Due to the extreme operating conditions present in the combustion sections of gas turbines, designers have relied heavily on specialized engineering materials. For blades, which must retain substantial strength and resistance to fatigue, creep, and corrosion at high temperatures, directionally-solidified (DS) nickel-base superalloys have been used extensively. Complex thermomechanical loading histories makes life prediction for such components difficult and subjective. Costly product inspection and refurbishment, as well as capital expense required in turbine forced outage situations, are significant drains on the resources of turbine producers. This places a premium on accurate endurance prediction as the foundation of viable long-term service contracts with customers. In working towards that end, this work characterizes the behavior of the blade material CM247LC DS subjected to a variety of in-phase (IP) and out-of phase (OP) loading cycles in the presence of notch stress concentrations. The material response to multiaxial notch effects, highly anisotropic material behavior, time-dependent deformation, and waveform and temperature cycle characteristics is presented. The active damage mechanisms influencing crack initiation are identified through extensive microscopy as a function of these parameters. This study consisted of an experimental phase as well as a numerical modeling phase. The first involved conducting high temperature thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tests on both smooth and notched round-bar specimens to compile experimental results. Tests were conducted on longitudinal and transverse material grain orientations. Damage is characterized and conclusions drawn in light of fractography and microscopy. The influences of microstructure morphology and environmental effects on crack initiation are discussed. The modeling phase utilized various finite element (FE) simulations. These included an anisotropic-elastic model to capture the purely elastic notch response, and a continuum-based crystal visco-plastic model developed specifically to compute the material response of a DS Ni-base superalloy based on microstructure and orientation dependencies. These FE simulations were performed to predict and validate experimental results, as well as identify the manifestation of damage mechanisms resulting from thermomechanical fatigue. Finally, life predictions using simple and complex analytical modeling methods are discussed for predicting component life at various stages of the design process.

Les traitements de surface mécaniques sont appliqués dans la plupart des secteurs industriels comme procédé de finition afin de renforcer les propriétés des composants métalliques. Le grenaillage de précontrainte est probablement l’un des plus répandu. Ce procédé introduit des contraintes résiduelles de compression en générant un gradient de déformation plastique dans la profondeur de la pièce traitée. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre et prédire l’effet de la géométrie des composants sur la redistribution des contraintes résiduelles post-grenaillage. En effet, même lorsqu’elle est maîtrisée, l’opération de grenaillage peut générer un champ de contraintes résiduelles complexe qui dépend fortement de la géométrie de la pièce. Par suite, parmi les paramètres influents sur le comportement en fatigue des composants grenaillés, le paramètre géométrique peut donc avoir un rôle majeur. Puisque les approches conventionnelles de modélisation ne sont pas transposables aux géométries non planes, et ne sont pas conformes aux contraintes industrielles en termes de temps de calcul, une méthodologie basée sur la Méthode de Reconstruction des Eigenstrains est proposée. L’approche développée est construite à partir de relations analytiques pour des massifs plans traités de façon homogène. La principale contribution est la comparaison entre modélisation et expérimentation. Les données expérimentales sont obtenues à partir d’analyses de la microstructure et par diffraction des rayons X réalisées sur des échantillons d’un superalliage base nickel, pour plusieurs géométries complexes élémentaires (plaques minces, formes convexes et concaves). Par ailleurs cette étude vise à prendre en compte l’effet des contraintes résiduelles équilibrées sur la durée de vie en fatigue. A partir du critère de fatigue multiaxial de Crossland, la méthodologie complète est appliquée à des démonstrateurs industriels à géométrie complexe. / Most manufacturing industries perform mechanical surface treatments at the end of the manufacturing chain to reinforce relevant working parts. Shot peening is probably the most common of those processes. This treatment induces compressive residual stresses by generating in-depth plastic strains. The objective of this work is to understand and predict the effect of the geometry on the redistribution of residual stresses into shot peened mechanical parts. Indeed, even when properly controlled, shot peening treatment may induce a complex residual stress field depending on the geometry of the treated part. Hence, among the variables which affect the fatigue behaviour of shot peened components, the geometry could play a major role. Because the traditional approaches for the modelling of residual stresses are not convenient for complex non-flat geometries and not consistent with industrial constraints in terms of computing time, a methodology based on the Eigenstrains Reconstruction Method is proposed. The developed approach is built with analytical relationships for massive and plane geometries homogeneously treated. The main contribution lies in the capacity to provide a comparison between modelling and experiment. Experimental data are obtained by microstructural observation and by X-ray diffraction analyses, which are carried out on Ni-based superalloy samples with elementary complex geometries (thin sheets, convex and concave shapes). In addition, this study aims to take into account the effect of the rebalanced residual stresses for fatigue life prediction. Thus, using a Crossland criterion for high cycle fatigue regime, the complete methodology is applied on industrial demonstrator samples with complex geometry.

