Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-22).

The catastrophic eruption of the Indonesian volcano Mt. Tambora in April 1815, which ejected a cloud of sulfur dioxide into the upper atmosphere, plunged the world into a rapid temporary climate change event. A series of bizarre weather anomalies, including snowstorms in June and repeated heavy frosts throughout the rest of the summer, earned 1816 the moniker "the Year Without a Summer." This paper examines the various ways in which Americans reacted to the climate change--seeking causation explanations through science and superstition, political and religious responses, and the efforts to appreciate what the events meant in terms of the world's changing climate. Through these various reactions, a picture emerges of Americans' incomplete understanding of science and nature, as well as an uneasy reckoning with the impossibility of fully explaining their environment and the potential dangers it presented to them.

Two volcanic eruptions in 1809 and 1815 shrouded the earth in sulfur dioxide and triggered a series of weather and climate anomalies manifesting themselves between 1810 and 1819, a period that scientists have termed the “Cold Decade.” People who lived during the Cold Decade appreciated its anomalies through direct experience, and they employed a number of cognitive and analytical tools to try to construct the environmental worlds in which they lived. Environmental consciousness in the early 19th century commonly operated on two interrelated layers. The first was local, encompassing what people saw and experienced around them in their day-to-day lives, communities and localities, including the weather above them and outside their windows and the environmental characteristics they knew and felt they understood. The second was a broader layer, less known and often less knowable, encompassing the world outside of the local which included climate, the region, the planet, the heavens and the cosmos. Many people during the Cold Decade tried to explore and conquer that broader layer—to pull it closer, to define it, in some cases to tame or harness it—and people’s efforts to do this, while different depending on who they were and their life situations, had real-world consequences not merely in the Cold Decade itself but in the modernizing world that subsequently emerged. This dissertation examines Cold Decade environmental consciousness in five groups of people, most in the United States but some in Europe and other parts of the world: weather watchers, who kept detailed records on weather phenomena and used this data to discern patterns and theories of climate and weather prediction; diarists, ordinary people who recorded and remarked upon weather and climate phenomena in their journals, and who explored the broader layer by knowing weather and climate through personal experience; doctors, who leveraged weather and climate knowledge for the benefit of their patients; arguers, who conducted an intellectual debate about whether the Earth’s climate was growing warmer or colder; and travelers, people who sought to understand the broader layer through travel and geography.

SOARES JÚNIOR, A. T. P. A Espacialidade do Vilegiaturista Marítimo em Fortaleza, Ceará: práticas e transformações recentes. 2010. 125 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geografia) - Centro de Ciência, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 2010. / Submitted by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-02-27T15:04:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_atpsoaresjunior.pdf: 3786362 bytes, checksum: ebf9d70e74c6e272b2b11faf33ddcfdb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-02-27T15:05:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_atpsoaresjunior.pdf: 3786362 bytes, checksum: ebf9d70e74c6e272b2b11faf33ddcfdb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-27T15:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_atpsoaresjunior.pdf: 3786362 bytes, checksum: ebf9d70e74c6e272b2b11faf33ddcfdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The relationship of the society with the sea is redesigned by the metropolis with the consolidation of the modern maritime practices and the valorization of the land close to the sea (swimming, walks, summer resort, habitation and coastal tourism) as a place for entertainment and living, observed in the capitals of the northeast like Fortaleza. The practice of the sea summer resort became present in the city in the decade of 1930 in the Iracema beach with the vilegiaturistas belonging to the upper class of Fortaleza and of all the Province of Ceará. Later, with the coastal urbanization in the decade of 1970, the phenomenon reaches also the municipalities members of the metropolitan region of the city such as Caucaia and Aquiraz. This work has as a general goal to analyse the phenomenon of the sea summer resort that takes place on the cost of Fortaleza, evidenced by the acquisition of secondary residences in order to live close to the beach, even in a seasonal way, in the period from 1991 to 2000. In order to understand the unfolding of theses social processes in their urban tissue, Fortaleza and how its coastal space presents the practice of sea summer resort were analyzed, by the diverse social agents, named the vilegiaturistas (domestic and foreign), the State, the real state sector and society, responsible for the transformations caused by the occupation, investment practices and use of the coastal zone, be for entertainment, be for secondary residences in condos. In