A citricultura brasileira é considerada a mais competitiva do mundo, principalmente devido às excelentes condições encontradas pelos produtores aqui instalados, com ênfase ao Estado de São Paulo, maior produtor mundial de suco de laranja concentrado. Contudo, as características deste ramo do agronegócio favorecem a existência e propagação de inúmeras pragas e doenças. Recentemente a produção cítrica, em especial a produção de mudas, sofreu grandes mudanças. A CVC (Clorose Variegada dos Citros) doença causada pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa, provocou a obrigatoriedade da produção de mudas cítricas em ambiente protegido desde janeiro de 2003. A produção de mudas cítricas no Brasil sempre se constituiu em atividade de suma importância para o desenvolvimento desta cultura. Porém, da mesma forma que muda de boa qualidade se constitui em um dos principais alicerces da citricultura, uma ruim pode fadar o citricultor à inviabilidade do negócio. Neste contexto o presente trabalho objetivou estudar as características biológicas das duas principais espécies de plantas daninhas que ocorrem em sistemas de produção de mudas cítricas (Oxalis corniculata L. e Cardamine bonariensis Pers.) quanto as condições ideais para sua germinação, verificar sua ocorrência em substratos e suas matérias primas, verificar a eficiência da compostagem da casca de Pinus em seu controle, avaliar o efeito de herbicidas aplicados em pré emergência sobre o substrato no cultivo de mudas e se a presença de O. corniculata afeta o desenvolvimento de mudas cítricas. Os resultados mostram que para O. corniculata as temperaturas que proporcionaram os maiores porcentuais de germinação (G%) foram 20 e 15 °C constantes, sendo nesta espécie o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) superior quando as sementes foram submetidas à temperatura constante de 20 °C, ambos os casos quando houve a presença de luz. Para C. bonariensis as temperaturas que proporcionaram os maiores G% foram 20/30 e 20/35 °C alternadas, sendo que para esta espécie o IVG foi superior quando as sementes foram submetidas à temperatura alternada de 20/30 °C, ambos os casos quando houve a presença de luz. As amostras coletadas dos materiais constituintes dos substratos não apresentaram contaminação por nenhum propágulo de planta daninha, detectável pela emergência de plântulas. O processo de compostagem da casca de Pinus é capaz de inviabilizar sementes de O. corniculata, C. bonariensis, Portulaca oleracea e Digitaria spp, bem como tubérculos de Cyperus rotundus em período de 30 dias. Em relação a aplicação de herbicidas no substrato é possível concluir que para as condições onde o experimento foi conduzido, a utilização dos herbicidas oxyfluorfen, flumioxazin, ametryn e oxadiazon não afeteram o desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo', em nenhuma das doses utilizadas, sendo que aos 80 dias após o transplantio dos porta-enxertos, os herbicidas oxifluorfen e oxadiazon apresentam bons índices de controle de O. corniculata. A presença de O. corniculata nos vasos de produção de mudas cítricas afeta o desenvolvimento das mudas, sobretudo no que se refere à altura do porta-enxerto e massa seca do enxerto. A convivência das mudas com esta planta daninha não afeta o diâmetro do caule das mudas, a massa seca do porta-enxerto, a massa seca da raiz, bem como a massa seca total da muda. O período crítico de prevenção da interferência obtido no trabalho se estende dos 52 aos 69 DAT, admitindo-se 2,5 % de perdas aceitáveis. / The Brazilian citrus production is considered the most competitive in the world mainly because of the excellent conditions that the producers have, with emphasis to the State of São Paulo, the world's largest producer of concentrated orange juice. Despite this, the characteristics of this branch of the agribuisiness are favorable to the proliferation of pests and diseases. Recently, the citrus production, especially the nursery production, has suffered significant changes. The CVC, a disease caused by the Xyllella fastidiosa bacteria has forced the young tree production to be conducted in a protected environment since January 1993. The young citrus tree production has always been considered a very important activity for the development of the citrus culture. A good young tree can be considered one of the bases of the citrus production