs of SWMs or their inability to remove pollutants can strongly affect the cost-effectiveness of some projects, and produce a negative impact on the economy. Quantitative assessment of study investigates cost-effectiveness of SWMs and for highlighting its economic impact. For qualitative assessment thematic analysis of 14 sample studies related to stormwater management (SWM) was carried out. Findings reveal that 78% of sample studies reflect the themes associated with the positive economic impact of SWMs. Additionally, the sample studies confirm a 76% positive impact of SWMs on the environment and ecology of the region. Further research with better data and more accurate calculations are needed. It would be beneficial if other factors such as recreation and unquantifiable factors such as the aesthetic improvements and community benefits were incorporated into or considered together with the cost-effectiveness for future projects.

This diploma thesis presents the topic of urban drainage systems. The first theoretical part contains methods and options for urban drainage systems, stormwater management, blue-green infrastructure (BGI) in urban areas and introduction of numerical modelling of sewerage systems. The application of modelling platforms is further described in the feasibility study in the practical part of this thesis. By using the simulation model, the study assesses the hydraulic reliability of the drainage system in the city of Jedovnice in the Czech Republic, identifies hydraulic issues and their causes on the urban drainage system. The second part of the study assesses extra-urban stormwater inflow from fields around the city caused by heavy rainfalls, which causes local flooding in the urban area. The identification as well as proposed solutions and capital expenditures, their comparison and recommendation of the optimal solution are included in the study.

In this Dissertation, systematic work has been carried out to study the road-deposited sediment and its adsorbed pollutants from a stormwater pollution perspective. Solid-phase concentration, surface load, source apportionment, risk assessment, and desorption dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and/or heavy metals in road-deposited sediments (RDS) were investigated. In order to provide data to assist potential strategies of stormwater pollution mitigation and integrated catchment management to minimise the adverse impacts of RDS adsorbed pollutants on stormwawter quality, the following specific topics were addressed. ⑴ The influences of traffic load and antecedent dry-weather period on pollution level and ecological risk of heavy metals in RDS were analyzed. ⑵ The build-up dynamics and chemical fractionation of metals were determined. ⑶ The potential source contributions and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-fractionated RDS were firstly determined by a Principal component analysis - Multiple linear regression receptor model. ⑷ The qualitative and quantitative source apportionments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were subsequently investigated through a combined qualitative Molecular Diagnostic Ratio and quantitative Positive Matrix Factorization source apportionment with an extended data set. ⑸ The exposure risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were evaluated and calculated by incremental lifetime cancer risk models. ⑹ Then, a novel ecological risk assessment approach to the RDS adsorbed toxic substances was developed, which was explored exclusively for the study of RDS for a water pollution aspect. ⑺ Finally, the effects of rainwater, major wastewater constituents of dissolved organic matter and surfactant on the leaching of heavy metals from RDS were carried out.

