人生在世，無不期望幸福，而目標的達成是一個人幸福的來源。從文化與自我相互建構的觀點，不同文化下的人擁有不同自我建構（獨立自我vs.相依自我），而追求不同的目標，因此其幸福感的來源基礎應當有所不同。過去的文獻都指出，華人社會是一個集體主義的社會（相對於北美的個人主義），華人的自我是一種相依式的自我；與他人的相融和諧應當是華人重要的幸福感來源。然而，筆者假設：在文化交流頻繁的情況下，當代華人應當同時具有兩種自我建構的特色，一方面，獨立自我可能透過整體自尊而獲得其幸福感，相依自我則以與他人的相融和諧為其幸福感來源。筆者也對自尊的概念作一初步的釐清，認為相融和諧也可以成為個人整體自尊來源，進而影響個人主觀幸福。筆者讓425位參與者接受自我建構（包括獨立自我與相依自我）、整體自尊、相融和諧、以及主觀幸福感（包括生活滿意、正向情緒、負向情緒）等量表的施測，結果發現：當代以台灣為代表的華人，確實兼有相依自我與獨立自我建構的特色，而徑路分析的結果也支持了前述的假設。本研究也發現：自我建構量表的因素分析結果，獨立自我的部分可以抽成兩個因素，一為自我表達，一為追求獨立；進行階層迴歸分析後，發現除了相依自我外，善於自我表達也是有助於與人相融和諧的因素。最後，筆者除了對本研究的反省與限制作一討論外，也提出一些未來可能的研究方向。 / Subjective well-being (SWB) or happiness, which is acquired from achieving one’s goals, is the ultimate motivator for all humans. The theory of self-construals states that people from different cultures have different self-construls (independent vs. interdependent), and pursue different cultural imperatives or everyday life tasks (goals). It has been pointed out that Chinese people have interdependent self-construl, which emphasizes fitting in and maintaining harmonious relationships with important others. However, the author hypothesized that the two views of the self might coexist in Chinese people in Taiwan in the face of the vast-scale cultural invasion from the West. The independent self was proposed to be the predictor of SWB, acting through the mediating variable of global self-esteem, whereas the interdependent self to be predictor of SWB, acting through the mediating variable of fitting-harmony (which means fitting in and maintaining harmonious relationships with important others). It was also hypothesized that fitting-harmony might be an important domain on which self-esteem is contingent; therefore, self-esteem is expected to mediate the effect on SWB for those higher in fitting-harmony. 425 participants completed the self-construl scale, self-esteem scale, fitting-harmony scale, and SWB scale. It was found that the two self-views coexist in Chinese people in Taiwan and the results of path analyses supported the hypotheses described above. Moreover, the result of exploratory factor analysis of self-construal scale showed that the items for independent self could be divided into two factors: self-expression and independence-pursuit. In addition to interdependent self, self-expression was also a significant predictor of fitting-harmony. The results, limitations, and future directions were discussed.

South African adolescents are more likely to participate in high-risk behaviours, because they are exposed to high-risk environments that have a negative impact on them. The choices that adolescents make during this explorative life stage will influence and determine certain outcomes of their adult lives. Therefore, it is crucial to improve adolescents’ psychological well-being, as they are the future generation adults. Adolescents with behaviour problems form a unique population who do not respond effectively to traditional therapy, and researchers are continuously searching for more effective ways to reach this population. Equine-assisted therapy (EAT) is an intervention that has been proven to be effective with this population and to provide better outcomes than traditional psychotherapy. Although the value and positive effects of EAT has been proven, there is a gap in the literature concerning research on this topic, especially with regard to research conducted by means of quantitative methods. The overarching goal of this study was to evaluate and refine an EAT programme aimed at improving the psychological well-being of boys in a school of industry. This goal was attained by utilising a quantitative, experimental research design. The Solomon four-group design was applied, because it effectively controls pre-test sensitisation and provides the best control against threats to internal validity. The sample was selected from a school of industry near Bloemfontein, which provides residence to a group of adolescent boys who display behaviour problems. The 40 boys (N = 40) included in the sample were divided into two experimental groups of 10 boys each and two control groups of 10 boys each. During the course of the study, one of the boys withdrew and the sample was reduced to 39 boys. The programme was administered to the boys in the experimental groups. Before the programme commenced, one of the experimental groups and one of the control groups completed the pre-test. The psychometric instruments used were a biographical questionnaire, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced Questionnaire. The boys then completed the EAT programme which consisted of eight sessions, each with its own outcomes and designed to improve subjective well-being and coping. After completion of the programme, all four groups completed the post-test consisting of the same psychometric instruments as the pre-test. The results showed that the programme significantly improved the boys’ subjective well-being. The boys’ problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping and dysfunctional coping were also increased significantly. These improvements can be attributed directly to the programme, because