In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) of Alloy 718 has received increasing interest in the field of manufacturing engineering owing to its attractive features compared to those of conventional manufacturing methods. The ability to produce complicated geometries, low cost of retooling, and control of the microstructure are some of the advantages of the AM process over traditional manufacturing methods. Nevertheless, during the building process, the build material undergoes complex thermal conditions owing to the inherent nature of the process. This results in phase transformation from liquid to solid and solid state. Thus, it creates microstructural gradients in the built objects, and as a result,heterogeneous material properties. The manufacturing process, including the following heat treatment that is used to minimise the heterogeneity, will cause the additively manufactured material to behave differently when compared to components produced by conventional manufacturing methods. Therefore, understanding the microstructure formation during the building and subsequent post-heat treatment is important, which is the objective of this work. Alloy 718 is a nickel-iron based super alloy that is widely used in the aerospace industry and in the gas turbine power plants for making components subjected tohigh temperatures. Good weldability, good mechanical properties at high temperatures, and high corrosion resistance make this alloy particularly suitablefor these applications. Nevertheless, the manufacturing of Alloy 718 components through traditional manufacturing methods is time-consuming and expensive. For example, machining of Alloy 718 to obtain the desired shape is difficult and resource-consuming, owing to significant material waste. Therefore, the application of novel non-conventional processing methods, such as AM, seems to be a promising technique for manufacturing near-net-shape complex components.In this work, microstructure modelling was carried out by using multiphase-field modelling to model the microstructure evolution in electron beam melting (EBM) and laser metal powder directed energy deposition (LMPDED) of Alloy 718 and x subsequent heat treatments. The thermal conditions that are generated during the building process were used as input to the models to predict the as-built microstructure. This as-built microstructure was then used as an input for the heat treatment simulations to predict the microstructural evolution during heat treatments. The results showed smaller dendrite arm spacing (one order of magnitude smaller than the casting material) in these additive manufactured microstructures, which creates a shorter diffusion length for the elements compared to the cast material. In EBM Alloy 718, this caused the material to have a faster homogenisation during in-situ heat treatment that resulting from the elevated powder bed temperature (> 1000 °C). In addition, the compositional segregation that occurs during solidification was shown to alter the local thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the alloy. This was observed in the predicted TTT and CCT diagrams using the JMat Pro software based on the predicted local segregated compositions from the multiphase-field models. In the LMPDED Alloy 718 samples, this resulted in the formation of δ phase in the interdendritic region during the solution heat treatment. Moreover, this resulted in different-size precipitation of γ'/γ'' in the inter-dendritic region and in the dendrite core. Themicro structure modelling predictions agreed well with the experimental observations. The proposed methodology used in this thesis work can be an appropriate tool to understand how the thermal conditions in AM affect themicro structure formation during the building process and how these as-built microstructures behave under different heat treatments.