this study are analysed the neighbourhoods of Iracema beach, Meireles, and Future beach I and it showed that the sea vilegiaturistas are concentrated on the Central and East part of the city, and simultaneously their “dilution” in the metropolis generating multicultural spots, opposite to the first hypothesis of the sea summer resort as “the scape from the city”, once this phenomenon became predominantly urban / A relação da sociedade com o mar se redimensiona na metrópole com a consolidação das práticas marítimas modernas e a valorização dos espaços litorâneos (banhos de mar, caminhadas, vilegiatura, habitação e turismo litorâneo) como lugar de lazer e moradia, evidenciados nas capitais nordestinas como Fortaleza. A prática da vilegiatura marítima se materializa na cidade a partir da década de 1930 na praia de Iracema, com os vilegiaturistas formados pela classe abastada fortalezense e de todo o Estado do Ceará. Posteriormente, o fenômeno, com a urbanização litorânea na década de 1970, alcança também os municípios integrantes da Região Metropolitana da cidade como Caucaia e Aquiraz. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o fenômeno da vilegiatura marítima espacializado no litoral de Fortaleza, evidenciado pela aquisição de residências secundárias como prática do bem morar próximo ao mar, mesmo que de forma sazonal, no período de 1991 a 2000. Para entender os desdobramentos desses processos sociais em sua tessitura urbana, analisou-se Fortaleza e como os seus espaços litorâneos são incorporados à prática da vilegiatura marítima, através dos diversos agentes sociais, nominadamente os vilegiaturistas (nacionais e internacionais), o Estado, o setor imobiliário e a sociedade, responsáveis pelas transformações concernentes a ocupação, investimentos e usos nas zonas de praia, quer seja para as práticas de lazer e descanso, quer para a construção de residências secundárias encontradas nos condomínios. Em análise estão os bairros Praia de Iracema, Meireles e Praia do Futuro I que revelam a espacialização dos vilegiaturistas marítimos de forma concentrada nas zonas Central e Leste da cidade, e sua simultânea “diluição” na metrópole gerando manchas multiculturais, contrariando o pensamento inicial de que a vilegiatura marítima era resultado da fuga da cidade, pois o fenômeno tornou-se notadamente urbano.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Carlos Campabadal Teran / The use of grain aeration as a tool to minimize post-harvest losses requires lower ambient temperature (≤ 20°C) and relative humidity (≤ 70%) conditions than what is usually available during the summer season in temperate climates and throughout the year in some tropical climate regions. Warm and moist conditions contribute to pest problems and increase dependence on chemical control for pest reduction as part of grain management strategies. The grain chilling technology is a non-chemical alternative to cool grain stored under high risk climatic conditions. For this research project, the grain chilling technology was tested in a 1,350-ton low moisture content wheat silo during the 2015 and 2016 summer harvests in Kansas. The grain temperature was lowered from a maximum of 39°C to a minimum of 17°C in less than 250 hours. The results showed that chilled grain maintained at temperatures under 20°C reduced the development rate of insect pests compared to grain stored at temperatures over 25°C and cooled with ambient aeration. However, the cost of grain chilling was calculated to be between 0.26 and 0.32 $/t higher than using ambient aeration. Through computer simulation it was possible to evaluate the performance of the grain chiller against four different ambient aeration strategies for paddy rice stored under the tropical climatic conditions of the North Pacific coast of Costa Rica. After six months of storage, the minimum grain temperature achieved through ambient aeration was 30.8°C using an aeration strategy based on a grain-ambient temperature differential greater than 10°C. Grain chilling lowered the average grain temperature from 35°C to below 15°C in 117 hours and the maximum average temperature it registered after six months of storage was 15.5°C. The economic evaluation of the simulated ambient aeration and chilling strategy determined that the operational costs of grain chilling were between 2 and 4 $/t lower than ambient aeration plus fumigation. However, the initial cost of the grain chiller made the net present cost (NPC) of the chilling strategy between 0.22 and 0.85 $/t higher than the cost of ambient aeration plus fumigation over a 10-year analysis. Several potential financial options were analyzed to make the grain chiller more economically feasible for a rice miller in Costa Rica. It was concluded that the grain chilling technology can reduce grain temperatures below 20°C in a relatively short period of time, which helps control insect populations and maintain grain quality during summer storage in temperate climates and in tropical climates. Utilizing grain chilling reduced operational costs between 78% and 88% when compared to using chemical control of pests. Additionally, it was determined that an initial cost of $74,700 for the grain chiller would require a 16% discount or at least 10,641 t to be chilled annually to make this technology viable for the Costa Rican rice milling industry. Leasing the grain chiller (ten equal payments of $10,926) or adding a premium sell price of 1 $/t to chilled rice would make this technology feasible compared to the traditional grain management strategies utilized in Costa Rica.