pre-test sensitisation was controlled. The study found that the EAT programme had a significant positive effect on the boys’ subjective well-being and coping. The conclusion can be drawn that the programme significantly improved the boys’ psychological well-being. The programme was evaluated and refined, and recommendations were made for its future use. / PhD (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka samband mellan utbildning, civilstånd och inkomst gentemot upplevd fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Metod Undersökningen är en kvantitativ enkätstudie där totalt 525 individer ingick framförallt från Lidingö, Täby, Haninge, Östermalm och Solna. Åldern på individerna varierade mellan 37 och 89 år och medelåldern var 70,3 år (± 6,6), där cirka en tredjedel var män och två tredjedelar kvinnor. Samtliga har fått besvara frågor med fasta svarsalternativ kring deras upplevda fysiska (kroppslig) samt psykiska (själslig) hälsa och faktorerna inkomst, civilstånd samt utbildningsnivå. Därefter analyserades resultaten för att finna eventuella samvariationer mellan den upplevda hälsan och de specifika faktorerna. Samtliga deltagare har själva ansökt om att få vara med i ett projekt kring hälsa i Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolans regi. Resultat Signifikanta samvariationer fanns mellan upplevd fysisk och psykisk hälsa samt civilstånd där hög hälsa korrelerade med att leva i ett förhållande. I förhållande till inkomstnivå fanns tendenser till samband (dock utan signifikans) där en viss ökning av den upplevda fysiska samt psykiska hälsan noterades för varje inkomstintervall (låg, medel och hög), i synnerhet gentemot den psykiska hälsan. Utbildningsfaktorn visade inga signifikanta samband med grad av upplevd hälsa bland deltagarna. Slutsats Studiens hypotes om en positiv samvariation mellan den upplevda hälsan och samtliga tre livsfaktorer visade sig inte stämma fullt ut för denna grupp med företrädesvis äldre. Den faktor som signifikant korrelerade med upplevd hälsa var civilstånd. Även inkomst visade sig ha tendensen (dock ej signifikant) till ett visst samband med de skattade hälsoparametrarna för den undersökta gruppen. Det är möjligt, med använda arbetsmetoder, att starkare samband skulle fås fram på ett mer slumpmässigt urval av befolkningen. Studien ställer jämväl nya frågor om huruvida sambandet för undersökta faktorer i förhållande till upplevd hälsa eventuellt skiljer sig för olika åldersgrupper.

This thesis is an investigation into the microeconomic mechanisms that govern some of the occupational choices faced by workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, and into the monetary and non-monetary returns to their decisions. Chapter 1 begins by exploring the decision process that leads workers to allocate themselves to different occupations within the economy. In particular, I investigate the role of risk-aversion in the allocation of workers between formal and informal jobs in Ghana, hence attempting to explain a fundamental dimension of duality through an investigation into workers' preferences. In my model of sectoral allocation risk-averse workers can opt between entering the free-entry informal sector and queuing for formal occupations. Conditional on identifying the riskier option, the model yields testable implications on the relationship between risk-aversion and workers' allocation. My testing strategy proceeds in two steps. First, using the first three waves of the Ghana Household Urban Panel Survey (GHUPS) dataset, I estimate expected income uncertainty and find it considerably higher in the informal sector than in formal employment. Second, using experimental data to elicit risk-attitudes I estimate the effect of risk-aversion on occupational choices and I find that, in line with the first result, more risk-averse workers are more likely to queue for formal jobs and less likely to be in the informal sector. The conclusion of the first chapter is that attitudes to risk should feature more prominently in models of sector allocation and in the design of labour market policies, in particular when those policies aim to impact workers' vulnerability to risk and uncertainty. Chapter 2 focuses on the largest occupational category in the Developing world, self-employed workers with small productive activities, and it tries to estimate the returns to different productive assets, namely physical capital, labour and human capital. These are the workers that form most of the informal sector analysed in chapter 1, which allows me to draw a direct link with the analysis so far. The chapter begins by specifying a model for the income-generating process grounded in the literature on firms' production and hence abridging the gap between the analysis of individual earnings and the study of firms' value added. Identification in the empirics is achieved by means of panel estimators that are suitable to address the endogeneity of input choices, which derives from both time-varying and time-invariant unobservable heterogeneity. The use of these estimators is made feasible by the length of the Ghanaian