Das subjektive Wohlbefinden (SWB) spiegelt die Gesamtbeurteilung des Lebens (globales SWB) und die Höhen und Tiefen des täglichen Lebens (erfahrungsbezogenes SWB) wider. Eine Fülle von Belegen deutet darauf hin, dass gesundheitliche Herausforderungen die langfristige Aufrechterhaltung des globalen SWB älterer Erwachsener sowie ihre Emotionsregulation vor Ort gefährden (Barger et al., 2009). Gleichzeitig behauptet die Lebensspannenpsychologie, dass sich das SWB als Ergebnis gesundheitlicher Anfälligkeiten entfaltet, die in ein System von Kontextebenen eingebettet sind, das vom Individuum bis zur Dyade reicht (Baltes & Smith, 2004). Allerdings haben nur wenige Studien mehr als eine Facette der Gesundheit oder des SWB untersucht, noch haben sie typischerweise individuelle Unterschiede (Persönlichkeit) oder sozial-kontextuelle Antezedenzien (z. B. die Gesundheit von signifikanten anderen Personen) untersucht. Um diese Lücken zu schließen, untersucht diese Dissertation: (i) die langfristigen Verläufe mehrerer Facetten des globalen SWB im Alter und ihre Vorhersage durch den objektiven Gesundheitszustand; sowie die kurzfristige Variabilität der Facetten des erfahrungsbezogenen SWB älterer Erwachsener als Ergebnis (ii) anlassbezogener Abweichungen des Gesundheitszustands und (iii) anlassbezogener Abweichungen des Gesundheitszustands des Ehepartners. In jeder Studie wird zusätzlich die Rolle des Neurotizismus untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck verwenden diese Studien fünf unabhängige Datensätze älterer Erwachsener, die objektive, leistungsbezogene und subjektive Maße der Gesundheit und des SWB über drei zunehmend feinere Zeitskalen erhoben haben. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass es älteren Erwachsenen gelingt, gesundheitliche Herausforderungen zu überwinden, um das SWB über kurze und lange Zeiträume aufrechtzuerhalten. Dabei werden die Kontexte hervorgehoben, in denen dieser Erfolg versagt (angesichts der gesundheitlichen Gefährdung des Ehepartners). / Subjective well-being (SWB) reflects our overall appraisals of life (global SWB) and the ups and downs of everyday living (experiential SWB). Lifespan developmental theory considers the maintenance of SWB in the face of age-related loss an indicator of successful aging (Baltes & Baltes, 1990). However, such loss limits the resources necessary to maintain SWB across old age, with a wealth of evidence that health challenges threaten the long-term maintenance of older adults’ global SWB as well as their in-situ regulation of emotions (Barger et al., 2009). At the same time, lifespan psychology maintains that SWB unfolds as a result of health vulnerabilities embedded into a system of contextual layers from the individual to the dyad (Baltes & Smith, 2004). However, few studies have examined more than one facet of health or SWB, nor have they typically examined individual differences (personality) or social-contextual antecedents (e.g., health of significant others). To address these gaps, this dissertation examines: (i) the long-term trajectories of multiple facets of global SWB across old age and their prediction by objective health; as well as the short-term variability in facets of older adults’ experiential SWB as a result of (ii) occasion-specific deviations in health; and (iii) occasion-specific deviations in one’s spouses’ health. Each study additionally examines the role of neuroticism. To do so, these studies utilize five independent datasets of older adults that sampled objective, performance-based, and subjective measures of health and SWB across three increasingly finer timescales. The findings of this dissertation showcase older adults’ success at overcoming health challenges to maintain SWB across short and long-time scales, and in doing so, highlights the contexts where such success falls short (in the face of spousal health vulnerabilities).

