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Considering a wide range of student's delinquencies and problems, preventive intervention in school is strongly required for healthy student development. American School counselor Association (ASCA) has focused on three areas, academic development, career development, and personal/social development to provide various skills and learning opportunities for the successful life of students. During the past 50 years, psychologists have concentrated on the disease treatment model. However, unlike this psychological trend, positive psychology has paid attention to prevent school violence and delinquency. Further, Positive psychologists have discovered not only to prevent problems but also to facilitate human strengths and virtues to live successful and happy life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between components of positive psychology and student development. More specifically this research examined the influence of hope, optimism, and self-regulation on student's academic achievement, career development, and social development. This quantitative study included 507 6th grade elementary school students and their parents living in Seoul, South Korea. Four conceptual models were developed to investigate the best fit model to examine the causal relationship between hope, optimism, and self-regulation and student's academic achievement, career development, and social development. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the data. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to explore measurement model and Path Analysis was engaged in to discover structure model. The results of SEM analysis provided major findings. There was a causal relationship between hope and student's academic achievement, career development, and social iv development. However, it was not confirmed the causal relationship between optimism and student's academic achievement, career development, and social development and between selfregulation and student's academic achievement, career development, and social development. Further, a structural model on the causal relationship between hope, optimism, self-regulation and student's academic achievement, career development, and social development was not statistically significant. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

In recent years, research has been done on formative assessment and its connection to student motivation and development, showing both benefits and disadvantages of using the practice. This study investigates further how formative assessment affects students’ motivation and language development in an EFL (English as a foreign language) context, and the possibilities of implementing formative assessment in Swedish upper secondary classrooms. The study was conducted using thematic analysis with nine empirical studies as the basis. The studies contain different forms of formative assessments conducted on upper secondary- and university students, aiming to examine their effects on motivation and development. The results showed that formative assessment is beneficial in motivating students in their language learning as well as aiding students in their language learning development. Teacher feedback, peer review, multiple drafting, and portfolios all positively impact students. Based on the studies’ findings and previous research, it is evident that formative assessment can be used in EFL classrooms with benefits. However, teachers need to be mindful of the way in which they deliver feedback since it can affect students’ motivation. The findings also correlate with the Swedish curriculum for upper secondary school and could therefore be implemented in Swedish schools. Lastly, this study showed that there is a need for further research on the effects of formative assessment conducted on upper secondary school students.

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