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse sont réalisés dans le cadre du projet européen ACCENT et s’inscrivent dans la problématique de l’utilisation de la surveillance d’usinage dans la fabrication des pièces critiques de moteurs aéronautiques. L’objectif est de définir une technique de surveillance de l’usure de l’outil dans l’usinage de l’alésage central d’un disque haute pression réalisé en superalliage à base nickel. Trois grandes étapes peuvent être identifiées dans notre démarche : l’identification des modes de dégradation dans le perçage de l’Udimet® 720 LI, la définition de relations entre les différents types d’usure et les grandeurs physiques mesurées et finalement, la proposition de stratégies de surveillance basées sur les résultats précédents. Afin de répondre aux objectifs, un protocole expérimental a été défini. Les campagnes expérimentales nous ont permis de caractériser l’usure du foret et de définir une cartographie des modes de dégradation en fonction de conditions de coupe testées. Par ailleurs, l’impact des perturbations d’usinage (coupure de lubrification, modification du pourcentage d’émulsion du lubrifiant, défaut de position de l’outil par rapport à l’avant-trou, etc.) a été étudié. La deuxième partie consiste à identifier les relations entre les modes de dégradation et les signaux de surveillance enregistrés (efforts, couple, puissance, vibrations, etc.). Pour cela, nous avons privilégié deux pistes : une explication directe de l’évolution des signaux par des phénomènes physiques et une approche selon « la base de données », pour développer des modèles d’usures par des critères statistiques extraits sur les signaux. Cette analyse a aussi permis la détection de certaines perturbations d’usinage en utilisant les grandeurs physiques mesurées. Il s’agit notamment d’un défaut d’excentration de l’outil dans le porte-outil et d’un problème d’évacuation de copeaux. La troisième étape porte sur la sensibilité des signaux afin de détecter l’ensemble des phénomènes et la définition des stratégies de surveillance pouvant être mises en œuvre. Pour chaque relation définie, nous avons déterminé une probabilité de détection. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé les signaux en parallèle afin d’accroitre la robustesse de la détection. Les taux de probabilité ont été améliorés, en se basant sur l’hypothèse d’indépendance des signaux (sans calculer les biais existants). Enfin, l’association de l’approche phénoménologique à l’approche dite « statistique » a permis d’augmenter la robustesse de la surveillance. / The work presented in this thesis is a part of European project ACCENT and fits into the context of using process monitoring in the manufacture of critical parts for aircraft engines. The aim is to define a monitoring technique for the tool wear in the machining of the central bore of a high pressure disk made in nickel based superalloy. The major stages can be identified in our approach: identification of tool failure modes in drilling Udimet® 720 LI, defining the relationships between wear and measured physical quantities and finally, a proposal for monitoring strategies based on the previous results. In order to complete the objectives, an experimental protocol was defined. The experimental campaigns allowed us to characterize the drill wear and to define cartography of tool failure modes depending on cutting conditions tested. Moreover, the impact of machining disturbances (lubricant stop, change in percentage of lubricant emulsion, the position over the before hole, etc.) was studied. In the second part, the relations between the tool failure modes and monitoring signals recorded during the machining (forces, torque, power, vibrations, etc.) were identified. For this task, we focused on two directions: a straightforward explanation of signals evolution by physical phenomena and “black box” approach to develop wear models from a database obtained by statistical criteria extracts from the signals. This analysis also allowed the detection of certain machining disturbances using the physical quantities. These include an eccentricity of the tool in the tool holder and a chips evacuation problem. The third part concerns the signals sensitivity to detect the different phenomena and the definition of monitoring strategies which can be implemented. For each relation defined, a detection probability was determined. Further, we used signals in parallel to increase the robustness of detection. The probabilities were improved, with an assumption of independent signals (without calculating existing biases). Finally, the combination of the phenomenological approach to the so-called "statistical" has increased the robustness of the monitoring technique.