Orientador: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso. / Resumo: Na produção de híbridos de aboboreiras, mesmo programando-se a semeadura dos genitores, o florescimento pode não coincidir. Em programas de melhoramento, a defasagem de uns poucos dias pode provocar perdas significativas de alguns cruzamentos. Objetivou-se estudar formas de conservação de flores masculinas de aboboreira 'Piramoita' para posterior cruzamento e produção de sementes, pois a conservação de grãos de pólen é inviável para cucurbitáceas. O experimento foi conduzido em Campo Grande (MS), de agosto a dezembro de 2001. A partir do início do florescimento de 40% das plantas (novembro), aplicou-se os tratamentos (tempo de armazenamento e substânciasdiluições). Colheu-se flores masculinas recém-abertas, padronizou-se o comprimento dos pedúnculos (±10cm) e mergulhou-os (± 3cm basais) em béqueres contendo as substâncias-diluições (água, sulfato de alumínio 25mgL-1 e 50mgL-1, sacarose 25gL-1, 50gL-1 e 75gL-1). Utilizou-se duas testemunhas: flores recém-colhidas (sem nenhum tratamento) e polinização natural (por insetos), onde as flores ficaram disponíveis às visitas dos insetos nos mesmos dias em que foram realizadas as polinizações e todas as outras flores foram eliminadas. As flores foram armazenadas por um ou dois dias, em temperatura ambiente (±25ºC) ou em geladeira (±8ºC)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: In the production of hybrid seed of summer squash, flowering may not coincide, even when programming the sowing of the parentals. In breeding programs the delay of a few days may result in significant losses of some crossings. It was aimed to study forms of storage of staminate flowers of summer squash cultivar Piramoita for subsequent crossing and seed production, because pollen storage in cucurbits is unviable. The experiment was carried out in Campo Grande (MS), from August to December, 2001. Treatments (time of storage and substance-dilutions) were applied when 40% of the plants initiated flowering (November). Recently-open staminate flowers were harvested, stalks were standardized lengthwise (± 10cm) and dipped (± 3cm basal) in beckers containing the substance-dilutions (water, aluminum sulfate 25mgL-1 and 50mgL-1, sucrose 25gL-1, 50gL-1 and 75gL-1). Two standards were used: recently-harvested flowers (without any treatment) and natural pollination (insects), where the flowers were available to the visit of the insects in the same days as the pollinations were accomplished and all other flowers were eliminated. Flowers were stored for one or two days, at room temperature (±25ºC) or in the refrigerator (±8ºC). The selected pistillate flowers were bagged in "pre-anthesis", in the afternoon previous to the crossing and again after the pollination. In each plant, only one cross was made. In the natural pollination, also only one flower in each plant was left "available" to the insects... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It was carried out an identification of dry events and elaborated a dynamic and thermodynamic characterization of these ones, ocurring during summer over Southeast region of Brazil. Dry events were identified for a series of 35 years of daily interpolated precipitation data set. As the Southeast region has a wide territory, it presents different precipitation regimes, both spacially and temporally, and for this reason, it was divided into three subregions with homogeneous precipitation regimes through cluster analysis. This division has sectorized the Southeast region approximately in a meridional form, with the southernmost portion denominated R1, central portion R2 and the northernmost R3. It was evaluated two different temporal scales of dry events: synoptic (duration between 5 and 9 days) and intraseasonal (duration equal or greater than 10 