<p>U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitani su i utvrđeni optimalni uslovi za proces lju&scaron;tenja semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa, kao sirovine za proizvodnju ulja. Sprovedena istraživanja su dala podatke o optimalnim vrednostima sadržaja vlage u semenu i pritiska vazduha u lju&scaron;tilici na osnovu kojih je utvrđen model za lju&scaron;tenje semena. Sprovedenim istraživanjima obuhvaćeno je i ispitivanje uticaja promenljivih tehnolo&scaron;kih parametara, sadržaja ljuske u opsegu od 0 do 20% i sadržaja nečistoća u opsegu od 0 do 10% na sastav i kvalitet hladno presovanih ulja i pogače, prinos ulja, oksidativnu stabilnost, senzorski kvalitet i boju hladno presovanih ulja semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa.<br />Dobijeni rezultati su obrađeni primenom savremenih klasifikacionih (klaster analiza i analiza glavnih kompomenata) i regresionih hemometrijskih metoda i postavljeni hemometrijski modeli čija bi primena doprinela proizvodnji hladno presovanog ulja vrhunskog kvaliteta i visoke oksidativne stabilnosti. Utvrđeno je da su definisani modeli statistički validni i da se mogu primeniti za optimizaciju tehnolo&scaron;kih parametara u proizvodnji hladno presovanog ulja semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa. Validnost postavljenih modela, odnosno kvalitet dobijenih korelacija su procenjeni na osnovu parametara unakrsne validacije.<br />Maksimalna efektivnost lju&scaron;tenja semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa može se postići pri optimalnim uslovima tj. sadržaju vlage u semenu 6,0% i pritisku vazduha u lju&scaron;tilici 800 kPa. Hladno presovano ulje semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa se, u pogledu sastava i kvaliteta ulja i pogače, prinosa ulja, oksidativne stabilnosti, senzorskog kvaliteta i boje ulja, može proizvoditi od semena koje sadrži 10-20% ljuske i 0-5% nečistoća.</p> / <p>In this dissertation the optimal conditions for the dehulling process of high-oleic sunflower seeds, as raw material for oil production, were tested and determined. The conducted studies provided data for the optimal values of moisture content in the seed and the air pressure in the seed dehulling machine, what presented the base for determination of the dehulling model. Also, conducted studies examine the effect of variable technological parameters, such as content of hull (ranging from 0 to 20%) and the impurities content (ranging from 0 to 10%) on the composition and quality of oil and cake, oil yield, oxidative stability, sensory quality and colour of cold pressed high-oleic sunflower oil.<br />The obtained results were analyzed by modern classification (cluster analysis and principal component analysis) and regression chemometrics methods, and chemometric models whose implementation could contribute to the production of cold pressed oil of high quality and high oxidative stability were set. It was found that the defined mathematical models are statistically valid and that they could be used to optimize the technological parameters of production of cold pressed high-oleic sunflower oil. The validity of the set models, that is the quality of obtained correlations, were estimated based on the parameters of cross-validation.<br />The maximum effectiveness of high-oleic sunflower seeds dehulling can be achieved under optimal conditions, i.e. when the moisture content in seed is 6,0% and when the air pressure in seed dehulling machine is 800 kPa. Regarding composition and quality of the oil and cake, oil yield, oxidative stability, sensory quality and color, cold pressed high-oleic sunflower oil could be produced from seed containing 10-20% hull and 0-5% impurities.</p>

This dissertation conceptualizes a Palestinian archipelago based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope, and uses the archipelago model to illustrate the situation and development of Palestinian consciousness in diaspora. To gain insight into the personal lives of Palestinians in diaspora, This project highlights several islands of Palestinian identities as represented in the novels: Dancing Arabs, A Compass for the Sunflower, and The Inheritance. The identities of the characters in these works are organized according to the archipelago model, which illustrates how the characters rediscover, repress, or change their identities in order to accommodate life in diaspora. Analysis reveals that a major goal of Palestinian existence in diaspora is the maintenance of an authentic Palestinian identity. Therefore, my description of the characters’ identities and locations in the archipelago model are informed by various scholars and theories of nationalism. Moreover, this dissertation illustrates how different Palestinian identities coalesce into a single national consciousness that has been created and sustained by a collective experience of suffering and thirst for sense of belonging and community among Palestinians. Foremost in the memories of all Palestinians is the memory of the land of Palestine and the dream of national restoration; these are the main uniting factors between Palestinians revealed in my analysis. Furthermore, this project presents an argument that developing a Palestinian exceptionalism as both a response and a solution to the problems Palestine faced in the 20th century has already occurred among diasporic Palestinians as well as those settled in the West Bank. In addition, a significant finding of this dissertation is the generation clash in regarding to the methods of modernization of the West Bank society between the settled Palestinian and those returning from diaspora. Nevertheless, a Palestinian homecoming will require a renegotiation of Palestinian identities in which generation gaps and other disagreements will be resolved and transcended in favor of nation-state building.