just as well as a bad young tree can be the factor that makes the business non profitable. In this context, the present study has the objective to analyze the biological characteristics of the two main weed species (Oxalis corniculata L. and Cardamine bonariensis Pers.) that occur in the citrus nursery production systems, verifying the ideal conditions in which their germination takes place, their presence in substrates and its primary material, the efficiency of the bark compost in their control, evaluate the application of preemergence herbicides on the substrate used in the nursery production and if the presence of O. orniculata affects the development of the young citrus tree. The results indicate that for O. corniculata the constant temperatures of 15 and 20°C promoted the highest germination indexes and the exposure of seeds to a constant temperature of 20 °C led to the highest levels of GSI. In both cases the seeds where submitted to the presence of light. For C. bonariensis the alternating temperatures 20/30 and 20/35 °C promoted the highest germination indexes and alternating temperature 20/30 °C promoted the highest levels of GSI. In both cases the seeds where submitted to the presence of light. The samples of the primary material of the substrate did not present contamination with weed seeds, detected through weed plant germination. The bark compost process is capable of invalidating the sedds of O. corniculata, C. bonariensis, Portulaca oleraceae and Digitaria spp and Cyprus rotundus tubers in a period of 30 days. In reference to the experiment conducted in this study, the use of the herbicides oxyfluorfen, flumioxazin, ametryn and oxadiazon did not affect de development of the root stock 'limoeiro-cravo? in any of the doses, and after 80 days of the transplant of the root stock the herbicide oxyfluorfen and oxadiazon presents good control indexes for O.corniculta. The presence of O. corniculata in the citrus nursery containers affected the development of the young trees, especially the height of the rootstock and the dry mass of the graft; it doesn't interfere with the development of the stem diameter and of the dry mass of the rootstock, of the roots our the total dry mass of the young tree. The critical period of competition extends it self from 52 to 69 DAT considering 2,5 % of acceptable lost.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-09-12T16:49:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011- Manoel Batista Grifo Cabral.pdf: 2116057 bytes, checksum: 0cb1f154d8dd97fcc16aff0de8262b09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T16:49:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011- Manoel Batista Grifo Cabral.pdf: 2116057 bytes, checksum: 0cb1f154d8dd97fcc16aff0de8262b09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-19 / This research was done in the Campus of Alegre, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the State of Espirito Santo. We evaluated the learning by the use of Project Pedagogy. The theme used was the production of lettuce on alternative substrates, commonly used in horticulture regional, developed with students the first year of the course Farming Technician integrated into the school. The development took place in a theoretical and practical involvement with interdisciplinary teaching and administrative servers, covering the bases transverse to the problem. All production steps were planned, implemented and evaluated with the students. The learning evaluation was performed with the use of structured questionnaires distributed temporally. Were characterized in the teaching-learning gains of students observed the results of the evaluations, demonstrating the feasibility of pedagogy in the use of project learning environment. The substrate of improved performance was prepared by the students, and even better that the commercial use in the region. / Esta pesquisa foi realizada no Campus de Alegre, do Instituto Federal de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia do Estado do Esp?rito Santo. Avaliou-se a aprendizagem pela utiliza??o da Pedagogia de Projetos. A tem?tica empregada foi a produ??o de mudas de alface em substratos alternativos, comumente empregados na olericultura regional, desenvolvida com alunos do primeiro ano do Curso T?cnico em Agropecu?ria integrado ao ensino m?dio. O desenvolvimento se deu de forma