Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar a fauna de polinizadores potenciais do morangueiro em campos de produçaõ comercial; verificar a contribuição de diversos agentes de polinização na produtividade do morangueiro, conhecendo a biologia floral e reprodutiva dos cultivares mais utilizados para o plantio; testar, em cultivo fechado (estufa), diversas espécies de Meliponini (abelhas sem ferrão)como polinizador do morangueiro, avaliando a sua adaptação ao cultivo e sua efetividade nesta cultura. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as flores do dos cultivares "Sweet Charlie" e "Oso Grande" necessitam de um polinizador para a produção de frutos sem deformação pois a morfologia de suas flores e o amadurecimento de suas estruturas reprodutivas não favorecem a ocorrência da autopolinização, nem a distribuição homogênea do pólen pelos estigmas da flor, resultando em frutos deformados que não alcançam o seu potencial máximo de desenvolvimento. A abelha jataí (Tetragonisca angustula) adaptou-se bem ás condições do cultivo fechado (estufa) e mostrou-se efetiva na polinização do morangueiro, resultando em frutos mais pesados e em uma porcentagem mais elevada de frutos bem formados. / The aims of this study were: to investigate potencial pollinators of strawberry crops in commercial fields; to verify the contribution of several pollination agents on strawberry productivity, studying the floral and reproductive biology of some commercial cultivars; to evaluate the possibility of the rational use of stingless bees in strawberry pollination inside greenhouses. The results showed that the floral morphology of "Sweet Charlie" and Oso Grande" cultivars and the maturation pattern of their stamens and pistils nor favour the occurrence of self pollination neither the regular pollen distribuction among stigmata, yielding deformed fruits that don´t complete their development. Therefore these cultivars need pollinators to commercial production. Tetragonisca angustula (Apinae, Meliponini)was remarkable for its relatively quick adaptation inside greenhouses and for its effectivity as strawberry pollinator, resulting in heavier berries and high percentage of marketable fruits.

Orientador: Benedito Carlos Benedetti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:39:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_IngridVieiraMachadode_M.pdf: 1083227 bytes, checksum: f6970cba937a018276285532776da269 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O morango é uma hortaliça de clima temperado e tem atração peculiar por sua coloração vermelha brilhante, odor característico, textura macia e sabor levemente acidificado. Dada à sua grande demanda para utilização na culinária nacional e internacional, é desejável o desenvolvimento de tecnologia para o seu processamento mínimo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química, sensorial e microbiológica de morangos processados minimamente e mantidos sob refrigeração e atmosfera controlada. Morangos da cultivar Oso Grande foram colhidos em campo de produção comercial, localizado no município de Pouso Alegre, MG, e transportados para o Laboratório de Pós-Colheita da Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, sendo mantidos por aproximadamente 10 horas em câmara fria a 5ºC e 85% de umidade relativa, até o início do processamento. Após seleção e classificação, os frutos foram processados minimamente retirando-se o cálice e o pedúnculo dos frutos. A sanificação foi feita em água a 5ºC/10 minutos, com 150 µL L-1 de cloro ativo e o enxágüe em água a 5ºC/5 minutos, contendo 5 µL L-1 de cloro ativo. Depois de secos, os morangos foram pesados, acondicionados em bandejas plásticas do tipo polietileno tereftalato (PET) e mantidos sob atmosfera controlada durante 10 dias, a 5ºC e a 10ºC. O controle da atmosfera foi feito em microcâmaras e as seguintes composições atmosféricas foram estabelecidas: AC1 ¿ 3 % O2 + 10 % CO2 (balanço N2), AC2 ¿ 3 % O2 + 15 % CO2 (balanço N2), AA ¿ Atmosfera ambiente (controle). Os frutos foram avaliados nos dias 0, 3 e 7 e 10 quanto à perda de massa, firmeza, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares (sacarose, frutose e glicose), teor de antocianinas totais, cor (valores L e a) e qualidade microbiológica. A análise sensorial foi realizada nos dias 3, 7 e 10 do armazenamento, com a avaliação dos atributos de aparência, textura e sabor. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as temperaturas de armazenamento 5ºC e 10ºC para a maioria das variáveis físico-químicas avaliadas. A atmosfera de armazenamento influenciou significativamente a perda de massa, a firmeza, o teor de frutose, de antocianinas totais. As atmosferas de armazenamento contendo 3% O2 + 10% CO2 e 3% O2 + 15% CO2 foram mais eficientes para a manutenção da firmeza dos frutos minimamente processados, bem como foram mais efetivas no controle da perda de massa que a atmosfera ambiente. Todavia, os frutos MP mantidos nestas atmosferas apresentaram menor teor de antocianinas que os mantidos em atmosfera ambiente, embora não se tenha observado mudanças significativas ao longo do período de armazenamento em nenhum dos tratamentos. A presença de sabores estranhos nos morangos processados minimamente e mantidos sob 3% O2 + 10% CO2 e 3% O2 + 15% CO2, quando avaliados sensorialmente, fez com que o produto fosse rejeitado pelos provadores a partir do 3º dia de armazenamento, quando a aparência ainda era adequada. A temperatura de 5ºC foi mais efetiva que a temperatura de 10ºC na manutenção da aparência, na retenção do sabor característico e na prevenção do surgimento de sabores estranhos. O tempo de armazenamento não afetou os atributos de textura e sabor avaliados sensorialmente, porém afetou todos os atributos de aparência, especialmente no 10º dia a 10ºC. A redução da temperatura de 10ºC para 5ºC e a utilização das atmosferas com 3% O2 + 10% CO2 e 3% O2 + 15% CO2 diminuiu o crescimento de bactérias psicrotróficas e de fungos filamentosos e leveduras, aumentando a vida útil dos morangos processados minimamente / Abstract: Strawberries are a temperate vegetable crop highly appreciated by consumers due to their unique characteristics such as bright red color, soft texture and slightly acidified flavor. Due to their high demand both at national and international level, the development of fresh-cut technology for strawberries is highly desirable. The present work was carried out aiming at evaluating physico-chemical, sensorial and microbiological characteristics of fresh-cut strawberries kept under refrigeration and controlled atmosphere. Strawberries 'Oso Grande¿ were harvested at a commercial field located at Pouso Alegre, MG, and transported to the Postharvest Laboratory at Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, and were stored for approximatelly 10 hours in cold rooms at 5ºC and 85% relative humidity until processing. After grading and sizing fruits were minimally processed and the calyx and peduncle were removed. Sanitation was done in a solution of chlorine (150 µL L-1) at 5°C for 10 min. Rinsing was carried in a solution of chlorine of 5 µL L-1 at 5°C for 5 min. After room drying, fruits were weight, placed in plastic trays polyethylene tereftalato type (PET) and kept under controlled atmosphere conditions for 10 days at 5 and 10°C. Atmosphere control was accomplished in micro-chambers where the following atmospheric combinations were established: 3% O2 + 10% CO2 (N2 balance), 3% O2 + 15% CO2 (N2 balance), and Ambient atmosphere (control). Fruits were evaluated at 0, 3, 7 and 10 days for mass loss, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, sugars (sucrose, fructose and glucose), total anthocyanins, color (L-value, a-value), and microbiological quality. Sensory analysis was performed at 3, 7 and 10 days of storage, and appearence, texture and flavor were evaluated. There were no significant differences among most of the variables studied both at 5ºC and 10°C. Storage atmosphere had a significant effect in mass loss, firmness, levels of fructose and total anthocyanins and luminosity at the cut site. Atmospheres with 3% O2 + 10% CO2 and 3% O2 + 15% CO2 were more efficient in firmness maintenance for fresh-cut fruits as well as were more effective to control mass loss at normal atmosphere (air). However, fresh cut fruits kept in these atmospheres showed a lower content of total anthocyanins, although no significant changes were observed throughout the storage period. The presence of off-flavors detected by the taste panel in the fresh-cut strawberries stored under 3% O2 + 10% CO2 and 3% O2 + 15% CO2 made with that the product was rejected by the provers from 3rd day of storage, when the appearance was still adequate. Storage at 5°C was more effective in the maintenance of appearance, flavor retention and in the prevention of off-flavors. Storage length did not affect texture and flavor attributes evaluated by the sensory