Si les lipides contribuent à la valeur nutritionnelle et sensorielle de nombreux aliments, ils sont particulièrement sensibles aux réactions d'oxydation. Les principaux mécanismes mis en jeu lors de l'oxydation des acides gras insaturés sont relativement bien connus. En revanche, il est aujourd'hui quasiment impossible de prédire l'avancement des réactions et souvent nécessaire de recommencer une nouvelle étude de stabilité oxydative pour tout nouveau couple produit alimentaire / procédé de transformation. L'objectif de la thèse est donc de construire un modèle mécanistique couplé à un modèle de transfert de l'oxygène dans le but de prédire l'avancement des réactions d'oxydation dans un milieu lipidique continu et dans des conditions expérimentales définies et contrôlées (température, oxygénation, composition en acides gras, composition en antioxydants). Pour cela, un schéma réactionnel visant à détailler l'ensemble des réactions impliquées dans le phénomène d'auto-oxydation des lipides a été proposé puis un modèle stoechio-cinétique a été construit à partir des valeurs des paramètres cinétiques issues de la littérature. La réactivité des acides gras insaturés présents dans trois huiles végétales d'usage courant (colza, tournesol, tournesol oléique), purifiées de leurs antioxydants naturels, a été étudiée entre 80 et 180°C, en suivant différents marqueurs d'oxydation (diènes conjugués, hydroperoxydes, aldéhydes, polymères). Comme attendu, les cinétiques d'oxydation se sont avérées dépendantes de la composition des huiles en acides gras, de la température et des conditions d'oxygénation. L'ajout d'antioxydant(s) a confirmé l'effet protecteur de l'α-tocophérol, qui n'a pas été amélioré par un enrichissement en acide chlorogénique, acide phénolique naturellement présent dans les graines de tournesol. Les résultats obtenus ont été utilisés pour valider le modèle développé, dont les prédictions permettent de reproduire les tendances expérimentales. Deux limitations ont été mises en évidence au cours de cette phase de validation dont la première concerne la description fiable et précise du mécanisme d'oxygénation du milieu, qu'il sera nécessaire de mesurer dans une huile à haute température pour valider le modèle d'oxydation. Par ailleurs, compte tenu du nombre important de réactions prises en compte, il sera indispensable de disposer d'un jeu de données expérimentales plus important, pouvant inclure des intermédiaires radicalaires. Pour cela, les potentialités de la résonance paramagnétique électronique ont été étudiées au cours de ce travail, à la fois pour suivre les radicaux lipidiques et pour accéder à des paramètres cinétiques pour des réactions radicalaires, peu disponibles dans la littérature. / If lipids contribute to nutritional and sensorial properties of many foodstuf, they are particularly sensitive to oxidation reactions. The main mechanisms involved in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids are already well-known. However, it is almost impossible to predict the progress of oxidative reactions and often necessary to develop new studies of oxidative stability for each new food product / processing. The aim of this study is to develop a mechanistic model coupled to oxygen transfer in order to predict the evolution of oxidation reactions in a bulk lipid system and in defined and controlled experimental conditions (temperature, oxygenation, fatty acids' composition, antioxidants' composition). Thus, a reaction scheme detailing all the reactions involved in the oxidation phenomenon was proposed and a stoichio-kinetic model was built on the basis of conservation equations and kinetic parameters available in literature. The reactivity of unsaturated fatty acids contained in three usual edible oils (rapeseed, sunflower, high oleic sunflower), previously stripped of their natural antioxidants, was studied between 80 and 180 °C, following several oxidation markers (conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides, aldehydes, polymers). As expected, oxidation kinetics depended on fatty acids' composition of oils, on temperature and on oxygen availability. The addition of antioxidant(s) confirmed the protective effect of α-tocopherol, which was not improved by the enrichment in chlorogenic acid, a phenolic acid naturally occurring in sunflower seeds. The experimental data were used to validate the model which predictions reproduce experimental tendencies. Two limitations were identified during model validation. The first is the accurate description of the oxygenation mechanism of the medium which need to be measured in oil at high temperatures. Moreover, given the large number of reactions taken into account, it is essential to have a set of more important experimental data which include radical intermediates. For this, the potential of electron spin resonance spectroscopy was evaluated in this in order to follow lipid radical species and access to kinetic parameters of radical reactions, few available in literature.