O uso do cálculo termodinâmico e consequentemente base de dados desenvolvidas para esse propósito é hoje uma das ferramentas fundamentais para o aprimoramento e desenvolvimento de superligas a base de níquel. A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a confiabilidade de uma base de dados comercial, específica para superligas a base de níquel, utilizada em softwares de cálculos termodinâmicos computacionais. Comparou-se os dados experimentais da superliga Inconel 713LC com informações obtidas através do calculo termodinâmico para a composição química específica da superliga estudada. As amostras da superliga comercial Inconel 713LC foram retiradas de barras da liga fundida a vácuo (VIM). Os tratamentos térmicos foram realizados sob atmosfera de argônio em cápsulas de quartzo nas temperaturas de 600?C, 900?C e 1250 ?C nos tempos de 10h, 24h, 50h, 100h, 250h, 500h, 1000h e 2000 horas, de acordo com a temperatura de tratamento utilizada, visando acompanhar o desenvolvimento microestrutural até alcançar a condição de equilíbrio termodinâmico. Previamente, a amostra no estado bruto de fusão e as amostras após os tratamentos de equilíbrio foram caracterizadas microestruturalmente via microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e a composição das fases medidas por microanálise de energia dispersiva (EDS). As temperaturas das transformações de fases foram medidas por analise térmica diferencial (DTA). Nas amostras também foram realizadas medidas de microdureza para acompanhar indiretamente a evolução microestrutural da fase gama prime. Para os cálculos termodinâmicos foram utilizados o software Thermo-Calc® e a base de dados TTNi8 da empresa Thermotech Ltd®. / The computational thermodynamic simulation and the databases designed for this purpose are today one the most important tools to develop new nickel based superalloys. The aim of this work was to check the reliability of a commercial database, designed specifically for Ni-based superalloys. The experimental phase diagram data of Inconel 713LC, such as, liquidus and solidus temperatures as well as chemical phase compositions were compared with thermodynamic information extracted from computational simulations. Samples of a commercial superalloy Inconel 713LC were extracted from an ingot produced by Vacuum Induction Melting (VIM) and heat treated under argon in quartz capsules at 600?C, 900 ?C and 1250?C for 10h, 24h, 50h, 100h, 250h, 500h, 1000h and 2000h, according to the treatment temperature used, aiming at reaching the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The as-cast and all heat-treated samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the chemical compositions of the phases were measured via Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Temperatures of phase transformations were determined by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). Microhardness measurements were performed to indirectly follow the microstructural evolution of gamma prime. The Thermo-Calc® software and the TTNi8 database from Thermotech Ltd® were used for thermodynamic calculations.

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a influência das condições de processamento (pouring temperature and de vazamento e condições de isolamento térmico dos moldes cerâmicos) na formação de trincas nas palhetas de turbinas policristalinas, a base da superliga B1914, produzidas por microfusão. E devido à falta de informações sobre a superliga B1914 foram levantadas informações sobre o equilíbrio de fases (THERMOCALC) e foi realizada a caracterização microestrutural e mecânica deste material desta liga no estado bruto e tratada termicamente. Todas as palhetas vazadas a 1570, 1520 e 1470 °C em moldes sem isolamento e com isolamento parcial apresentaram trincas e outros defeitos de solidificação. Já as palhetas vazadas em moldes totalmente isolados estavam livres das trincas. No entanto foram identificados aglomerados de microporos na raíz de todas as palhetas. Os resultados de simulação de fração de fases mostraram que o equilíbrio de fases da superliga B1914 é constituído majoritariamente pelas fases γ e γ\' e pelas fases minoritárias MB2, M3B2 e sigma. A caracterização microestrutural da superliga B1914 confirmou os resultados de simulação e foram identificadas as fases gama (&#947) - dendritas e os precipitados da fase gama linha (&#947\') - no interior das dendritas e na região interdendrítica. As fases M3B2 e eram os microconstituintes do eutético. Os resultados de DTA e Scheil mostraram que o processo de solidificação, da superliga B1914, ocorreu fora de equilíbrio. Nos resultados obtidos a partir dos tratamentos térmicos, ficaram evidentes as dificuldades encontradas para solubilização das placas da fase &#947\'. A integridade estrutural dos corpos-de-prova foi comprometida pela presença de defeitos de solidificação (vazios). Tanto que os valores de LR e r obtidos nos ensaios estão muito abaixo dos valores encontrados na literatura. / This study was evaluated the influence of processing conditions (temperatures of casting conditions and thermal insulation of ceramic shells) in crack formation of equiaxed B1914 turbine blades produced by investment casting. Due to lack of information about B1914 alloy was performed microstructural and mechanical characterization of this alloy material in the raw state and treated. In shells uninsulated and partly insulated, after pouring was observed casting solidification defects. However the shells in a fully insulated were not observed casting crack formation. However were identified clusters of micropores in the root of all blades. The results of simulation phase fraction showed that the balance of phases in B1914 alloy is made mostly by γ and γ\' phases and the minority phases: MB2, M3B2 and sigma. The microstructural characterization of B1914 alloy confirmed the results of simulation and were identified: gamma (γ) - dendrites and gamma prime (γ\') - inside the dendrites and interdendritic regions. The M3B2 was found in eutectic. The results of DTA and Scheil showed that the process of solidification occurred in non-equilibrium. The results obtained from the thermal treatments showed difficulties to solubilize γ\' phase. The structural integrity of samples was compromised by the presence of solidification defects (pores). Both values of LR and εr obtained in the tests are much below the values found in literature.

Les superalliages à base de nickel sont très utilisés pour la réalisation des parties chaudes des turbomoteurs aéronautiques. Ainsi le superalliage Inconel 718 est utilisé pour la fabrication de pièces telles que les disques de turbines. Ce superalliage est fortement utilisé car il associe de bonnes propriétés mécaniques jusqu’à 650°C à un coût raisonnable. Au début des années 2000, ATI Allvac a développé un nouveau superalliage à base de nickel dans le but de concurrencer l’Inconel 718. Ce nouvel alliage, nommé ATI 718Plus, promet des propriétés mécaniques supérieures que celles de l’Inconel 718 pour une utilisation pouvant aller jusqu’à 700°C. Pour obtenir de bonnes propriétés mécaniques jusqu’à 700°C, la composition chimique de l’alliage ATI 718Plus a été établi par ATI Allvac, de façon à obtenir la phase intragranulaire !’ comme phase durcissante, et la phase intergranulaire " comme dans l’Inconel 718. L’objectif de l’étude a été dans un premier temps de comprendre la microstructure de l’alliage. Pour cela des analyses en MEB et en MET ont été menées sur un grand nombre d’échantillons, traités à diverses températures et pour divers temps, de façon à identifier la nature cristallographique et chimique et la cinétique de précipitation des phases présentes dans l’alliage. Dans un second temps l’étude a consisté à caractériser la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques en traction et en fluage de l’alliage ATI 718Plus traité selon neuf gammes de traitements thermomécaniques différentes. Ensuite l’étude a permis de tester trois gammes de traitements thermomécaniques dont nous avons défini les paramètres grâce aux résultats précédents de manière à optimiser la microstructure dans l’objectif d’améliorer les propriétés mécaniques de l’alliage. Les essais de traction réalisés sur une grande varieté de microstructures et pour différentes températures ont également permis de caractériser la sensibilité de l’alliage ATI 718Plus au phénomène de Portevin - Le Chatelier. / Nickel base superalloys are used to manufacture many high temperature parts of aeronautical turboengines like turbine disks. The Inconel 718 superalloy is commonly used because it associates good mechanical properties until 650°C with a moderate cost. In the beginning of the 2000’s, ATI Allvac has developed a new nickel base superalloy to compete with the Inconel 718. This new superalloy, called ATI 718Plus, promises better mechanical properties than those of Inconel 718 for a use up to 700°C. To obtain such good mechanical properties, the chemical composition of the alloy ATI 718Plus has been designed by ATI Allvac to obtain the !’ intragranular phase as the strengthening phase, and the " intergranular phase like in the Inconel 718. The objective of the study is first to understand the microstructure of the alloy. For that reason, SEM and TEM analyses were performed on a large number of samples, treated at various temperatures and for different times, to identify the crystallographic and chemical nature and the precipitation kinetic of the phases present in the alloy. In a second time, the study has consisted in characterizing the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the alloy ATI 718Plus, forged according to nine different thermomechanical treatments. Then, the study has permitted to test three thermomechanical treatments, wich parameters we have determined according to the previous results, to optimize the microstructure in order to improve alloy mechanical properties. Strength tests performed on various microstructures and several temperatures also permitted to characterize the alloy ATI 718Plus sensitivity to Portevin-Le Chatelier effect.