te?rico-pr?tico com a participa??o interdisciplinar de servidores docentes e administrativos, cobrindo as bases transversais ? problem?tica. Todas as etapas da produ??o foram planejadas, executadas e avaliadas com os discentes. A avalia??o da aprendizagem foi realizada com o emprego de question?rios estruturados temporalmente distribu?dos. Ficaram caracterizados no processo de ensino-aprendizagem ganhos significativos dos discentes, observados nos resultados das avalia??es realizadas, evidenciando a viabilidade na utiliza??o da pedagogia de projeto no ambiente de estudo. O substrato de melhor desempenho foi o elaborado pelos alunos, sendo melhor inclusive que o comercial utilizado na regi?o

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudinei.pdf: 2960967 bytes, checksum: 9d19185b777a99f89f11718066e20baa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The use of alternative energy sources is driven by the aim of minimizing environmental degradation in order to avoid that natural resources are depleted and slow the advance of global warming caused by emissions of greenhouse gases. Much has been researched about new energy sources, among which may be cited as the main: solar energy, wind energy, hydropower and biomass. The biogas from the biological treatment is distinguished by its increasing use to be a source of clean energy with a great social, financial and environmental return to humanity. To enhance this production of biogas, area researchers see performing various combinations, to evaluate or how best to combine any type of waste and succeed in increasing biogas production, consequently use in the energy sector. Thus, this work presents the objective analysis of the Total Solids removal rate, using the APHA methodology, 2012; Analysis of Higher Calorific Value using calorimeter; Analyze Biogas composition, by a Gas Chromatograph and analysis of biogas production using swine manure, silage medium grain corn, sorghum and pasture ground ruziziensis following a Factorial Planning 23, resulting in higher cumulative production to combination of swine wastewater 90% + Brachiária ruziziensis 10%, with 37.2 liters of biogas in seven weeks. Analyzing - the potential production per kilogram of matter, the highest result was the combination of ARS (80%) + Silage corn (10%) + Brachiária (10%), with 22 L.kg-1. Upon analyzing the result of production per kilogram of total solids, the result of the combination is greater production ARS (90%) + Brachiaria (10%), with approximately 561 L.Kg ST-1. / A utilização de fontes alternativas de energia é impulsionada pelo intuito de minimizar a degradação ambiental de forma a evitar que os recursos naturais se esgotem e diminuir o avanço do aquecimento global causado pelas emissões dos gases de efeito estufa. Muito se tem pesquisado a respeito de novas fontes energéticas, dentre elas podem ser citadas como principais: energia solar, energia eólica, energia hídrica e biomassa. O biogás, proveniente do tratamento biológico, se destaca pelo seu uso crescente por ser uma fonte de energia limpa com um grande retorno social, financeiro e ambiental para humanidade. Para potencializar essa produção de biogás, pesquisadores da área veem realizando diversas combinações, para avaliar qual ou quais as melhores formas de combinar algum tipo de resíduo e obter sucesso no aumento da produção de biogás, consequentemente utilização no setor energético. Desta forma, este trabalho apresenta por objetivo analise da taxa de remoção de Sólidos Totais, utilizando a metodologia de APHA, 2012; Análise de Poder Calorífico Superior, utilizando Calorímetro; Analise de Composição do Biogás, por meio de um Cromatógrafo Gasoso e analise da produção de biogás utilizando dejeto suíno, silagem de milho de meio grão, sorgo sacarino e braquiária Ruziziensis triturados, seguindo um Planejamento Fatorial 23, tendo como resultado de maior produção acumulada à combinação de Água Residuária de Suinocultura 90% + Braquiária Ruziziensis 10%, com 37,2 litros de biogás em sete semanas. Analisando se o potencial de produção por quilo de matéria, o maior resultado foi à combinação de ARS (80%) + Silagem Milho (10%) + Braquiária (10%), com 22 L.kg-1. Ao ser analisado o resultado de produção por quilo de Sólidos Totais, o resultado de maior produção é na combinação ARS (90%) + Braquiária (10%), com aproximadamente 561 L.Kg-1 ST.