La production de tournesol inclue des interactions complexes entre le génotype et l'environnement tout au long du cycle de la culture. La profondeur de l'enracinement du tournesol est fortement liée au sol, à sa structure et à la disponibilité en eau. La compaction du sol représente un enjeu important dans le contexte actuel de la durabilité des systèmes agricoles, et se caractérise par une diminution de la disponibilité hydrique du sol, une augmentation de la densité apparente et la résistance du sol à la pénétration. L’altération de l'exploration du système racinaire et de ses conséquences sur la croissance du système aérien sous contraintes mécaniques du sol a été explorée pour de nombreuses cultures (maïs Zea mays, Blé Triticum durum, ou de soja Glycine max). Peut d’études ont été réalisée sur le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.). Parmi ces études seules quelqu’une incluent des cinétiques de croissance, encore moins incluent la qualité de la production. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier i) les modifications du système racinaire causée par la compaction du sol, ii) l'altération du système aérien causé par la modification du système racinaire, et iii) les interactions entre les systèmes. Une synthèse réalisée à partir la littérature et du schéma conceptuel du modèle STICS a permis d’établir un schéma conceptuel théorique retraçant le mécanisme des actions de la compaction du sol sur la plante de tournesol. A partir de ce schéma, deux expérimentations au champ et une expérience en conditions contrôlées ont été construites. En présence de compaction du sol, une diminution de la disponibilité hydrique, une augmentation de la densité apparente et la résistance du sol à la pénétration ont été observées conformément à la littérature. Le stress causé par la contrainte mécanique du sol a induit une réduction de la croissance et de l'exploration du système racinaire. Ceci a engendré une diminution de la surface foliaire, de la biomasse aérienne, et de la hauteur des plantes. Les pertes d'efficacité de l'utilisation des ressources et de rendement ont été observées par des indicateurs indirects. Les analyses de sensibilité de STICS ont été effectuées sur les paramètres d'intérêts, confirmant le seuil à partir duquel la compaction du sol conduit à des effets négatifs sur la plante de tournesol. Des propositions ont été faites pour adapter le modèle à la croissance du système racinaire de tournesol, i) en établissant une liaison directe entre les appareils aérien et souterrain, et ii) en réajustant l'indice de stress provoqué par les variations de densité apparente / The sunflower production takes place throughout complex interactions between the genotype, the crop management and the environment. Sunflower rooting depth is strongly related with soil structural behavior and gravimetric water availability. Soil compaction represents an important issue in the actual context of agricultural system durability, and is characterized by a decrease of soil available water, an increase of bulk density and soil resistance to the penetration. Variation of root system exploration and their consequences on above ground growth and development under soil mechanical constraints have been explored for many crops (Maize Zea mays, Wheat Triticum durum, or Soybean Glycine max), but only few researches have been carried out on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Among them only few includes kinetic aspects and less quality of production. The aim of this work is to study i) the root system modifications caused by soil compaction, ii) the above ground system alteration caused by root system modification, and iii) the interactions between the systems. An analysis carried out from literature and the model STICS conceptual framework lead to the construction of a conceptual framework explaining the mechanism of soil compaction actions on sunflower plant. From this knowledge, two field experiments and a controlled experiment were built. In presence of soil compaction a decrease of soil water availability and an increase of bulk density and soil resistance to penetration were observed as reported in literature. The stress caused by soil mechanical constraint induced a reduction of root system growth and exploration. This induced a decrease of leaf area, shoot biomass, and plant height. The use efficiency of resource and yield lost were observed by indirect indicators. Sensitivity analyses of STICS were done on parameter of interest, confirming the threshold above which soil compaction lead to negative impact on sunflower. Proposition were made to adapt the model to sunflower root system growth, by implementing a direct link between shoot and root growth, and by readjusting the bulk density stress index