panel, but affected visual attributes. Temperature reduction from 10ºC to 5°C and the utilization of 3% O2 + 10% CO2 and 3% O2 + 15% CO2 concentrations reduced the growth of psycotrophic bacteria, molds and yeasts, increasing the shelf life of fresh-cut strawberries / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos isolados de distintas concentrações de dióxido de carbono (CO2), de oxigênio (O2) e de óxido nitroso (N2O); e também as combinações dos melhores resultados para a conservação de morangos \'Oso Grande\'. Os frutos foram selecionados, resfriados e armazenados a 10 °C em câmaras herméticas, com fluxo contínuo de 150 mL min-1. Os frutos foram avaliados a cada dois dias até se tornarem impróprios para o consumo. Quanto maior as concentrações de CO2 (0,03 %; 10 %; 20 %, 40 % e 80 %) associadas a 20 % de O2 em atmosfera de armazenamento menor foi a incidência de doenças. Os morangos armazenados com 80 % de CO2 foram considerados inadequados para o consumo, por apresentarem teores elevados de acetaldeído (4,9 mg 100g-1) e de etanol (105,3 mg 100g-1). Já as concentrações de 20 % e de 40 % CO2 conservaram os frutos por até oito dias, com manutenção da cor e das características comerciais. As concentrações de O2 (1 %; 3 %; 20 %; 60 %; e 90 %) demonstraram que a atividade respiratória dos morangos foi menor nas atmosferas com 1 % e 3 % de O2. O tratamento com 90 % O2 proporcionou menor incidência de podridões (2,8 %). Os morangos armazenados com 60 e 90 % de O2 mantiveram suas características comerciais por 10 dias. No ensaio com diferentes concentrações de N2O (0 %; 10 %; 30 %; 60 %; e 80 %) associadas a 20 % de O2, observou-se que os frutos com esse gás obtiveram as melhores avaliações de aparência, e reduziu em 36,3 % a respiração dos mesmos após 24 horas de armazenamento, e manteve-se estável até o fim do período. As concentrações de 60 % e de 80 % N2O se mostraram adequadas para a conservação dos morangos, por apresentarem menor ocorrência de doenças e de taxa respiratória, e, portanto, mantendo as características comerciais. Neste experimento foram avaliadas novamente as atmosferas com 0,03 % CO2 + 20 % O2; 80 % N2O + 20 % O2 e 90 % O2; além de avaliar as combinações de 60 % O2 + 40 % CO2 e de 20 % O2 + 20 % CO2 + 60 % N2O. As menores incidências de podridões e as melhores notas de aparência foram nos frutos armazenados com 80 % N2O + 20 % O2 e 20 % O2 + 20 % CO2 + 60 % N2O. Os morangos sob 60 % O2 + 40 % CO2 foram considerados inadequados para o consumo, por apresentarem teores elevados de acetaldeído (54,8 mg 100g-1) e de etanol (42,4 mg 100g-1). Os morangos \'Oso Grande\' a 10 ºC, sob atmosfera controlada com 80 % N2O + 20 % O2; 90 % O2 ou 20 % O2 + 20 % CO2 + 60 % N2O, conservam sua coloração, reduziram a ocorrência de doenças e mantiveram a qualidade comercial por 14 dias. / The aim of this work were to evaluate the isolates effects of different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2) and nitrous oxide (N2O); and also the combinations of the best results for the conservation of strawberries \'Oso Grande\'. The fruit have been selected, cooled and stored to 10 °C in air tight chambers with continuous flow of 150 ml min-1. The fruits were evaluated every two days to become unfit for consumption. The higher concentrations of CO2 (0,03 %; 10 %; 20 %, 40 % and 80 %) associated with 20 % O2 in the atmosphere of storage, it smaller was the incidence of diseases. The strawberries stored with 80 % of CO2 were considered unsuitable for the consumption on the present high levels of acetaldehyde (4,9 mg 100 g-1) and the ethanol (105,3 mg 100 g-1). Already concentrations of 20 % and 40% of CO2 were conserved the fruit for up to 8 days, with maintenance of the color and the commercial characteristics. The concentrations of O2 (1 %; 3 %; 20 %; 60 %; and 90 %) showed that strawberry respiratory activity was lower in atmospheres with 1 % and 3 % of O2. The treatment with 90 % O2 provided the lower incidence of rotting (2,8 %). The strawberries stored with 60 and 90 % O2 maintained their commercial characteristics for 10 days. In the test with different concentrations of N2O (0 %; 10 %; 30 %; 60 %; and 80 %) associated with 20 % O2, observed that the fruit with this gas obtained the best results of appearance, and the respiratory rate of the fruit reduced in 36,3 % after 24 hours of storage, and maintained stable until the end of the period. The concentrations of 60 % and 80 % of N2O showed appropriate