This research explores the minimizing of cracks in the fabrication of carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube (CI-CNT) forests on cylindrical rods for the purposes of creating a CI-CNT coronary stent. It is a continuation of the work begun by Jones [1] and Skousen [2] whose work included the creation of a feasible CI-CNT coronary stent on a planar surface. The current research was performed in two parts: 1) growth on the whole circumference of the rod for ~20mm in length and 2) growth in lines and patterns. Experiments were done on either a 309 or 304 stainless steel rod ~3mm in diameter.The following parameters were used for growth on the whole circumference of the rod: a 80nm alumina diffusion barrier, 1.3 or 7nm of iron as a catalyst layer for CNT growth and a growth time of 1 or 15 min. Cracking is observed on most samples. Area fraction of cracking is shown to be minimized with 7nm of iron and and 1 min growth time. The number of cracks was minimized with the 7nm of iron and 15 min growth time. The height of the CI-CNT forest, which is strongly influenced by the thickness of the iron layer and growth time, is shown to be a possible positive contributor to the area fraction of cracking. Level of carbon infiltration and rate of cooling were also included in the parameters of the study as possible contributors to the amount of cracking however no correlation was found to either of these factors. The second study maintained 80nm of alumina and used 7nm of iron and 10 min of growth time. Line angles parallel, at 7°, at 45° and perpendicular to the axis of the rod and line widths from 109µm to 500µm were studied. Line widths from 500µm to 1090µm were also included in the study of patterned lines perpendicular to the axis of the rod. Cracking was eliminated in the parallel and 7° lines. Cracking in the 45° lines was intermittent and significantly less than the cracking seen on the whole circumference. For the lines perpendicular to the axis, the uncracked arc length was calculated to be an average of 414µm with a standard deviation of 67µm. The uncracked arc length showed no correlation to the line width. A final aspect of this second study observed the cracking in a modification of the planar stent pattern created by Jones. The pattern was modified in to allow for patterning on the rod. The critical dimension maximums of the parent pattern were maintained. The experimental results showed that a continual CI-CNT forest could be fabricated to the minimum expected height of 150µm, a maximum width of 542µm and at the expected angle of 7° with minimal to no cracking.

Além de ser plantado comercialmente, o cambucizeiro pode ser utilizado na recuperação de áreas degradadas, apresentando frutos com potencial de exploração para consumo humano, in natura ou na forma processada. As mudas para a implantação dessa espécie geralmente são obtidas de sementes, o que resulta em grande variabilidade genética dentro das populações e desfavorece a fixação de genótipos superiores em relação a produção e qualidade de frutos. Por esses motivos, é importante conhecer a fisiologia das sementes, a emergência e o desenvolvimento das plântulas e avaliar quais técnicas de multiplicação vegetativa melhor se adaptariam a essa espécie. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a interferência da dessecação de sementes sobre a ocorrência de protrusão radicular e formação de plântulas normais de cambucizeiro, assim como a influência do uso de diferentes substratos na emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de suas plântulas e avaliar as técnicas de estaquia, alporquia e enxertia na produção de mudas dessa espécie. De forma geral, as sementes de cambucizeiro quando dessecadas até níveis de 15% de água não mostraram perda de viabilidade, o substrato vermiculita garantiu uma melhor emergência das plântulas, entretanto, foram os substratos Basaplant® e a mistura turfa + perlita que garantiram o melhor desenvolvimento inical das mesmas. Quanto as técnicas de multiplicação vegetativa, a estaquia e alporquia mostraram-se ineficientes para o cambucizeiro, não apresentando enraizamento, já a enxertia do tipo fenda lateral garantiu a fixação de 6% dos enxertos podendo ser usada na fixação de genótipos superiores. Após os resultados negativos das técnicas de enraizamento adventício, análises anatômicas foram realizadas e indicaram que a presença de compostos fenólicos pode estar influenciando mais no processo de formação de raízes adventícias do que o impedimento físico das faixas de esclerênquima. / Despite the potencial of being commercially cultivated, the cambuci tree can be used for recovering degraded areas; its fruits present potential to be exploited for human consumption, in natura or in the processed form. Cambuci tree seedlings are usually obtained from seeds, which results in genetic variability within the population, disfavouring the fixation of superior genotypes in relation to fruit production and quality. For this reason, it is important to know seed physiology, emergence and development of seedlings and to evaluate which vegetative propagation technique would best suit this species. Therefore, the aim of this work was to verify the interference of seed desiccation on the occurrence of root protrusion and the formation of normal cambuci tree seedlings, as well as the influence of the use of different substrates in the emergence and initial development of their seedlings and to evaluate the techniques of cutting, air layering and grafting in the production of seedlings of this species. In general, cambuci tree seeds when dessicated until levels of 15% of water content did not show loss of viability, the substrate vermiculite guaranteed a better emergence of the seedlings, however, it was the Basaplant® substrats and the peat and perlite mixture that guaranteed a better emergence of the seedlings. as for the vegetative propagation techniques, the use of cuttings and air layerings were inefficient for this species, showing no adventitious rooting, on the other hand, side-veener graft ensured 6% of scion fixation, which could be used to fix superior genotypes. After the negative results of the adventitious rooting techniques, anatomical analysis were performed and indicated that the presence of fenolic coumponds may be more influential in the adventitious root formation process than the physical barrier formed by layers of sclerenchyma tissue.