Le cadmium (Cd) est naturellement présent dans les sols qui sont aussi enrichis par l'activité humaine. Le Cd contamine les produits végétaux alimentaires car il est absorbé par les racines des plantes. Elément toxique pour les organismes vivants, les concentrations dans les produits consommés sont soumises aux règlementations pour l’alimentation humaine et animale. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre le transfert sol-organe consommé du Cd, spécialement pour le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.), notre plante modèle, pouvant accumuler plus de Cd que d’autre plantes cultivées. Ce travail a testé l'hypothèse que la quantité de Cd absorbée par le système racinaire du tournesol était liée à l'architecture de ce dernier. Nous avons caractérisé au niveau des racines individuelles une variation longitudinale de l’influx d'absorption du Cd2+ en lien avec le milieu de culture, l'ordre et l'âge des racines. Ces variations ont été attribuées à la dynamique de développement des barrières apoplasmiques (dépôts de cellulose lignine et subérine) qui limitent l'internalisation du Cd2+ dans le cytoplasme cellulaire. Par simulation, il a été montré que ces variations pouvaient théoriquement impacter l'absorption totale de Cd2+ en fonction de l'architecture racinaire en hydroponie mais beaucoup moins sur substrat solide (sable). En outre, une comparaison de 14 cultivars de tournesol cultivé en hydroponie a montré que la variabilité des teneurs en Cd dans les parties aériennes était plutôt liée à des différences d'absorption indépendantes de l'architecture racinaire et à des variations de répartition dans la plante. Les variations longitudinales d'absorption du Cd peuvent alors être considérées comme mineures face à des variations inter-cultivars dont l'origine reste à élucider. Dans une optique de modélisation du prélèvement total en conditions de sol, il serait alors possible de ne considérer qu’un influx moyen de Cd pour la totalité du système racinaire indépendamment de son architecture / Cadmium (Cd) is naturally occurring in soils that are also enriched by human activity. Cd contaminates food crops because of its absorption by plant roots. Because it is a toxic element for living organisms, its concentrations in food and feed plant products are subjected to regulatory limits. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the transfer of this metal from the soil to the edible plant part, especially for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), our model plant that can accumulate more Cd than other crop species. This study tested the hypothesis that the amount of Cd absorbed by sunflower was related to the root architecture. We characterized, at the individual roots level, a longitudinal variation of the influx of Cd2+ absorption in relation with the culture medium, the order and the age of roots. These variations were attributed to the development of apoplastic barriers (cellulose, lignin and suberin deposition) that restrict the absorption of Cd2+ into the cytosol. By simulation, it has been shown that these variations could theoritically impact the total absorption of Cd2+ in hydroponics depending on the root architecture while in solid substrate (sand) the impact was much more limited. Furthermore, a comparison of 14 sunflower cultivars showed that the variability in Cd concentrations in shoots was rather due to differences in absorption independent of root architecture and in variations in the root to shoot distribution. The longitudinal variation in the Cd root influx can then be considered of minor importance compared to the between cultivar variability in Cd uptake, the origin of which remains to be determined. In the perspective of modelling the total uptake of Cd in soil conditions, it could then be possible to assume a global mean influx of Cd independent of the root architecture

In 2010, Ai Weiwei's Sunflower Seeds made its debut in Tate Modern, which promoted Ai to be one of the most famous and respected contemporary Chinese artists. This Conceptual art work has multiple layers of meanings, which all corresponds to the Western expectations for a successful contemporary Chinese artist. In fact, the Western art world has long held bias and stereotypes towards international artists. Ai chose to perform his personality to conform to the expectations and Western ideologies, which brought him international fame. On the other hand, other Chinese artists, including Cai Guo-Qiang and Zhou Chunya, don't totally agree with these Western ideologies, and therefore their fame in the society are less distinguished than Ai.