for the conservation of strawberries for presented a lesser occurrence of diseases and of respiratory rate, and therefore maintaining the commercial characteristics. In this experiment were evaluated again the atmospheres with 0,03 % CO2 + 20 % O2; 80 % N2O + 20 % O2 and 90 % O2; in addition to evaluating the combinations of 60 % O2 + 40 % CO2 and 20 % O2 + 20 % CO2 + 60 % N2O. The smallest incidences rotting and best notes of appearance were in the fruit stored with 80 % N2O + 20 % O2 and 20 % O2 + 20 % CO2 + 60 % N2O. The strawberries under atmosphere with 60 % O2 + 40 % CO2 were considered unsuitable for consumption to the showed high levels of acetaldehyde (54,8 mg 100 g-1) and of ethanol (42,4 mg 100 g-1). The strawberries \'Oso Grande\' at 10 ºC, under controlled atmosphere with 80 % N2O + 20 % O2; 90% O2 or 20 % O2 + 20 % CO2 + 60 % N2O maintained their color, reduced the occurrence of diseases and maintained the commercial quality for 14 days.

Orientador: Andre Munhoz de Argollo Ferrão / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T15:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perecin_AntonioLaercio_D.pdf: 32243241 bytes, checksum: 16966ce3c138274d3a49357db2d14a74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O trabalho visa mostrar que é possível correlacionar a arquitetura rural, bem como o patrimônio cultural da cidade de Atibaia-SP, através da análise das diferentes escalas do arranjo produtivo do morango e culturas complementares, com os processos que nele ocorrem. A arquitetura rural aqui é vista como aquela resultante dos processos de produção agrícola e assume importância quando é necessário conhecer um determinado espaço rural com a finalidade de planejamento do desenvolvimento regional. Nesse sentido é útil para aqueles que necessitam tomar decisões empresariais e para os que projetam políticas públicas para incentivo de certos setores importantes da economia regional, bem como àqueles encarregados do projeto de engenharia que visam materializar essas decisões e essas políticas. Concluiu-se que existe uma correlação entre os processos que ocorrem no arranjo produtivo e a arquitetura que dele resulta. / Abstract: The work aims to show that it is possible to correlate the rural architecture and the cultural heritage of the city of Atibaia-SP, through the analysis of the different scales of production arrangement of strawberry crops and complementary to then, with the processes that occur therein. The rural architecture here that is seen as resulting from processes of production and is important to know when a rural area with the aim of regional development planning. In this sense it is useful for those who need to make business decisions and for those who design public policies to encourage certain important sectors of the regional economy as well as those responsible for engineering project aimed at realizing those decisions and those policies. It was concluded that there is a correlation between the processes that occur in production arrangement and architecture that follows it. / Doutorado / Recursos Hidricos / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:53:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kellen Cristina Masaro Carvalho-dissertacao.pdf: 1041779 bytes, checksum: 80984a14a959fa109493e4aca6cb7087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-27 / The techniques for preserving food, can maintain a large number of natural characteristics of the fruit, making storage and marketing viable for a longer period than what could be achieved with the raw product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the pulp of red fruits with different concentrations of potassium sorbate. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology in southern Minas Gerais - Campus Machado, using three pulps that were formulated with equal amounts of each fruit (blackberry, raspberry and strawberry) crushed the proportion of sucrose used was 1/6 and water 1/6 with respect to the total mass of crushed red fruits. The heat treatment was 100 ° C for 10 minutes. The concentration of potassium sorbate used was 0%, 0.05% and 0.1%. After cooling, the pulps were packaged in plastic containers containing 150 mL. The packages containing the pulps were sealed, identified and stored at 25 ° C in BOD incubator for 60 days. The microbiological, chemical and physical performed every 30 days, were as follows: yeast and mold, coliforms at 35 º C and 45 º C, analysis of Salmonella sp, vitamin C, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, color analysis (values L *, a *, b *, C * and h °). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments were arranged by a 3 x 3 factorial, being constituted by factors concentration of potassium sorbate (0%, 0.05% and 0.1%) and storage time (0, 30 and 60 days), respectively. The experimental plot consisted of a plastic satisfaction 150 mL of red fruit pulp. The pulp of red fruits with no added potassium sorbate stored at 25 º C for 30 days showed a count of yeasts and molds above the limit specified by Brazilian law. The red fruit pulps treated with 0.05% and 0.1% potassium sorbate were enough to ensure the stability of physical, chemical and microbiological during the 60 days of storage at 25 ° C. As the red fruit pulps with addition of 0.05% and 0.1% potassium sorbate have substantially similar results it is recommended to use in production of the fruit pulp red adding 0.05% potassium sorbate as preservative Red fruit pulp for economy product. Results were subjected to analysis of variance, after the comparison test of means, with a statistically significant difference of 5%. / As técnicas de conservação de alimentos, mantêm um grande número possível das características naturais das frutas, tornando seu armazenamento e comercialização viáveis por um período de tempo superior ao que se conseguiria com o produto in natura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da polpa de frutas vermelhas com diferentes concentrações de sorbato de potássio. O experimento foi realizado no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais - Campus Machado, utilizando três polpas que foram formuladas com quantidades iguais de cada fruta (amora-preta, framboesa e morango) trituradas, a proporção de sacarose usada foi de 1/6 e de água 1/6 em relação à massa total das frutas vermelhas trituradas. O tratamento térmico foi de 100ºC por 10 minutos. A concentração de sorbato de potássio usada foi 0%, 0,05% e 0,1%. Após o resfriamento, as polpas foram envasadas em embalagens plásticas contendo 150 mL. As embalagens contendo as polpas foram seladas, identificadas e armazenadas à temperatura de 25ºC em câmara incubadora BOD, por 60 dias. As análises microbiológicas, químicas e físicas realizadas, a cada 30 dias, foram as seguintes: bolores e leveduras, coliformes a 35ºC e a 45ºC, análise de Salmonella sp, vitamina C, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, análise da cor (valores de L*, a*, b*, hº e C*). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualisado (DIC), com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos por um fatorial 3 x 3, sendo constituídos pelos fatores concentração de sorbato de potássio (0%, 0,05% e 0,1%) e tempo de armazenamento (0, 30 e 60 dias), respectivamente. A parcela experimental foi constituída por uma embalagem plástica contento 150 mL de polpa de frutas vermelhas. A polpa de frutas vermelhas sem adição de sorbato de potássio armazenada a 25 ºC, por 30 dias, apresentou a contagem de bolores e leveduras acima do limite especificado pelo legislação brasileira. As polpas de frutas vermelhas tratadas com 0,05% e 0,1% de sorbato de potássio foram o suficiente para garantir a estabilidade física, química e microbiologica durante os 60 dias de armazenamento sob temperatura de 25ºC. Como as polpas de frutas vermelhas com adição de 0,05% e 0,1% de sorbato de potássio apresentam resultados praticamente semelhantes, é indicado usar na produção da polpa de frutas vermelhas a adição de 0,05% de sorbato de potássio como conservante de polpa de frutas vermelhas por questão de economia do produto. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, posteriormente ao teste de comparação de médias, com diferença estatística significativa de 5%.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kellen Cristina Masaro Carvalho-dissertacao.pdf: 1041779 bytes, checksum: 80984a14a959fa109493e4aca6cb7087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-27 / The techniques for preserving food, can maintain a large number of natural characteristics of the fruit, making storage and marketing viable for a longer period than what could be achieved with the raw product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the pulp of red fruits with different concentrations of potassium sorbate. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology in southern Minas Gerais - Campus Machado, using three pulps that were formulated with equal amounts of each fruit (blackberry, raspberry and strawberry) crushed the proportion of sucrose used was 1/6 and water 1/6 with respect to the total mass of crushed red fruits. The heat treatment was 100 ° C for 10 minutes. The concentration of potassium sorbate used was 0%, 0.05% and 0.1%. After cooling, the pulps were packaged in plastic containers containing 150 mL. The packages containing the pulps were sealed, identified and stored at 25 ° C in BOD incubator for 60 days. The microbiological, chemical and physical performed every 30 days, were as follows: yeast and mold, coliforms at 35 º C and 45 º C, analysis of Salmonella sp, vitamin C, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, color analysis (values L *, a *, b *, C * and h °). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments were arranged by a 3 x 3 factorial, being constituted by factors concentration of potassium sorbate (0%, 0.05% and 0.1%) and storage time (0, 30 and 60 days), respectively. The experimental plot consisted of a plastic satisfaction 150 mL of red fruit pulp. The pulp of red fruits with no added potassium sorbate stored at 25 º C for 30 days showed a count of yeasts and molds above the limit specified by Brazilian law. The red fruit pulps treated with 0.05% and 0.1% potassium sorbate were enough to ensure the stability of physical, chemical and microbiological during the 60 days of storage at 25 ° C. As the red fruit pulps with addition of 0.05% and 0.1% potassium sorbate have substantially similar results it is recommended to use in production of the fruit pulp red adding 0.05% potassium sorbate as preservative Red fruit pulp for economy product. Results were subjected to analysis of variance, after the comparison test of means, with a statistically significant difference of 5%. / As técnicas de conservação de alimentos, mantêm um grande número possível das características naturais das frutas, tornando seu armazenamento e comercialização viáveis por um período de tempo superior ao que se conseguiria com o produto in natura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da polpa de frutas vermelhas com diferentes concentrações de sorbato de potássio. O experimento foi realizado no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais - Campus Machado, utilizando três polpas que foram formuladas com quantidades iguais de cada fruta (amora-preta, framboesa e morango) trituradas, a proporção de sacarose usada foi de 1/6 e de água 1/6 em relação à massa total das frutas vermelhas trituradas. O tratamento térmico foi de 100ºC por 10 minutos. A concentração de sorbato de potássio usada foi 0%, 0,05% e 0,1%. Após o resfriamento, as polpas foram envasadas em embalagens plásticas contendo 150 mL. As embalagens contendo as polpas foram seladas, identificadas e armazenadas à temperatura de 25ºC em câmara incubadora BOD, por 60 dias. As análises microbiológicas, químicas e físicas realizadas, a cada 30 dias, foram as seguintes: bolores e leveduras, coliformes a 35ºC e a 45ºC, análise de Salmonella sp, vitamina C, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, análise da cor (valores de L*, a*, b*, hº e C*). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualisado (DIC), com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos por um fatorial 3 x 3, sendo constituídos pelos fatores concentração de sorbato de potássio (0%, 0,05% e 0,1%) e tempo de armazenamento (0, 30 e 60 dias), respectivamente. A parcela experimental foi constituída por uma embalagem plástica contento 150 mL de polpa de frutas vermelhas. A polpa de frutas vermelhas sem adição de sorbato de potássio armazenada a 25 ºC, por 30 dias, apresentou a contagem de bolores e leveduras acima do limite especificado pelo legislação brasileira. As polpas de frutas vermelhas tratadas com 0,05% e 0,1% de sorbato de potássio foram o suficiente para garantir a estabilidade física, química e microbiologica durante os 60 dias de armazenamento sob temperatura de 25ºC. Como as polpas de frutas vermelhas com adição de 0,05% e 0,1% de sorbato de potássio apresentam resultados praticamente semelhantes, é indicado usar na produção da polpa de frutas vermelhas a adição de 0,05% de sorbato de potássio como conservante de polpa de frutas vermelhas por questão de economia do produto. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, posteriormente ao teste de comparação de médias, com diferença estatística significativa de 5%.