Household Urban Panel Survey dataset at CSAE. I also explore issues of endogeneity in the selection of different technologies, defined by their relative capital and labour intensity. Finally, I analyse the shape of returns to capital, with the aim to detect potential non-convexities in technology. The results show that capital and work-experience play the strongest role in income-generation, while the shares of value added attributed to labour and to formal schooling are low. Marginal returns to investment are high at low capital levels and they decrease very rapidly, pointing against the existence of non-convexities due to minimum scale requirements, but implying that real income gains resulting form micro-investment are modest. Chapter 3 returns to the issue of earnings uncertainty and risk-aversion explored in Chapter 1, but it now takes the allocation choice as given and explores the direct welfare implications of income uncertainty for worker's well-being. Namely, the chapter explores the relationship between income and welfare, with a particular attention on the link between income vulnerability and happiness. Using unique longitudinal data on life-satisfaction and labour market outcomes, I estimate an individual measure of vulnerability (defined as the probability of falling below a low-income threshold) and investigate its effect on well-being. After controlling for unobservable individual fixed effects, work-satisfaction, relative income and other relevant worker characteristics, I find a sizable impact of vulnerability, over and above the income effect. When I explore the mechanisms behind my results, I find that aspiration adaptation to current income may result in a transitory income effect. Moreover, using my direct measure of attitudes to risk from field-experiments (already used in chapter 1), I can test directly the hypothesis that more risk-averse agents suffer more heavily from a given increase in income vulnerability. Overall, my findings support policy interventions that aim to reduce vulnerability, as I expect such policies to have a 'direct' impact on agents' happiness given the prevailing attitudes to risk and uncertainty in the population. Finally, from the point of view of overall social welfare, my results suggest that non-Rawlsian growth models, whereby 'someone may be left behind', may fail to enhance general welfare, for high enough levels of risk-aversion in the population, if the risk of falling behind is sufficiently widespread.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Rick J. Scheidt / Previous research has discovered that most 18-to-25 year olds do not feel they have reached the rite of passage known as adulthood. This period of development, termed “emerging adulthood”, is characterized by identity exploration and myriad possibilities related to who one is and what one wants out of life. Empirical evidence suggests that future goals linked to one’s identity are more likely to be obtained through three actions specified in the Selection-Optimization-Compensation (S.O.C.) model: selecting goals to focus one’s resources, optimizing goal-relevant means, and, when necessary, compensating for losses that may occur in these means. The purpose of this study was (a) to identify the proportions of 18-to-25 year old perceived adults vs. emerging adults in a university sample (n = 828); (b) to assess the degree to which self-reported perceived adult status distinguishes self-reports of achieved adult criteria, goal-pursuit strategies, and subjective well-being, and; (c) to determine the predictive utility of perceived adult status, background characteristics, and goal-pursuit strategies for understanding individual differences in life satisfaction, positive affect (i.e., subjective vitality), and negative affect (i.e., depressive symptoms). Analyses of on-line survey responses indicated that approximately one-fourth (24%) of participants reported they had reached adulthood, and, compared to their emerging adult peers, had achieved more criteria for adulthood and were using more effective goal-pursuit strategies. Step-wise multiple regression analyses revealed that specific background characteristics (e.g., relationship status and GPA) and goal-pursuit strategies (e.g., optimization) were significant and strongest predictors of the participants’ life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Perceived adult status was a significant moderate predictor of both life satisfaction and positive affect but was unrelated to negative affect. Implications of the findings for developmental researchers, educators, and practitioners are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Brasi Cruz.pdf: 428296 bytes, checksum: c40bbceb5bca69084826a46ee8b75d38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-29 / Promoting subjective well-being is one of the issues of psychological science. The increase of longevity has made the development of studies about aging necessary, in order to understand this part of the population that is increasing all over the world. This research had the objective of investigating the factors