Les tourteaux de colza et de tournesol, principalement utilisés en alimentation animale pour leur forte teneur en protéines, représentent des sources d’acides phénoliques aux propriétés antioxydantes et bioacives variées mais peu valorisées à ce jour. Par ailleurs, les procédés de séparation de ces composés sont basés sur des extractions par solvants qui génèrent des effluents et impactent l’intégrité des autres composants des matières premières.La première partie de ce travail de thèse a été consacré au développement de nouveaux procédés de séparation de la fraction phénolique des tourteaux de colza et de tournesol. Après un broyage adéquat des tourteaux, le fractionnement par tri électrostatique et turbo-séparation a permis d’obtenir des fractions enrichies en protéines et les composés phénoliques. Dans les deux cas, l’état granulométrique des tourteaux broyés a été déterminant. Le tri électrostatique a conduit au plus forts taux d’enrichissement en protéines et composés phénoliques (jusqu’à deux fois la concentration dans les tourteaux) avec des rendements de l’ordre de 30% après recyclages. Cette étape a été suivie par l’extraction de la fraction phénolique par des mélanges hydro-alcooliques « verts » à base d’éthanol, en substitution au méthanol.Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à la production enzymatique des acides sinapique et caféique, à partir des tourteaux ou de leurs extraits. Trois cinnamoyl estérases recombinantes d’A. niger aux activités et spécificités différentes ont été testées. L’hydrolyse des tourteaux non traités thermiquement s’est traduite par une dégradation des composés phénoliques par des enzymes endogènes. Le problème a pu être contourné en réalisant l’hydrolyse sur l’extrait phénolique des tourteaux avec néanmoins, dans le cas du colza, l’existence de réactions secondaires néfastes au rendement en acide sinapique.La dernière partie a consisté en la synthèse de mono- et di-esters d’acide sinapique et caféique avec différents α,ω-diols aliphatiques, puis l’évaluation de leur capacité antioxydante en milieu émulsionné et en milieu homogène. Un effet négatif de la mono-estérification des acides phénoliques a été observé en milieu hétérogène montrant ainsi l’influence négative du groupement hydroxyle situé à l’extrémité de la chaîne alkyle. Un effet de seuil a été observé, en revanche, avec les deux familles de di-esters d’acides phénoliques, indiquant une amélioration de la capacité antioxydante jusqu’à un optimum correspondant à une longueur de chaine alkyle particulière. Enfin, tous les mono- et di-esters testés en milieu homogène ont montré une capacité antiradicalaire plus faible que celle des acides phénoliques de départ correspondants. / Rapeseed and sunflower meals are highly abundant and protein-rich by-products mainly dedicated to animal feed. Besides, they also represent an interesting source of phenolic compounds with various bioactive and antioxidant properties, but widely untapped so far. In addition, the recovery processes of phenolic compounds are based on the use of solvents that generate effluents and may negatively affect the integrity of other meal constituents.The first part of this work was devoted to the development of new separation processes of rapeseed and sunflower meal phenolic fractions. After an appropriate milling of the meals, the dry fractionation by electrostatic sorting or air classification allows the recovery of proteins and phenolics enriched fractions. In both cases, the particle-size distribution of milled meals has been of paramount importance on process efficiency. Electrostatic sorting lead to the highest enrichments in proteins and phenolics (up to two times more than in starting meals) with recovery yields around 30% after recycling. This step was followed by the extraction of phenolics using green hydro-alcoholic mixtures based on ethanol as substitutes to methanol.In the second part, we investigated the enzymatic production of sinapic and caffeic acids from rapeseed and sunflower meals or their extracts. Three recombinant cinnamoyl esterases from A. niger exhibiting different activities and selectivities were tested. Owing to the presence of active endogenous enzymes, the hydrolysis of non-thermally treated meals has lead to a significant loss of phenolics. The issue was overcomed by performing hydrolysis on the corresponding phenolic extracts. However, in case of rapeseed extract, acyl transfer reactions were detrimental to sinapic