The production of strawberries can be severely limited by soilborne plant pathogens, insects and weeds. Macrophomina phaseolina is a problematic soilborne fungal pathogen in California strawberry production inciting the disease Macrophomina crown rot. When established, the pathogen can cause extensive plant decline and mortality. Host resistance will be a critical tool for managing this disease and guiding breeding programs in the post methyl bromide era. Evaluation of host resistance in strawberry germplasm to M. phaseolina was evaluated through phenotypic assessments of disease incidence. A total of 90 strawberry cultivars and elite selections were included in a replicated field trial conducted in artificially inoculated soils to assess host resistance. Significant differences in levels of resistance and susceptibility were observed among genotypes tested in this trial. The five most resistant strawberry genotypes from highest to lowest in percent plant mortality were: UC-R, UC-G, UC-V, Manresa, and Osceola. The five most susceptible strawberry genotypes with the highest percent mortality in ranking order from highest to lowest were: UC-J, Ruby June, Festival, UC-Y, and UC-A. Of the genotypes tested in this trial UC-V, Manresa and Osceola could be characterized as highly resistant, but no complete resistance was observed. An additional study was conducted to correlate host symptom expression with the extent of pathogen colonization in different strawberry tissues, and to determine if resistant germplasm can contribute to secondary inoculum production in the field. An established qPCR method was utilized to quantify M. phaseolina colonization of strawberry tissues. There were significant effects for cultivar (P < 0.0001) as well as a significant two-way interaction of cultivar x sample time (P= 0.0083) on the concentration of M. phaseolina DNA detected in strawberry tissues. Expression of the resistant phenotype in strawberry cultivars was associated with limited plant colonization by M. phaseolina. The extent of colonization of a specific cultivar by M. phaseolina was dependent on the sample time after inoculation with the pathogen. In addition, the roots and crowns of a specific strawberry cultivar were equally colonized on a per plant tissue weight basis, but this provides only speculation into the mechanisms conferring host resistance. A third study was conducted to integrate host resistance of strawberry genotypes with the use of organic amendments in effort to mutually enhance the efficacy of each factor for the control of Macrophomina crown rot. Artificially inoculated potting substrate was amended with Brassica juncea mustard seed meal at a rate of 4.94 tons ha-1(MSM), and anaerobic soil disinfestation utilizing rice bran at a rate of 22.24 tons ha-1 (ASD) were compared to a non-amended (UTC) and steam controls. The soil assay indicated that the ASD and steam treatments were able to reduce the CFU g-1 potting substrate of M. phaseolina by 99.7-100%. In addition, there were significant effects of soil treatment on the fresh biomass of weed seedlings recovered from the potting substrate. However, disease severity and host colonization of multiple strawberry cultivars by M. phaseolina was not reduced when grown in the treated potting substrate. The effect of strawberry cultivar on the extent of pathogen colonization was highly significant (P < 0.0001), in which cultivars characterized as resistant from phenotypic screenings possessed lower concentrations of M. phaseolina DNA. The suppression of M. phaseolina in response to organic amendments was limited but this study supports findings from previous experiments that genotype specific host resistance minimizes host colonization and reduces the production of secondary inoculum.