which are responsible for subjective well-being that are pointed out in literature, from the point of view of participants who attend and who do not attend the university for the third age. The sample was composed by 92 participants, divided into two groups: 54 attended the university for the third age and 38 did not, and in this last group 15 were from a socio-recreational club and 23 from a catholic church. In each group two age spans have been considered: (a) from 41 to 60 years old; (b) from 61 to 80 years old and above. In the group that attended the university for the third age we had 96% of females, 65% of married people and 25% of widowed people; 55 % had finished elementary school, 53% were housewives and 95% were catholic. On the other hand, in the group that didn t attend the university for the third age, 64% were females and 36% males, 97% were married and there was no widow or widower, 45 % had finished college, 35% had a profession and 90% were catholic. We made use of a subjective well-being scale, elaborated for this study, which was composed of 36 items that investigate 6 areas: Life Fulfillment/ Happiness, Extroversion, Persistency/ Establishment of goals, Social Support/ Contact, Physical Health and Optimism, plus three extra open questions. Through variance analysis differences were found out with respect to the area of Health (favorable to the younger age span), Life Fulfillment/ Happiness (favorable to the group that didn t attend the university for the third age), school level (college educated participants presented higher scores) and in two areas of the scale when club vs. church participants were confronted. Positive correlation was found between all areas investigated by the scale in the group that attend the university for the third age. The analysis of the open questions revealed the importance of family, social and personal characteristics in subjective well-being. Attendance to the university for the third age was noted as a powerful factor to give a new sense to life. Other reasons to attend the university for the third age were: increasing social contact and learning new things. Data were also found that suggest the importance of two factors that have not been dealt with in this study: religion and widowhood. Attempting to better understand subjective well-being and ways to reach it should be a part of the studies dedicated to quality of life in adults and elderly people. / Promover o bem-estar subjetivo ? uma das preocupa??es da ci?ncia psicol?gica. Com o aumento da longevidade, estudos sobre o envelhecimento se fazem necess?rios para a compreens?o desta parcela da popula??o que est? aumentando no mundo todo. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar os fatores respons?veis pelo bem-estar subjetivo, apontados pela literatura, na vis?o de participantes que freq?entam e que n?o freq?entam a universidade para a terceira idade. A amostra foi composta de 92 participantes, divididos em 2 grupos: 54 freq?entavam a universidade para a terceira idade e 38 n?o, sendo que, destes ?ltimos, 15 pertenciam a um clube s?cio-recreativo e 23 a uma Igreja Cat?lica. Em cada grupo foram consideradas duas faixas et?rias: (a) de 41 a 60 anos; (b) de 61 a 80 anos e mais. No grupo que freq?entava a universidade para a terceira idade tivemos 96% do sexo feminino, 65% casados e 25% vi?vos; 55% terminaram o 1? grau, 53% do lar e 95% eram cat?licos. Em contrapartida, no grupo que n?o freq?entava a universidade para a terceira idade 64% eram do sexo feminino e 36% do sexo masculino; 97% casados, n?o sendo encontrados vi?vos; 45% terminaram um curso superior, 35% tinham uma profiss?o e 90% eram cat?licos. Foi utilizada uma Escala de bem-estar subjetivo, constru?da para este estudo, composta de 36 itens que investigam 6 ?reas: Satisfa??o com a vida / Felicidade, Extrovers?o, Persist?ncia / Estabelecimento de metas, Apoio/Contato Social, Sa?de f?sica e Otimismo, al?m de 3 quest?es abertas. Atrav?s da an?lise de vari?ncia foram encontradas diferen?as em rela??o ? ?rea Sa?de (favor?vel ? faixa et?ria mais nova), Satisfa??o com a vida/Felicidade (favor?vel ao grupo que n?o freq?entava a universidade para a terceira idade), n?vel de escolaridade (escolaridade superior apresentou m?dias mais altas) e em duas ?reas da escala (quando foram comparados os participantes de clube x igreja). Foi encontrada correla??o positiva entre todas as ?reas investigadas pela escala, no grupo que freq?enta a universidade para a terceira idade. A an?lise das quest?es abertas revelou a import?ncia de caracter?sticas pessoais, sociais e familiares no bem-estar subjetivo. A freq??ncia ? universidade para a terceira idade foi apontada como poderoso fator para se dar um novo significado ? vida. Outros motivos apontados para freq?entar a universidade: ampliar o contato social e aprender coisas novas. Tamb?m foram encontrados dados que sugerem a import?ncia de dois fatores n?o investigados neste estudo: religi?o e viuvez. Buscar compreender melhor o bem-estar subjetivo e maneiras de alcan??-lo devem fazer parte dos estudos dedicados ? qualidade de vida nos adultos e idosos.