acid formation and yield.Finally, in the last part, we synthesized mono- and di-esters of sinapic and caffeic acids with aliphatic α,ω-diols of increasing chain length, then we evaluated their antioxidant capacities in emulsion and in homogenous medium. A negative impact of the mono-esterification of the phenolic acid with the different aliphatic diols was observed in the heterogeneous media, implying the negative influence of the hydroxyl group at the end of the alkyl chain. Conversely, a “cut-off” effect was observed for the two di-esters series showing an improvement of the antioxidant capacity until an optimum was reached for a particular alkyl chain. Finally, all the esters showed lower antiradical capacities in the homogenous media compared to the corresponding starting phenolic acids.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação com óleo de girassol, selênio e vitamina E em vacas lactantes, com base no perfil de ácidos graxos e estabilidade oxidativa da gordura do leite, além da aceitabilidade do produto pelos consumidores. Para tal, 32 vacas da raça Jersey em início de lactação foram distribuídas aleatoriamente entre os seguintes tratamentos dietéticos: C) controle; O) inclusão de 4% de óleo de girassol (% na MS); SE) inclusão de 3.000 UI de vitamina E/d + 3,5 mg de selênio/kg de MS; OSE) inclusão de 4% de óleo de girassol + 3.000 UI de vitamina E/d + 3,5 mg de selênio/kg de MS. Foram realizadas análises do perfil de ácidos graxos, TBARS e índice de peróxidos. Para caracterização sensorial do produto final, foram empregados os testes de aceitabilidade e diferença do controle. Os tratamentos dietéticos não influenciaram o desempenho produtivo e a composição do leite (P>0,05). Os animais suplementados com óleo de girassol produziram leite com elevado teor de ácido vacênico (P<0,0001) e ácido esteárico (P<0,05). O leite dos animais que receberam óleo de girassol apresentou menor concentração de C10:0, C12:0 e C14:0 (P<0,05). A inclusão dos antioxidantes na dieta não conseguiu retardar a oxidação do leite (P>0,05). Os resultados da análise sensorial mostraram que os avaliadores conseguiram identificar diferenças na cor das amostras de leite dos grupos tratados e do controle, em relação a um padrão conhecido (P<0,01), obtendo este a maior nota. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de óleo de girassol na dieta de vacas leiteiras resulta em mudanças no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite, com aumento de CLA, sem alterar a susceptibilidade da gordura à oxidação. A suplementação dietética com vitamina E e selênio não representou nenhum benefício à estabilidade oxidativa do leite. Além disso, as mínimas diferenças observadas pelos consumidores, referente às características organolépticas do leite frente a uma amostra padrão indicam que o produto final teria boa aceitação no mercado. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with sunflower oil, vitamin E and selenium in lactating cows based on fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of milk fat in addition to the acceptability of the final product by consumers. For this, 32 Jersey cows in early lactation were randomly distributed among the following dietary treatments: C) control; O) inclusion of 4% sunflower oil (% DM); SE) inclusion of 3,000 IU vitamin E/d + 3.5 mg selenium/kg DM; OSE) inclusion of 4% sunflower oil + 3,000 IU vitamin E/d + 3.5 mg selenium/kg DM. Analysis of the milk fatty acid profile, TBARS and peroxide value were performed. For sensory characteristics of the final product, acceptability testing and difference from the control test were conducted. Dietary treatment did not affect cow\'s performance and milk composition (P>0.05). The animals supplemented with sunflower oil produced milk with higher vaccenic acid (P<0.0001) and stearic acid (P<0.05) content. The milk of animals receiving sunflower oil showed the lowest concentrations of C10:0, C12:0 and C14:0 (P<0.05). The inclusion of antioxidants in the diet failed to retard the oxidation of the milk (P>0.05). The results of sensory analysis showed that the evaluators were able to identify differences in the color of the milk samples from control and treated groups, compared to a known standard (P<0.01), to which it was given the highest score. It was concluded that the sunflower oil inclusion in the diet of dairy cows results in changes in milk fatty acids profile, increasing CLA content, without altering the fat susceptibility to oxidation. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E and selenium did not represent any benefit to oxidative stability of milk. Furthermore, the minimum differences observed by consumers, regarding the organoleptic characteristics of milk compared to a known standard indicates that the final product would have good market acceptance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulioCTS_DISSERT.pdf: 2360843 bytes, checksum: 9fc8ef936717b3177303c0d0bd2e0718 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / It is known that the head office world energetics is leaning in the fossil fuels. However, the world panorama is changing quickly, for linked reasons to three of the humanity's great concerns in that century beginning: environment, global economy and energy. The biodiesel production is based on the transesterifica??o of vegetable oils or animal fats, using catalysts homogeneous or heterogeneous. The process of heterogeneous transesterifica??o presents lower conversions in comparison with the homogeneous, however, it doesn't present corrosion problems and it reduces to the occurrence of parallel reactions as saponification. In this sense, this work has for purpose the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst, KNO3/Al2O3, that soon afterwards was used in the reaction of transesterifica??o of the oil of the Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). The solid materials (it supports and catalyst) they were analyzed by diffraction of ray-X (XRD) and electronic microscope of sweeping (MEV). After the analysis of Al2O3, a structure monophase amorphous tetragonal was verified, with characteristic patterns of that material, what could not be visualized in the difratograma of the catalyst. The biodiesel obtained with 4% wt. of KNO3/Al2O3 it was what obtained a better cinematic viscosity 8,3 mm2/s, comparing with the norms of ANP, and it also presented the best conversion tax in ethyl ?steres, in accordance with the quantitative measure starting from TG, that was of 60%. While the biodiesel with 6% wt. and with 8% wt. of KNO3/Al2O3 it was it that no transesterificou, because it was observed in the analysis termogravim?trica of those two materials, a single thermal event, that it corresponds the decomposition or volatilization of the triglycerides / Sabe-se que a matriz energ?tica mundial est? apoiada nos combust?veis f?sseis. No entanto, o panorama mundial est? mudando rapidamente, por motivos ligados a tr?s das grandes preocupa??es da humanidade nesse in?cio de s?culo: meio ambiente, economia global e energia. A produ??o de biodiesel ? baseada na transesterifica??o de ?leos vegetais ou gorduras animais, utilizando catalisadores homog?neos ou heterog?neos. O processo de transesterifica??o heterog?nea apresenta convers?es mais baixas em compara??o com o homog?neo, por?m, n?o apresenta problemas de corros?o e reduz ? ocorr?ncia de rea??es paralelas como saponifica??o. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por finalidade a s?ntese de um catalisador heterog?neo, o KNO3/Al2O3, que em seguida foi utilizado na rea??o de transesterifica??o do ?leo da Helianthus annuus L.(girassol). Os materiais s?lidos (suporte e catalisador) foram analisados por difra??o de raios-X (DRX) e microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura (MEV). Ap?s a an?lise da Al2O3, foi constatada uma estrutura monof?sica tetragonal amorfa, com padr?es caracter?sticos desse material, o que pode ser visualizado no difratograma do catalisador. O biodiesel obtido com 4% m/m de KNO3/Al2O3 foi o que obteve uma melhor viscosidade cinem?tica 8,3 mm2/s, comparando com as normas da ANP, e tamb?m apresentou a melhor taxa de convers?o em ?steres et?licos, em conformidade com a medida quantitativa a partir da TG, que foi de 60%. Enquanto o biodiesel com 6% m/m e com 8% m/m de KNO3/Al2O3 foi o que n?o transesterificou, pois foi observado na an?lise termogravim?trica desses dois materiais, um ?nico evento t?rmico, que corresponde a decomposi??o ou volatiliza??o dos triglicer?deos