This thesis focuses on the edible fungus Lepista (Pied Bleu or Wood Blewit). Factors affecting its potential commercial cultivation were explored and a contribution to knowledge of the morphology and cultivation of Australian species of Lepista has been made. Australian collections of Lepista were made within a 200 km zone of Sydney. A study of the morphology and taxonomic species of these collections was undertaken. Intra- and inter-fertility crosses were completed with French L. nuda and L. sordida to determine genetic relationships and biological species. Suitable substrates for agar medium, spawn production and cultivation were explored. The response to temperature of French and Australian Lepista in vitro, and Australian Lepista under cultivation, using cold shock, was observed. The effect of modified atmosphere exchanges per hour, CO2 levels, and cold shock during the cultivation cycle and sporophore production were investigated. A genebank of Australian Lepista was established. Three species of Lepista were found in Australia : L. nuda, L. sordida and L. saeva. Two other groups of Lepista were identified. The use of A. bisporus compost appeared to be optimal for experimental and commercial applications. Australian isolates of Lepista tolerate higher temperatures than French isolates, and grew at double the rate of the French at all temperatures except 5 degrees centigrade. The length of the spawn run was reduced from 43-58 days to 12-16 days with introduced CO2 of 9,000-11,000 ppm, but an erratic cyclic pattern of net CO2 production occurred which could only be stabilised by increasing ventilation. This initial cyclic pattern appeared to inhibit subsequent sporophore formation. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Thin films of metals and compounds have a very wide range of applications today. Many of the deposition methods used for the production of such films utilize plasma to support the growth the film, e.g. by the supply of energy and the enhancement of reactivity. This thesis focuses on the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of thin films by high density plasma sources based on hollow cathodes and aims to increase the understanding of the deposition process and its influence on the film properties.</p><p>Titanium nitride films reactively deposited by the low-pressure hybrid plasma (HYP LP) source exhibited excellent properties and was deposited at considerable higher rates than films deposited by conventional methods.</p><p>An original finding in this work is the influence of substrate material on the deposition process and consequently on the properties of the deposited film. In the deposition of TiN films by the HYP LP source it was found that the substrate temperature was higher for Si substrates than for steel substrates due to a more efficient absorption of microwave power in Si than in steel. Further, it was found that ferromagnetic substrates influence the film growth in magnetized plasma systems. An effect of the ferromagnetic substrates is the enhancement of ion bombardment that increases the growth temperature and affects the texture and morphology of the growing films. It was also found that a DC bias can change the TiN film properties considerably and compensate the effect of ferromagnetic substrates.</p><p>High rate depositions of chromium and chromium nitride films by the RF hollow cathode plasma jet (RHCPJ) source were studied. The performance of the reactive diffuse arc process and the CrN film properties indicates that the process can be transferred from small cylindrical cathodes to linear magnetized hollow cathodes which allow deposition on considerable larger areas and this is important for industrial applications.</p>

A research synopsis is presented summarizing work with integration of Ge and III-V semiconductors and optical devices with Si. III-V GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well lasers and GaAs/AlGaAs optical circuit structures have been fabricated on Si using Ge/GeSi/Si virtual substrates. The lasers fabricated on bulk GaAs showed similar output characteristics as those on Si. The GaAs/AlGaAs lasers fabricated on Si emitted at 858nm and had room temperature cw lifetimes of ~4hours. Straight optical links integrating an LED emitter, waveguide and detector exhibited losses of approximately 144dB/cm. A process for fabrication of a novel CMOS-compatible platform that integrates III-V or Ge layers with Si is demonstrated. Thin Ge layers have been transferred from Ge/GeSi/Si virtual substrates to bulk Si utilizing wafer bonding and an epitaxial Si CMP layer to facilitate virtual substrate planarization. A unique CMP-less method for removal of Ge exfoliation damage induced by the SmartCut™ process is also presented. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Bacteria have exhibited a remarkable capacity to become resistant to commonly used antibacterial compounds obliging the researchers to find new target to kill them. Peptidoglycan, a polymer which is completely specific to the bacterial world and the enzymes, is an ideal target. Peptidoglycan is formed by linear glycan chains composed of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues cross-linked by short peptides. Among the multitude of enzymes of degradation of the peptidoglycane, the N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase have the capacity to break the bond between the peptide and the lactyl grouping of MurNAc wearing this peptide. The subject of this work was to study AmiD, a N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase from E.coli. For that purpose, two carbohydrates 1,6-anhMurNAc with a protective group at the fourth position have been synthesised on gram scale in seven steps. After that, we have realized a structural study at the level of the peptide chain by miming the structure of the peptidoglycane. First, different amide compounds have been prepared. In a second time, we have synthesised carbohydrate compounds with one, two and three amino acids in the peptide chain. Finally, two carbohydrates with a triazole in the peptide chain have been prepared by click chemistry from a synthesised azoture precursor. All compounds have been synthesised with a chromatic group at the end of the peptide chain in order to facilitated the HPLC detection of the residue after hydrolysis by AmiD. Substrates studies, inhibition studies and kinetic studies have been realised with these carbohydrates. This work present also the first results of the synthesis of 1,6-anhydro-4-fluoroMurNAc, a possible inhibitor of bacterial growth. If the peptide chain contains a minimum of dipeptide residue (L-Ala--D-Glu), our results pointed that AmiD is able to cleave the amide bond between the lactyl group of the MurNAc and the -amino group of L-Ala. In the presence of a tripeptide chain (L-Ala--D-Glu-L-Lys) higher hydrolysis rates have been observed. Furthermore, the m-A2pm found in the natural substrate of AmiD can be replaced by L-Lys which facilitates the synthesis of the MurNAc derivatives.

Thin films of metals and compounds have a very wide range of applications today. Many of the deposition methods used for the production of such films utilize plasma to support the growth the film, e.g. by the supply of energy and the enhancement of reactivity. This thesis focuses on the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of thin films by high density plasma sources based on hollow cathodes and aims to increase the understanding of the deposition process and its influence on the film properties. Titanium nitride films reactively deposited by the low-pressure hybrid plasma (HYP LP) source exhibited excellent properties and was deposited at considerable higher rates than films deposited by conventional methods. An original finding in this work is the influence of substrate material on the deposition process and consequently on the properties of the deposited film. In the deposition of TiN films by the HYP LP source it was found that the substrate temperature was higher for Si substrates than for steel substrates due to a more efficient absorption of microwave power in Si than in steel. Further, it was found that ferromagnetic substrates influence the film growth in magnetized plasma systems. An effect of the ferromagnetic substrates is the enhancement of ion bombardment that increases the growth temperature and affects the texture and morphology of the growing films. It was also found that a DC bias can change the TiN film properties considerably and compensate the effect of ferromagnetic substrates. High rate depositions of chromium and chromium nitride films by the RF hollow cathode plasma jet (RHCPJ) source were studied. The performance of the reactive diffuse arc process and the CrN film properties indicates that the process can be transferred from small cylindrical cathodes to linear magnetized hollow cathodes which allow deposition on considerable larger areas and this is important for industrial applications.