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Объектом исследования явилось субъективное благополучие. Предметом исследования стало субъективное благополучие в первый период зрелости (молодость). Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (35 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик, таблицы описательной статистики и результаты сравнительного анализа. Объем магистерской диссертации 54 страницы, на которых размещены 11 рисунков и 3 таблицы. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме субъективного благополучия. Представлен раздел, посвященные исследованию возрастных особенностей психологического развития личности в первый период зрелости (молодость). Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: Диагностика субъективного благополучия. (Авторы: Шамионов Р. М., Бескова Т.В. (2018); Шкала оценки качества жизни (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Q-LES-Q); Шкала субъективного счастья, ШСС (Subjective Happiness Scale, SHS). Также в главе представлены: описательная статистика, корреляционный и сравнительный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутой гипотезе, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the study was subjective well-being. The subject of the study was subjective well-being in the first period of maturity (youth). The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (35 sources) and an appendix, which includes forms of applied methods, tables of descriptive statistics and the results of comparative analysis. The volume of the master's thesis is 54 pages, which contain 11 figures and 3 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problem, sets the purpose and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates a hypothesis, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of subjective well-being. The section devoted to the study of age-related features of psychological development of personality in the first period of maturity (youth) is presented. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the organization and methods of the conducted research and the results obtained using all the methods used: Diagnosis of subjective well-being. (Authors: Shamionov R. M., Beskova T.V. (2018); Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Q-LES-Q; Subjective Happiness Scale, SHS. The chapter also presents: descriptive statistics, correlation and comparative analysis of the research results. The conclusions of Chapter 2 include the main results of the empirical study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypothesis put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

Social interaktion och kommunikation sker till stor del på sociala medier i dagens samhälle. Tidigare forskning har visat på kopplingar mellan problematisk användning av sociala medier (PSMU) till faktorer som låg självkänsla och subjektivt välbefinnande (SWB). Uppsatsens syfte var att studera sambandet mellan PSMU med självkänsla och SWB, samt studera eventuella könsskillnader inom dem. En enkät innehållande 21 frågor genomfördes, där 183 personer mellan 18–76 år deltog (n = 183; 75,9 % kvinnor, 23,5 % män, 0,6 % annat; Målder = 34 år gammal). Faktorerna studerades genom självskattningsskalor, där PSMU mättes med Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, självkänsla mättes med Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale och SWB mättes genom WHO-5. Enligt Pearsons korrelationsanalys fanns signifikanta negativa samband mellan PSMU och självkänsla, samt mellan PSMU och SWB. Det fanns även en signifikant skillnad mellan kvinnor och mäns PSMU, men dessa skillnader återfanns inte gällande självkänsla och SWB. Sammanfattningsvis är det svårt att generalisera resultatet eftersom enkäten genomfördes i Sverige samt att könsfördelningen var ojämn. Uppsatsen vill trots detta, uppmärksamma problemet som uppstår när användningen sociala medier blir till en dysfunktionell copingstrategi. I framtida forskning kan faktorer som kultur, civilstånd och sysselsättning vara intressant att studera. / Social interaction and communication take place largely on social media in today's society. Previous research has shown links between problematic social media use (PSMU) and factors such as low self-esteem and subjective well-being (SWB). The aim of this paper was to study the relationship between PSMU with self-esteem and SWB, and to study possible gender differences within them. A questionnaire containing 21 questions was conducted, in which 183 people aged 18-76 years participated (n = 183; 75.9% women, 23.5% men, 0.6% other; Mage = 34 years). The factors were studied through self-report scales, where PSMU was measured by the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, self-esteem was measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and SWB was measured by the WHO-5. According to Pearson's correlation analysis, there were significant negative correlations between PSMU and self-esteem, and between PSMU and SWB. There was also a significant difference between women's and men's PSMU, but these differences were not found for self-esteem and SWB. In conclusion, it is difficult to generalize the results because the survey was conducted in Sweden and the gender distribution was uneven. Regardless, it highlights the problem that arises when social media use becomes a dysfunctional coping strategy. In future research, factors such as culture, marital status and occupation may be of interest to study.

This diploma dissertation is dealing with problems of life quality, whose indivisible part is a subjective well-being, in contex of leasure time as an important area, providing increase of life quality for individuals, and thereby for the whole society. An important factor, which influence the quality of life and using of spare time is the life style. Values, that the subject receives, influence his life style and his view of leasure time area, as the way of its exploitation. There are also mentioned some research conclusions, which had been specialized for value orientation area, life satiafaction and spare time.