I Sverige förväntas klimatförändringar leda till ökad nederbörd med kraftiga skyfall samt längre regnvaraktighet, vilket resulterar i att en större mängd vatten behöver tas omhand. I urbana miljöer kan detta bli svårare eftersom mängden tillgängliga ytor minskar och andelen hårdgjorda ytor ökar vilket leder till en snabb dagvattenavrinning med större tillförsel av föroreningar till recipienten. För att planera inför ett framtida klimat där både risken för översvämning och statusen på vattenkvaliteten inkluderas, kommer det krävas att höga krav på kommuners dagvattenhantering ställs. Ett sätt för kommuner att planera för detta är att implementera en dagvattenstrategi, vilket är en långsiktig plan som behandlar dagvattenhantering vid nybyggnad, ombyggnad, ändrad markanvändning samt vid drift och underhåll av byggnader och anläggningar. Stockholms stad är en av kommunerna i Sverige med förorenade ytvattenförekomster som inte når upp till en god vattenstatus enligt miljökvalitetsnormerna och vattendirektivet. För att ta itu med detta problem har Stockholms stad antagit en dagvattenstrategi, vilket inkluderar en åtgärdsnivå som ställer krav på hur stadens dagvatten ska hanteras för att uppnå miljökvalitetsnormerna. Åtgärdsnivån gäller för alla ny- och ombyggnationsprojekt och inkluderar ett dimensioneringskrav där dagvattenanläggningar ska dimensioneras utifrån ett regndjup på 20 mm för att uppnå en reningseffekt på minst 70% för fosfor, koppar och zink. Regndjupet motsvarar enligt åtgärdsnivån att 90% av de enskilda nederbördstillfällena under ett år som är mindre än eller lika med 20 mm nederbörd omhändertas. Åtgärdsnivåns dimensioneringskrav har resulterat i att stora ytor behöver tas i anspråk för dagvattenhantering i Stockholm, vilket inte alltid är möjligt då det är stor konkurrens om ytorna. Vid beräkning av dimensioneringskravet togs det inte i beaktning att i vissa dagvattenanläggningar sker det en kontinuerlig avtappning under ett pågående regn. Kontinuerlig avtappning innebär att det sker ett utflöde från dagvattenanläggningen genom t.ex. dräneringsrör eller exfiltration. Detta innebär att dimensioneringskravet skulle kunna frångås för dessa anläggningar. Rapporten ämnar därför att utreda åtgärdsnivåns dimensioneringskrav samt de beräkningar som ligger till grund för kravet. Utredningen görs genom en litteraturstudie samt en fallstudie för en dagvattenanläggning i form av en växtbädd (som har kontinuerlig avtappning), där modelleringsverktygen Mike Urban och StormTac appliceras. I Mike Urban undersöks det vilket regndjup som motsvarar att 90% av den årliga avrinningsvolymen omhändertas. För att undersöka vilken reningseffekt som de modellerade regndjupen ger upphov till används StormTac, som beräknar reningseffekten för fosfor, koppar och zink. Resultatet visar att det finns flera tvetydigheter när det gäller framtagandet av Stockholms stads åtgärdsnivå framförallt eftersom tillvägagångssättet inte presenteras till fullo. Modelleringsresultatet i Mike Urban visar att ett regndjup på 10 mm är tillräckligt för att omhänderta 90% av den årliga avrinningsvolymen då hänsyn tas till avtappning. Däremot visar StormTac resultatet att en reningseffekt på minst 70% är svårt att garantera för de undersökta föroreningarna även om växtbädden omhändertar 90% av den årliga avrinningsvolymen. Trots att det finns flera tvetydigheter när det gäller framtagandet av Stockholms stads åtgärdsnivå, så kan det ändå anses vara bra att staden har ett dimensioneringskrav. Detta för att säkerställa i detaljplanen att tillräcklig yta planläggs för omhändertagande av dagvatten. Det är däremot viktigt att åtgärdsnivån kontinuerligt uppdateras och anpassas efter ny forskning och nya tekniker samt att ytterligare kompletteringar görs till åtgärdsnivån för att skapa tydlighet kring när dimensioneringskravet är applicerbart. / The effect of climate change is expected to cause an increase in precipitation with greater frequency and intensification in Sweden, which results in a larger amount of water that needs to be managed. In urban environments this could be challenging since useable spaces for stormwater management decreases and the portion of impervious areas increases, which leads to a rapid stormwater runoff and a higher release of pollution to receiving waters. To be able to plan for a future climate where both the risk of flooding and the quality of water bodies are included, higher demands need to be set on municipalities’ stormwater management. One way for municipalities to reach the demands is to implement a stormwater management strategy, which is a long-term plan that treats stormwater management at new constructions, reconstructions, change of land use and for operation and maintenance of buildings and facilities. Stockholm municipality is one of the municipalities in Sweden with polluted surface water bodies that does not meet the requirements of the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and the Water Framework Directive. To address this problem, Stockholm municipality has implemented a stormwater management strategy, which includes a “remediation standard” (åtgärdsnivå) with guidelines on how the city should handle their stormwater in order to reach the EQS. The guidelines apply to all new and reconstruction projects and includes a “design policy” (dimensioneringskrav) where stormwater facilities should be dimensioned after a rain depth of 20 mm to achieve a retention capacity of at least 70% for phosphorus, copper and zinc. The rain depth of 20 mm corresponds to handling 90% of the rain events that are less or equal to a precipitation of 20 mm during a year. The design policy has resulted in large areas in Stockholm being devoted to stormwater management. However, this is not always possible since there is a great competition regarding available spaces in urban areas. During the development of the design policy, no consideration was made to continuous outflow during rainfall in stormwater facilities. This means that the design policy could be deviated for these facilities. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to investigate the remediation standard and the underlying computations in the design policy. The investigation consists of a literature study and a case study for a stormwater facility consisting of a rain garden with continuous outflow, where the modeling tools Mike Urban and StormTac are applied. In Mike Urban it is investigated which rain depth that corresponds to handling 90% of the yearly runoff. To investigate which retention capacity the modelled rain depths generates, StormTac is used. The retention capacity was estimated for phosphorus, copper and zinc. The results indicate that there are several ambiguities concerning the development of Stockholm municipality’s remediation standard, especially since the full procedure is not presented. The modeling results from Mike Urban show that a rain depth of 10 mm is enough to handle 90% of the yearly runoff. On the other hand, the StormTac results indicate that a retention capacity of at least 70% will be difficult to ensure even though the rain garden is able to handle 90% of the yearly runoff. Despite the several ambiguities concerning the development of Stockholm municipality’s remediation standard, it could nonetheless be considered better for the city to have a design policy to ensure that enough space is available to manage stormwater. However, it is important that the remediation standard is continuously updated and adapted to new research and technologies. Further amendments to the remediation standard need to be made to create clarity for when the design policy is applicable.