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T17:41:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patricia Antonio - 2016.pdf: 2346033 bytes, checksum: 5d733f10f72d4427f3e205bc5f8674ad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T11:36:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patricia Antonio - 2016.pdf: 2346033 bytes, checksum: 5d733f10f72d4427f3e205bc5f8674ad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patricia Antonio - 2016.pdf: 2346033 bytes, checksum: 5d733f10f72d4427f3e205bc5f8674ad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / The animal production potential grows fast and food production is always being challenged to meet this need in the nutrition as well as in the economic context. Forage plants are the basis of the diet of ruminants in most production systems in tropical regions. Forage availability varies during the year depending on weather conditions. It turns necessary to have stored forage to supplement the animals. Silage is the most widely used form of stored forage. The tropical grasses ensiling is an alternative to traditional silage crops because it can be used the surplus produced in the rainy season. However, the fermentation process can be altered by many factors, making difficult the production of good quality silage so there is the need of using additives as a means of improving the nutritional and fermentative quality of these types of silages. Thus, this study aimed to use moisture sequestering additives: soybean, canola, sunflower and cotton meal, in the production of B. brizantha silage in order to improve the nutritional value, fermentative value, degradability and digestibility of these silages, thus obtaining information about alternative materials for the production of good quality silage. The experiment was carried out a part in experimental PVC silos and estimated the bromatologic parameters, effluent and gas losses, N-NH3, pH, titratable acidity, protein fractions and silage degradability, and the other part in experimental silos with a capacity of 200 kg to evaluate the performance of sheep fed with these silages through intake and total tract digestibility of nutrients, metabolic and rumen parameters of these animals. The silages of Brachiaria brizantha with sequestering moisture additives were effective in keeping concentrations of plasma metabolic and ruminal profile parameters within the reference levels, increasing the readily soluble A fraction and decreasing the C protein fraction consequently improving the ruminal degradability, and reducing the silage losses. Therefore it is recommended its use as an alternative to ruminant nutrition. / O potencial de produção animal cresce num ritmo acelerado e a produção de alimentos está sempre sendo desafiada a suprir essa necessidade tanto no contexto nutricional quanto econômico. As plantas forrageiras constituem a base da dieta dos ruminantes na grande maioria dos sistemas de produção das regiões tropicais. A disponibilidade de forragem é variável durante o ano, dependendo de condições climáticas. Isto gera a necessidade de se ter forragem conservada sendo a silagem a forma mais utilizada. A ensilagem de capins tropicais é uma alternativa à ensilagem de culturas tradicionais podendo ser utilizada o excedente produzido na época das águas. No entanto, o processo fermentativo pode ser alterado por alguns fatores, dificultando a confecção de silagens de boa qualidade, havendo assim a necessidade do uso de aditivos como meio de melhora da qualidade nutricional e fermentativa desses tipos de silagens. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho visou utilizar aditivos sequestrantes de umidade: farelos de soja, canola, girassol e algodão, na confecção de silagens de Brachiaria brizantha com o objetivo de melhorar o valor nutritivo, valor fermentativo, degradabilidade e digestibilidade dessas silagens, obtendo assim, informações sobre materiais alternativos para a confecção de silagens de qualidade. O experimento foi realizado uma parte em silos experimentais de PVC e estimados os parâmetros bromatológicos, as perdas por efluentes, perdas por gases, N-NH3, pH, acidez titulável, frações proteicas e a degradabilidade da massa ensilada, e outra parte em silos experimentais com capacidade para 200 kg para avaliar o desempenho de ovinos alimentados com essas silagens, através de consumo e digestibilidade total dos nutrientes, parâmetros metabólicos e ruminais destes animais. As silagens de Brachiaria brizantha com aditivos sequestrantes de umidade foram eficientes em manter as concentrações dos metabólicos plasmáticos e parâmetros de perfil ruminal dentro dos níveis de referência, aumentar a fração A prontamente solúvel e diminuir a fração C da proteína consequentemente melhorando a degradabilidade ruminal, e diminuindo as perdas da silagem. Portanto sendo recomendado o seu uso como alternativa para a nutrição de ruminantes.