Este estudo descritivo, transversal e correlacional teve por objetivo geral investigar as relações existentes entre a medida da conjugalidade dos pais, tal como percebida e vivenciada pelos filhos, os níveis de bem-estar subjetivo e de satisfação em relacionamentos amorosos apresentados por estes filhos, bem como a variação desta relação em função do status conjugal dos filhos (casados, solteiros que namoram e solteiros que não namoram). Foi constituída uma amostra de conveniência composta por três grupos independentes, um de pessoas casadas havia no mínimo dois anos (Grupo A, N = 118, média de idade 41,55, DP = 10,01), um de solteiros que namoravam havia no mínimo um ano (Grupo B, N = 140, média de idade 21,99, DP = 3,16) e outro de pessoas solteiras que não namoravam também havia um ano (Grupo C, N = 116, média de idade 21,52, DP = 4,25). A amostra total foi do tipo não probabilística, totalizando 374 participantes. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de Identificação do Participante, incluindo uma pergunta geral de satisfação no relacionamento atual (SR); Critério Abipeme; Escala de Bem-estar Subjetivo (EBES) para avaliar os afetos positivos (AP), afetos negativos (AN), satisfação com a vida (SV) e bem-estar subjetivo (BES); Escala Fatorial de Satisfação com o Relacionamento de Casal (EFS-RC), que permite apreciar a satisfação em relação à atração física e sexualidade (SAFS) e a satisfação com afinidade de interesses e comportamentos (SAIC); e o Questionário de Conjugalidade dos Pais (QCP). As análises foram realizadas com o auxílio do software SPSS for Windows versão 17.0. Após a aplicação do teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov, foi empregada estatística não-paramétrica para análise de correlações (Spearman). Os dados foram normalizados para a comparação entre os grupos (ANOVA e ANCOVA) e para as análises de regressão múltipla (método stepwise), considerando as variáveis de satisfação no relacionamento (SR, SAFS, SAIC), e de bem estar subjetivo (AP, AN, SV e BES) como variáveis dependentes. O nível de significância adotado foi p < 0,05. Na amostra total, a percepção sobre a conjugalidade dos pais (PCP) correlacionou-se significativamente com a SAFS (rho = 0,20; p < 0,001) e, entre os casados, com a SAIC (rho = 0,22; p = 0,017), 20 Fabio Scorsolini-Comin embora sejam associações consideradas fracas. Nos solteiros que namoram, não houve correlações significativas com a PCP. A PCP foi uma das preditoras da SAFS, SAIC, AP, AN, SV e do BES, não rejeitando as hipóteses 1 e 3 do estudo, segundo as quais a PCP estaria correlacionada à satisfação dos filhos em seus relacionamentos amorosos (H1) e com o seu bem-estar (H3). As variáveis de satisfação no relacionamento estão associadas aos fatores do BES, não rejeitando a hipótese 2. Os níveis médios da PCP foram significativamente diferentes entre solteiros e casados, não rejeitando a hipótese 4. Considerando as diferenças de idade entre os grupos e para controlar os possíveis efeitos desta variável, efetuou-se uma análise de covariância (ANCOVA), considerando a idade como covariada. Esta análise permitiu compreender melhor o papel da variável idade na PCP e os resultados apoiam a interpretação de que a idade seria uma variável desenvolvimental poderosa, que resgataria experiências acumuladas ao longo da vida. Sugere-se que estudos adicionais sejam realizados para dar suporte a essa primeira conclusão. Os casados avaliaram de modo mais negativo o casamento dos pais em comparação com os solteiros, possivelmente por realizarem um julgamento menos idealizado e mais amadurecido do relacionamento parental. Conclui-se que a percepção da conjugalidade dos pais, por ser uma das variáveis que explicariam o bem-estar subjetivo e a satisfação nos relacionamentos amorosos dos filhos, é um fenômeno que deve ser associado à qualidade conjugal e ao estabelecimento de relacionamentos interpessoais considerados positivos, o que pode ser balizador para futuras investigações e práticas de