days) for the R1, R2 and R3 regions separately. R3 presented the highest total number of dry events in both categories (synoptic and intraseasonal), followed by R2 and R1 respectively. It was computed composites, with reanalysis data for different meteorological variables, associated with synoptic and intraseasonal dry events for each of the three homogeneous precipitation regions. Concerning mean dynamic patterns associated with dry events, there were two main ones that drew the most attention. For synoptic dry events in R1, there was a predominance of a blocking ridge at various levels of the atmosphere over the entire southern portion of South America, diverting the transient systems towards the more central portions of the Atlantic Ocean. While for the rest of the dry (synoptic and intraseasonal) classes of events and for the different homogeneous regions of precipitation (R1, R2 and R3), dry events appeared to be more associated with a blocking high centered on the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Some other characteristics found were: in all classes of dry events, it was noticed in the average outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) fields, a precipitation dipole indicative between the concerned region and the Plata Basin (Uruguay, northern Argentina, southern Paraguay and southern Brazil). For intraseasonal dry events over R1 and R2, positive rainfall anomalies were also detected over a wide area of Amazon, whereas in the R1 synoptic dry events was noticed the presence of rainfall over Northeast region of Brazil. The increase in precipitation over the Plata basin was generally associated with the intensification of the South America low-level jet east of the Andes, caused by the intrusion of a low-level anticyclonic anomaly between the coasts of the South and Southeast regions of Brazil, providing anomalous easterly winds over the Southeast and anomalous westerly winds over the Plata basin. For all dry events, except for the synoptic events in R1, at high levels of the troposphere, an anticyclonic anomaly was observed on the South of Brazil, in the same way providing anomalous easterly winds on the Southeast, whereas over Plata mouth (border between Uruguay and Argentina), anomalous westerly winds were observed, on a region that climatologically occurs the Upper Tropospheric Jet Streams, which was intensified by the anomalous westerly winds, contributing to the convection that are typically observed in the equatorial Upper Tropospheric Jet entrance. The increase in the convective activity over the Plata basin and its absence over the Southeast region of Brazil, led to an anomalous displacement to the south of the meteorological systems that are characteristical in high levels of the troposphere during the South American summer, such as the Bolivian High and the high level cyclonic vortex of the Northeast of Brazil. The composites associated with the intraseasonal dry events occurring during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 summer, when there was a large repercussion of the rainfall scarcity on the Southeast region, were similar to those described above, but the anomalies in practically all the dynamic and thermodynamic fields were more prominent. / Foi realizada a identificação de eventos secos e elaborada uma caracterização dinâmica e termodinâmica média destes durante a estação de verão sobre a região Sudeste do Brasil. Foram identificados eventos secos para uma série de 35 anos de dados de precipitação diária interpolada em pontos de grade. Como a região Sudeste possui um território muito amplo, apresenta diferentes regimes de precipitação, tanto espacial quanto temporalmente, e por esta razão, foi dividida em três sub-regiões com regimes homogêneos de precipitação por meio da análise de cluster. Essa divisão setorizou a