This diploma thesis was focused on study of low-molecular antioxidants present in various kinds of fruits, namely berries. In theoretical part detailed characterization of antioxidants studied in presented work and their biological effects are introduced. Further, principals of processing and storage of specified species of fruits are discussed. Changes observed during storage of specific fruits are described too. In practical part changes in content of selected antioxidants in berries were followed. As studied material strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, red and black currants were used. All kind of these fruits was stored in fridge for six months using several different kind of processing. Berries were stored as whole fruits, whole osmotically processed fruits by sucrose, raw pulp and sweetened pulp. At first, starting values of selected antioxidant parameters were measured in fresh fruits (ascorbate, total antioxidant activity, total phenolics, catechins and individual flavonoids). After freezing the same parameters were measured regularly in two month periods. As the most suitable method of fruit processing, with regard to antioxidant content, storage of the whole fruits or pulp can be recommended. Content of ascorbate decreased in all forms and species of the processed fruits during all the time of storage. Oppositely, the content of other studied antioxidants exhibited fluctuations or increasing trend. Sensory analysis was proved for the whole fruits and also for whole sweetened fruits.

Der Bericht fasst die Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojektes zusammen, in dem Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung der maschinellen Unkrautregulierung untersucht wurden, um eine Reduzierung des Handarbeitsaufwands zu erreichen. Mit der erprobten Gerätekombination ist eine Senkung der Handarbeit gegenüber dem bisher in der Praxis üblichen Verfahren um 50 bis 60 Prozent möglich. In der optimalen Variante zur Unkrautregulierung wurde bei einem Ertrag von 98 dt/ha (2013) bzw. 108 dt/ha (2014) und einem kalkulierten Durchschnittserlös von 3,00 €/kg die Gewinnzone erreicht. Die Ergebnisse richten sich an Praktiker und Berater aus dem ökologischen und konventionellen Gartenbau.

Este trabajo busca investigar el sector agricultor dedicado a la producción de fresas e identificar sus principales carencias y problemas, para así proponer una solución viable dentro del contexto actual de este rubro. En ese sentido, se realizó la búsqueda de diferentes estudios de investigación previos que proporcionan información útil para este trabajo, abarcando temas de exportación, rentabilidad, estandarización y gestión de la calidad. Asimismo, se llevaron a cabo entrevistas a los agricultores locales para lograr obtener un diagnóstico de la producción de fresas en el distrito de Huaura y se encontró que el principal problema es la falta de estandarización de la producción de fresas a lo largo de la región y los altos volúmenes de producto que no alcanzan los niveles de calidad de exportación. De este modo, se estructuró un sistema de gestión que consta de tres procesos principales, a saber, Gestión de la Calidad, Planeamiento y Control de la Producción y Gestión Logística, que trabajan en conjunto e intercambian información. Este trabajo se enfoca particularmente en el desarrollo y explicación del proceso estratégico de Gestión de Calidad, el cual se desarrolló tomando los valores y lineamientos del modelo de excelencia EFQM y las buenas prácticas agrícolas de México y California. Finalmente, los resultados del piloto de implementación que se llevó a cabo mostraron mejoras en el volumen de producción y estándares del producto, mientras que el modelo fue validado por parte de los agricultores en base a su experiencia en la puesta en marcha del piloto. / This work seeks to investigate the agricultural sector dedicated to the production of strawberries and identify its main deficiencies and problems, in order to propose a viable solution within the current context of this item. In this sense, a search was carried out for different previous research studies that provide useful information for this work, covering issues of export, profitability, standardization and quality management. Likewise, interviews to local farmers were carried out to obtain a diagnosis of strawberry production in Huaura District and it was found that the main problem is the lack of standardization of strawberry production throughout the region and the high volumes of product that do not reach the export quality levels. In this way, a management system was structured that consists of three main processes, namely, Quality Management, Production Planning and Control, and Logistics Management, which work together and exchange information. This work is particularly focused on the development and explanation of the strategic process Quality Management, which was developed taking the values ​​and guidelines of the EFQM excellence model and the best agricultural practices from Mexico and California. Finally, the results of the implementation pilot that was carried out showed improvements in the production volume and product standards, while the model was validated by the farmers based on their experience in the implementation of the pilot. / Tesis