intervenção com casais. / This descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study aimed to investigate the relationship between the measure of parental conjugality as perceived and experienced by children, the levels of subjective well-being and the satisfaction in romantic relationships displayed by these children, as well the variation of this relationship as a function of marital status of children (married, single and dating and singles who do not date). It was selected a convenient sample comprised by three independent groups: (1) two-year-old married people (Group A, N = 118, mean age 41.55, SD = 10.01); (2) single people who have dated over at least one year (Group B, N = 140, mean age 21.99, SD = 3.16); and (3) single people who had not been in a relationship since one year earlier (Group C, N = 116, mean age 21.52 , SD = 4.25). The total sample was non-probabilistic, summing 374 subjects. The following instruments were applied: Questionnaire for the Identification of Participant including a general question of satisfaction in current relationship (SR); Abipeme Criterion; Scale of Subjective Well-being (EBES) to assess positive affect (AP), negative affect (AN), satisfaction with life (SV) and well-being (BES); Satisfaction with Couple Relationships Factorial Scale (EFS-RC), which evaluates satisfaction in relation to physical attraction and sexuality (SAFS) and satisfaction with common interests and behaviors (SAIC) and the Parental Questionnaire Conjugality (QCP). The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 17.0 for Windows. After applying the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, it was run a statistical non-parametric correlation analysis (Spearman). The data were normalized for comparison between groups (ANOVA and ANCOVA) and multiple regression analyzes (stepwise method), considering the variables of satisfaction in the relationship (SR, SAFS, SAIC), along with subjective well-being (AP, AN, SV and BES) as dependent variables. The significance level was p < 0.05. In the total sample, the perception of parents\' marital (PCP) was significantly correlated with the SAFS (rho = .20; p < .001) and among married, with SAIC (rho = .22; p = .017), although associations are considered weak. For the group singles who date, no significant correlations with the PCP were found. The PCP was one of the predictors 22 Fabio Scorsolini-Comin of SAFS, SAIC, AP, AN, SV and BES, not rejecting hypotheses 1 and 3 of the study, according to which the PCP was correlated to the satisfaction of the children in their love relationships (H1) and their well-being (H3). The variables of satisfaction in the relationship are factors associated with the BES, not rejecting the hypothesis 2. The average levels of PCP were significantly different between single and married, not rejecting the hypothesis 4. Considering the age differences between groups and to control the possible effects of this variable, it was performed an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), considering age as a covariate. This analysis allowed to better understanding the role of the age variable in the PCP and the results support the interpretation that age would be a powerful developmental variable, which redeem accumulated experiences throughout life. It is suggested that additional studies should be conducted to support this initial conclusion. Married participants have considered parents\' marriage more negatively compared to single participants, possibly by evaluating in a less idealized way besides a more mature judgment of the parental relationship. It was concluded that perception of parental conjugality, as one of the variables that explain the subjective well-being as well as satisfaction in romantic relationships of their children, is a phenomenon that should be associated with marital quality and the establishment of positive interpersonal relationship, which could be a landmark for future research and intervention practices with couples.