região Sudeste aproximadamente de forma meridional, com a porção mais ao sul sendo denominada R1, mais central R2 e a mais setentrional R3. Foram avaliados eventos secos com duas diferentes escalas temporais: sinótica (duração entre 5 e 9 dias) e intrasazonal (duração igual ou superior a 10 dias) para as regiões R1, R2 e R3 separadamente. A região R3 foi a que apresentou o maior número total de eventos secos em ambas categorias (sinótico e intrasazonal), seguida por R2 e R1 respectivamente. Foram computados campos médios com dados de reanálise, de diversas variáveis meteorológicas, associados aos eventos secos sinóticos e intrasazonais para cada uma das três regiões homogêneas de precipitação. Quanto aos padrões dinâmicos médios associados aos eventos secos, houve dois principais a chamarem mais a atenção. Para eventos secos sinóticos em R1, exisitiu a predominância de uma crista de bloqueio em vários níveis da atmosfera sobre toda a porção sul da América do Sul, desviando os sistemas transientes em direção as porções mais centrais do Oceano Atlântico. Enquanto que para o restante das classes de eventos secos (sinóticos e intrasazonais) e para as diferentes regiões homogêneas de precipitação (R1, R2 e R3), os eventos pareceram estar mais associados a uma alta de bloqueio centrada sobre a região litorânea das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Algumas outras características encontradas foram: em todas as classes de eventos secos, notou-se nos campos médios de radiação de onda longa emitida (ROLE) um indicativo de dipolo de precipitação entre a região em questão e a bacia do Prata (Uruguai, norte da Argentina, sul do Paraguai e sul do Brasil). Para eventos secos intrasazonais em R1 e R2 também detectou-se superávits de precipitação sobre uma ampla área da Amazônia, enquanto que para eventos secos sinóticos em R1 houve a presença de chuvas sobre o Nordeste do Brasil. O aumento da precipitação sobre a bacia do Prata em geral esteve associado a intensificação do Jato de Baixos Níveis da América do Sul (JBNAS) junto a cordilheira dos Andes, causada pela intrusão de uma anomalia anticiclônica em baixos níveis entre as costas das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, propiciando ventos anômalos de leste sobre o Sudeste e ventos anômalos de oeste sobre a bacia do Prata. Para todos os eventos secos, com exceção dos eventos sinóticos em R1, notou-se em altos níveis da troposfera uma anomalia anticiclônica sobre o Sul do Brasil, propiciando ventos anômalos de leste sobre a região Sudeste, enquanto que sobre a foz do Prata (divisa entre Uruguai e Argentina) observou-se ventos anômalos de oeste, sobre uma região que climatologicamente ocorrem os Jatos de Altos Níveis (JAN), os quais foram intensificados pelos ventos anômalos de oeste sobre esta latitude, contribuindo para os movimentos verticais que tipicamente são observados na entrada equatorial do JAN. O aumento da atividade convectiva sobre a bacia do Prata e a ausência dela sobre a região Sudeste do Brasil propiciou um deslocamento anômalo para sul dos sistemas meteorológicos que são característicos em altos níveis da troposfera durante o verão da América do Sul, como a Alta da Bolívia (AB) e o VCAN do Nordeste. O caráter dos campos médios associados aos eventos secos intrasazonais ocorridos durante os verões de 2013/14 e 2014/15, anos em que houve uma grande repercussão da escassez das chuvas sobre o Sudeste, se mostraram similares as descritas acima, porém as anomalias em praticamente todos os campos dinâmicos e termodinâmicos se mostraram mais proeminentes.

The graduation theses were concered with analysis of management and marketing in specialization of tourism. The main aim was to propose certain improvement in managing process leading to improve the quality of production and to ensure competitive advantage.