The Living Standards Measure (LSM), a South African marketing segmentation method, is a wealth measure based on standard of living. This research study investigates whether a rationale can be found for the inclusion of value-related variables in this type of multivariate segmentation approach. Schwartz’s (1992; 2006) values model was used to operationalise personal values and individual-level culture – focusing on two of its dimensions, ideocentrism and allocentrism. The current positive psychology research trend manifests in the inclusion of subjective wellbeing (SWB), as measured by satisfaction with life (SWL). The primary objective of this research was to investigate at individual (and not group or societal) level whether values and SWL can be used to discriminate among multivariate consumer segments. Data were collected by means of a survey from a nationally representative sample (n = 2566) of purchase decision-makers (PDMs). The measurement instruments used were the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was used to assess the psychometric properties and test the equivalence of the scales across cultural groups. MGCFA was also used to test for differences across LSM groups on the PVQ and SWLS. Centred value scores were used to test for differences between LSM groups in terms of their values and SWL, using MANOVA. The findings supported Schwartz’s theory of basic human values, and small differences were found in the PVQ values between LSM groups using the MGCFA approach. MANOVA analyses showed stronger differences across LSM groups. PDMs in the higher LSM segments were more satisfied with their lives. No significant relationships between values and SWL were found, and the effect of individual-level culture, as a higher-order dimension of four values, showed a small but significant effect on SWL. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology))

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Twenty years after the end of apartheid, South Africa remains one of the most unequal countries in the world. Socio-economic polarisation is entrenched by the lack of social capital and interactions across racial and economic divides, blocking pathways out of poverty. This dissertation examines social mobility and cohesion in post-apartheid South Africa by considering three related topics. Chapter 2 of the dissertation examines the impact of school quality on the academic performance of disadvantaged learners as one of the most important enforcing factors perpetuating the social and economic divides. Given the historic racial and economic stratification of the South African public school system, many black children are sent to historically white public schools as a way to escape poverty. Using longitudinal data, this chapter estimates the effect of attending a historically white school on the numeracy and literacy scores of black children. The main challenge is to address the selection bias in the estimates, for which a value-added approach is implemented in order to control for unobserved child-specific heterogeneity. In addition, various household covariates are used to control for household-level differences among children. The results indicate that the attendance of a former white school has a large and statistically significant impact on academic performance in both literacy and numeracy which translates into more than a year’s worth of learning. The main finding is robust to various robustness checks. In Chapter 3 the dissertation examines social cohesion by considering the concept of reference groups used in the evaluation of relative standing in utility functions. The chapter develops a model in which various parameters are allowed to enter the utility function without linearity constraints in order to determine the weight placed on the well-being of individuals in the same race group as the respondent versus all the other race groups living in one of three specified geographic areas. The findings suggest that reference groups have shifted away from a purely racial delineation to a more inclusive one subsequent to the country’s first democratic elections in 1994. Although most of the weight is still placed on same-race relative standing, the estimates suggest that individuals from other race groups also enter the utility function. The chapter also examines the spatial variation of reference groups and finds evidence that the relative standing of close others (such as neighbours) enter the utility function positively while individuals who live further away (strangers) enter the utility function negatively. Finally, Chapter 4 provides a summary of the dynamics of income in South Africa, using longitudinal household data. Chapter 4 is aimed at separating structural trends in income from stochastic shocks and measurement error, and makes use of an asset-based approach. It first estimates the percentage of individuals who were in chronic poverty between 2010 and 2012 and then estimates