This dissertation explores the role of relationships with front-line officers on the subjective wellbeing of the recipients of the conditional cash transfer programme in Mexico, Oportunidades-Prospera. To do so, it builds bridges between the literatures on wellbeing, development and public policy. In recent decades, wellbeing has acquired greater significance in public policy with the interest of changing the conceptualization of progress from one driven by economic growth to one which takes quality of life as its ultimate aim. Much attention has been placed on measuring wellbeing for national policy deliberation. This dissertation, instead, is interested in understanding how taking a wellbeing approach may contribute to street-level development: to the design, practice and implementation of social policies and programmes. The value of wellbeing is that it draws attention to dimensions of experience that policy has tended to under-estimate or ignore. In this respect, one of the most consistent findings of wellbeing scholarship is the centrality of social relationships in shaping action and driving how people evaluate their lives. While the main emphasis has been on close relationships, this dissertation asks how the relationships created during the implementation of social programmes may influence wellbeing – and hence the overall impact of policies themselves. This research focuses on relationships at the health clinics which clients of Oportunidades-Prospera are required to attend as a condition for receiving a cash transfer. It follows a mixed-methods approach that reveals that relationships with health officers have a significant role on recipients’ sense of what they can do and be in different domains. It also finds that the quality of these relationships has two dimensions, positive and negative, and that these have differential effects on wellbeing. The study concludes that paying attention to the wellbeing implications of officer-recipient relationships deepens understanding of the overall effect of social programmes on their clients, highlighting unintended effects that are usually unaccounted for. In addition, the significance of relationships in implementation indicates a vital dimension of the policy process that requires direct attention if social policy and programmes are to achieve their full potential to improve people’s wellbeing.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-09T10:48:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francielle Daudt_.pdf: 10803213 bytes, checksum: a2fe299427695abb9116027b9174171a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-09T10:48:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francielle Daudt_.pdf: 10803213 bytes, checksum: a2fe299427695abb9116027b9174171a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / Nenhuma / As contribuições na área do Design Emocional, apesar de importantes, são insuficientes quando se trata de impactos benéficos e de longa duração nos indivíduos. Por isso, novas propostas teóricas, como o Positive Design, vem ganhando força, já que têm o intuito de projetar com foco no bem-estar subjetivo dos usuários, gerando efeitos de longa duração. O Positive Design oferece três ingredientes importantes para o estímulo desse bem-estar, que são: design para virtudes, design para o prazer e design para significados pessoais. Neste trabalho, pretende-se dar foco ao estímulo das virtudes, que se manifestam por meio de forças de caráter. As forças de caráter são predisposições ao sentir e à ação, provenientes das virtudes e valores morais dos indivíduos. Para projetar nessa perspectiva, há cinco elementos de design que devem ser levados em conta: ser orientado a possibilidades; equilíbrio entre os três ingredientes (significados, virtudes e prazeres); ter elementos de ajuste pessoal; envolvimento ativo do usuário e impacto duradouro. Sabendo-se que o Positive Design ainda não tem métodos ou técnicas de design consolidados, propõe-se como problema de pesquisa: de que forma designers apropriam-se do Positive Design em projetos com foco no reforço de forças de caráter dos indivíduos (clientes do projeto)? As investigações foram feitas por meio de uma pesquisa aplicada, com base exploratória, na qual foi analisado o uso da teoria do Positive design em práticas de projeto experimentais, baseadas no modelo de Tonetto et al. (2018). Essas práticas foram feitas com clientes e designers, seguidas de grupos focais com os profissionais. Os métodos de coleta de informações foram a observação participante e o grupo focal, e a análise dos dados foi feita por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os principais resultados foram a dificuldade de abstração e generalização da força de caráter proposta à um público mais amplo, a influência das características da cliente em diferentes esferas do projeto, alternativas de projeto com impactos sócio culturais, dificuldades no uso do ingrediente prazer e facilidade em propor elementos de ajuste pessoal. Por fim, sugere-se algumas lições que podem ser pertinentes a projetos e estudos futuros. / Contributions in the area of Emotional Design, although important, are insufficient when it comes to long-lasting impacts on individuals. Therefore, new theoretical proposals, such as Positive Design, have been gaining strength, since they focus on the subjective well-being of users, generating long-lasting effects. Positive Design offers three important ingredients for stimulating that well-being: design for virtues, design for pleasure and design for personal significance. In this work, we intend to give focus on the stimulus of the virtues, which are manifested by character strengths. The character strengths are predispositions to feel and act, stemming from the virtues and moral values of individuals. To project from this perspective, there are five design elements that must be taken into account: be oriented to possibilities; balance between the three ingredients (personal significance, virtues and pleasures); personal fit; active user involvement and long-term impact. Knowing that Positive Design still not have consolidated design methods or techniques, it is proposed as a research problem: how designers use the Positive Design