O estudo propõe-se a discutir a recuperação escolar enquanto estratégia pedagógica de apoio e auxílio aos alunos que não aprendem, tomando como referencial teórico a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Como principais objetivos desta pesquisa destacam-se: a) estabelecer uma análise crítica, a partir dos conceitos da psicologia escolar, sobre a trajetória histórica da implantação de programas de recuperação na rede pública paulista e concepções de aprendizagem subjacentes, b) compreender repercussões dessa prática por meio dos sentidos pessoais atribuídos à recuperação escolar por educadores, pais e alunos. De cunho qualitativo, essa pesquisa, em moldes etnográficos, utilizou-se dos seguintes procedimentos: análise de documentos oficiais do estado de São Paulo e das Leis de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (1961; 1971; 1996); observações participantes em duas salas de recuperação; entrevistas individuais com professoras, coordenadora, diretora e mães de alunos; entrevistas coletivas com dois grupos de alunos e análise de seus desenhos sobre a classe de recuperação, sendo todos os participantes vinculados regularmente a uma escola da rede estadual situada na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo. O levantamento documental realizado com o objetivo de compilar publicações oficiais revelou que inúmeros planos de recuperação escolar vêm sendo apontados como \"remédios\" aos problemas educacionais ao longo da história, tendo a investigação conduzido ao documento oficial do primeiro programa de recuperação escolar elaborado por Antonio D\"Ávilla, em 1936. A pesquisa de campo revelou grande distanciamento entre as propostas oficiais e sua concretização no cotidiano escolar. A busca do sentido da recuperação conduziu à conclusão de que esta prática configura-se muito mais como um espaço de impossibilidades do que de potencialidades. As classes de recuperação exercem em alunos e professores o pernicioso efeito de cristalização do \"não saber\" - professores destituídos de sua função de ensinar e alunos desistentes de suas possibilidades de aprender. A prática da recuperação indica camuflagem e pretensa compensação diante do não cumprimento, nas classes regulares, do principal objetivo da escola, o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Foi consensual entre os participantes da pesquisa a concepção sobre a fragilidade e descrédito da função da recuperação, apontando o esvaziamento do sentido dessa prática pedagógica para todos os seus atores: professores, gestores, pais e alunos. Esta pesquisa põe-se como mais uma denúncia na direção da luta por educação de qualidade na escola pública brasileira e um anúncio da possibilidade de que a recuperação paralela e a recuperação contínua, propagadas pelos discursos oficiais como soluções, dêem lugar a outro processo que a autora se aventura a denominar de aprendizagem contínua, buscando por meio da mediação superar as dificuldades e possibilitar o desenvolvimento dos alunos dentro dos espaços das salas de aula regulares, não em espaços à parte, como as classes de recuperação. / This study has the purpose to examine Summer School as a pedagogical strategy to support and help students that do not learn, based on Cultural-Historical Psychology theory. We highlight as the main aims of this research: a) establish a critical analysis, grounded on the concepts of school psychology, on the historical course of the implantation of Summer school programs on the public system in São Paulo and underlying learning conceptions and b) understand the repercussion of this action through the personal sensations of educators, parents and students, attributed to Summer school. With a qualitative characteristic, this research, in ethnographic patterns, used the following procedures: analysis of official documents of the State of São Paulo and of the Law for National Education Guidelines and Basis (LDB) (1961; 1971; 1996); participative observations in two Summer school classrooms; individual interviews with teachers, coordinators, principal and the mothers of the students; collective interviews with two groups of students and analysis of their drawings about Summer School, being all the participants regularly connected to the state system placed in the south of the city of São Paulo. The documental research accomplished with the purpose of compiling official publications, revealed that numberless Summer school plans have been pointed as \"medicine\" to educational problems along the history, and the investigation led us to the official document of the first Summer school program elaborated by Antonio D\"Avilla, in 1936. The field research showed a huge distance between the official proposal and its fulfillment in school quotidian. The search for a meaning to the Summer School guided us to conclude that this practice configures more as a space of impossibilities than of potentialities. Summer school classrooms can cause in students and teachers, the harmful effect of the \"do not know\" crystallization, it results in teachers deposed from its function to teach and students that renounce their possibilities to learn. The Summer School practice indicates a camouflage and intended compensation before the non-accomplishment, in regular classrooms, of the main school purpose: the teaching and learning process. The conception about the fragility and discredit of the Summer School function was consensual among the participants of the research, pointing the annulling of the meaning of this pedagogic practice to all its actors: teachers, directors, parents and students. This study aims to be one more denunciation in the direction of the fight for quality education in the public Brazilian system and also an announcement of the possibility that parallel summer school and continuous recuperation, declared by official speeches as solutions, will give place to another process that the author ventures to call continuous learning, aiming, through mediation, to overcome difficulties and make possible the development of students inside regular classrooms, not in separate spaces, such as Summer School classrooms.