the shape of structural income dynamics in order to test for the existence of one or more dynamic equilibrium points, which would be indicative of the existence of a poverty trap. The findings do not provide any evidence for the existence of a poverty trap. In addition, contrary to earlier findings, the results do not provide evidence for the existence of an asset-based threshold at which the structural income accumulation paths of households bifurcate. Instead, the results seem to indicate the existence of a threshold beyond which structural income remains persistent with very little upward mobility. The robustness of the results is confirmed by making use of control functions in order to correct for any measurement error which may exist in the data on assets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Twintig jaar nadat apartheid beëindig is word Suid-Afrika steeds as een van die wêreld se mees ongelyke lande gekenmerk. Sosio-ekonomiese polarisasie word verskans deur die gebrek aan sosiale kapitaal en interaksies tussen rassegroepe en ekonomiese klasse, wat lei tot die versperring van roetes uit armoede. Hierdie proefskrif bestudeer sosiale mobiliteit en samehorigheid in post-apartheid Suid- Afrika deur middel van drie verwante onderwerpe. Hoofstuk 2 van hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die impak van skoolkwaliteit op die akademiese prestasie van benadeelde leerders as een van die belangrikste faktore wat huidige sosiale en ekonomiese skeidings afdwing. Gegewe die historiese verdeling van die openbare skoolstelsel volgens ras en ekonomiese status, word heelwat swart kinders na historiese blanke skole gestuur ten einde armoede te ontsnap. Deur gebruik te maak van paneeldata word die impak van skoolbywoning van ’n historiese blanke skool op die geletterheid van swart kinders - in beide wiskunde en Engels - beraam. Die grootste uitdaging is om enige sydigheid in die beramings aan te spreek, waarvoor daar van ’n waarde-toevoegings inslag gebruik gemaak word ten einde te kontroleer vir enige individuele heterogeniteit. ’n Verskeidenheid kontroles op die vlak van die huishouding word gebruik ten einde te kontroleer vir verskille tussen kinders uit verkillende huishoudings. Die resultate dui daarop dat bywoning van ’n historiese wit skool ’n groot en statisties beduidende impak op die akademiese prestasie van beide wiskundige asook litterêre geletterdheid het, wat omgeskakel kan word in meer as ’n jaar se leerwerk. ’n Verskeidenheid verifikasie toetse bevestig die geldigheid van die resultate. Hoofstuk 3 van die proefskrif bestudeer sosiale samehorigheid deur die samestelling van verwysingsgroepe in die evaluasie van relatiewe posisionering in nutsfunksies te oorweeg. Die hoofstuk ontwikkel ’n model waarin verskeie parameters sonder liniêre beperkings in die nutsfunksie toegelaat word ten einde die gewig te beraam wat geplaas word op die welstand van individue in dieselfde rasgroep as die respondent teenoor al die ander rasgroepe wat in een van drie gespesifiseerde geografiese areas woon. Die bevindings dui daarop dat, na die land se eerste demokratiese verkiesings in 1994, die definiering van verwysingsgroepe weggeskuif het van ’n verdeling volgens ras na ’n meer inklusiewe definisie. Alhoewel meeste van die gewig steeds geplaas word op relatiewe posisionering teenoor individue van dieselfde ras, dui die beramings daarop dat individue van ander rassegroepe ook ingesluit word in die nutsfunksie. Die hoofstuk beoordeel ook die ruimtelike variasie van verwysingsgroepe en bevind dat die relatiewe posisionering van nabye individue (soos byvoorbeeld bure) die nutsfunksie positief beïnvloed terwyl individue wat vêr weg woon (vreemdelinge) die nutsfunksie negatief beïnvloed. Hoofstuk 4 van die proefskrif sluit af met ’n opsomming van die inkomste dinamika in Suid-Afrika, deur gebruik te maak van paneelhuishoudingdata. Die laaste hoofstuk mik om die strukturele tendens in inkomste van enige stogastiese skokke en metingsfoute te isoleer en maak gebruik van ’n bate-gebasseerde inslag. Dit beraam eerstens die persentasie van individue wat in kroniese armoede verkeer het tussen 2010 en 2012 en beraam dan die vorm van die strukturele inkomste dinamika. Dit word gedoen ten einde vir die bestaan van een of meer dinamiese ekwilibrium punte te toets, wat aanduidend sou wees van die bestaan van ’n armoedestrik. Die bevindings bied nie enige bewyse vir die bestaan van ’n armoedestrik nie. Ook bied die resultate geen bewyse vir die bestaan van ’n bategebasseerde drempel waar die strukturele inkomste akkumulasieroetes van huishoudings vertak nie, in teenstelling met vorige resultate. In plaas daarvan, blyk die resultate te dui op die bestaan van ’n drempel waarna strukturele inkomste volhardend bly met baie min opwaardse mobiliteit. Die geldigheid van die resultate word bevestig deur gebruik te maak van kontrolefunksies ten einde te korrigeer vir enige metingsfoute wat moontlik in die data van bates mag bestaan.