approach in projects focused on reinforcing individuals' character strengths? The investigations were carried out through an applied, exploratory research, in which the use of Positive design theory is experienced in design practices, based on the model of Tonetto et al. (2018). These practices were made with clients and designers, followed by focus groups with professionals. The methods of information collection were participant observation and focus group, and data analysis was done through content analysis. The main results were the difficulty of abstraction and generalization of the character strength proposed to a broader public, the influence of the characteristics of the client in different spheres of the project, design alternatives with social cultural impacts, difficulties in using the ingredient pleasure and facility in propose elements of personal adjustment. Finally, we suggest some lessons that may be pertinent to future projects and studies.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-09-24T16:44:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Farias Mendonça.pdf: 2160140 bytes, checksum: 3922ec44b836d67d7d17d466c116fa58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T16:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Farias Mendonça.pdf: 2160140 bytes, checksum: 3922ec44b836d67d7d17d466c116fa58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Introdução: O advento da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) aumentou a expectativa de vida entre as pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV), o que facilitou também sua inserção ou manutenção no ambiente de trabalho. Por outro lado, as PVHIV carregam consigo o peso do diagnóstico, o estigma atribuído à doença, infecções e tumores oportunistas e dificuldades quanto às oportunidades profissionais. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores associados à capacidade para o trabalho entre as pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV), bem como estimar a prevalência da capacidade para o trabalho, do bem-estar subjetivo e da qualidade de sono em pessoas vivendo com HIV. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa epidemiológica observacional, de corte transversal em uma amostra de 122 PVHIV, que possuíam trabalho remunerado, formal ou informal, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos e em tratamento com antirretrovirais (TARV), assistidas pelo serviço de assistência especializada em aids, do município de Santos/SP. Para avaliar os fatores associados à capacidade para o trabalho moderada ou baixa, foi realizada a análise de regressão logística. O modelo múltiplo foi ajustado pela jornada de trabalho diária, tempo de infecção pelo HIV e marcadores biológicos (carga viral, contagem de células CD4 e relação entre CD4/CD8). Resultados: A idade média dos foi de 43,7 anos (DP 10,6 anos), sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (55,7%), solteiro (58,2%), com o ensino médio incompleto (65,6%) e com vínculo empregatício informal (52,1%). A média de tempo do uso da TARV foi de 7,2 anos (DP 6,6anos). A maioria apresentou capacidade para o trabalho ótima ou boa (55,7%), qualidade de sono ruim, tanto nos dias de trabalho quanto nos dias de folga (53,3% e 50,8%, respectivamente). O pior bem-estar subjetivo foi verificado em 41% das PVHIV. Independentemente da jornada de trabalho, do tempo de infecção pelo HIV e dos marcadores biológicos (carga viral, contagem de células CD4 e relação entre CD4/CD8), verificou-se que ter um trabalho informal, qualidade de sono ruim nos dias de trabalho e pior bem-estar subjetivo aumentou cerca de duas vezes a chance de se ter uma capacidade para o trabalho moderada ou baixa entre as PVHIV. Conclusão: O trabalho com vínculo informal, a qualidade de sono de ruim e o pior bem-estar subjetivo estão associados à pior capacidade para o trabalho entre pessoas vivendo com HIV, sendo elevadas as prevalências de capacidade moderada ou baixa para o trabalho, do bem-estar subjetivo e da qualidade de sono. / Introduction: The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) increased life expectancy among people living with HIV (PLWHIV), which also facilitated their insertion or maintenance in the work environment. On the other hand, PLWHIV carry the burden of diagnosis, the stigma attached to the disease, opportunistic infections and tumors, and difficulties in career opportunities. Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with work ability among people living with HIV (PLWHIV), as well as to estimate the prevalence of work ability, subjective well-being and quality of sleep in people living with HIV. Methods: This was a observational cross-sectional epidemiological study in a sample of 122 PLWHIV, who had formal or informal employment contract, aged 18 years or over and treated with antiretrovirals (ART), assisted by the service of specialized assistance in AIDS, of the municipality of Santos / SP. To evaluate the factors associated with moderate or low work ability, the logistic regression analysis was performed. The multiple model was adjusted for the working hours, time of HIV infection and biological markers (viral load, CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio). Results: The mean age was 43.7 years (SD 10.6 years); the majority were male (55.7%), single (58.2%), with incomplete secondary education (65.6% %) and with informal employment contract (52.1%). The mean time to use ART was 7.2 years (SD 6.6 years). The majority presented great or good work ability (55.7%), poor sleep quality, both on workdays and on days off (53.3% and 50.8%, respectively). The worst subjective well-being was seen in 41% in PLWHIV. Regardless of the working hours, time of HIV infection and biological markers, it has been found that having informal employment contract, poor sleep quality on working days, and worse subjective well-being has increased about twice the chance of having a moderate or low work ability among PLWHIV. Conclusion: Informal work, poor sleep quality, and worse subjective well-being are associated with worse work ability among people living with HIV, being high the prevalence of moderate or low work ability, subjective well-being and quality of sleep.