Le procédé industriel TEL permet de fabriquer de la laine de verre en fibrant du verre en fusion. La pièce principale de ce procédé est « l’assiette de fibrage », qui est soumise à de nombreuses contraintes en service (oxydation, corrosion, érosion et fluage). Elle est actuellement élaborée par fonderie et réalisée en superalliage base nickel ou base cobalt. Fibrer de nouveaux types de verre impliquant des températures de travail plus élevées nécessite un nouveau type de superalliage. Le chrome est un candidat idéal pour être l’élément principal d’une assiette de par sa haute température de fusion et de par la résistance qu’il apporte aux superalliages usuels contre l’oxydation et la corrosion grâce à la formation d'une couche de chromine continue à la surface des alliages. Durant ces travaux de doctorat, une centaine d'alliages base chrome de compositions différentes ont été réalisés par fonderie. La découpe de tels alliages a montré un fort manque de ductilité à température ambiante. Des tests de dureté à température ambiante, d'oxydation et de fluage à haute température ont été menés. Une caractérisation métallographique complète a été réalisée sur ces alliages (DRX, MEB, microsonde de Castaing) à l'état brut de coulée, après recuit isotherme et après oxydation isotherme. L’étude approfondie d’alliages simples a permis de découvrir des compositions permettant de régler le problème de fragilité. Les alliages ont ensuite été complexifiés avec l'ajout d'autres éléments, permettant alors de corriger certains problèmes inhérents à des alliages à base de chrome. / The TEL process is used to produce glass wool at very high temperature. The main piece of this process is the “spinner”, which is exposed, in service, to numerous operating constraints (oxidation, corrosion, erosion and creep). This spinner is currently made of cobalt- or nickel-based superalloys and is fabricated by casting. To fiberize new glasses or to increase the current maximal fiberizing temperature, a new type of superalloy is required. Chromium is an ideal candidate to be the principal element of a new superalloy because of its very high melting point and its ability to develop a chromia protective scale against oxidation and corrosion at high temperature, reason for which it is usually added to many classical superalloys. During this Ph.D work, the synthesis and the study of more than a hundred of chromium-based alloys with different chemical compositions was done by casting. These alloys are brittle at room temperature during their cutting. Laboratory tests of hardness at room temperature, oxidation and 3 points flexural creep at high temperature were performed. Metallographic characterisations were carried out (XRD, SEM, EPMA) on all alloys in their as-cast state, after isothermal annealing or isothermal oxidation. The detailed study of simple alloys permitted to discover some compositions removing the brittleness problem of these alloys. Then, the enrichment of the composition of the alloys by addition of new elements, allowed to correct some inherent problems of chromium-based alloys.

L'alliage 718 est le superalliage le plus utilisé industriellement du fait de ses excellentes propriétés mécaniques, ainsi que de sa tenue à l'oxydation et à la corrosion dans une large gamme de températures et de modes de sollicitation. Néanmoins, cet alliage présente une sensibilité vis-àvis des phénomènes de corrosion sous contrainte et fissuration assistée par l'oxydation sous contrainte dans les gammes de température de service. Les mécanismes à l'origine de ce phénomène restent encore mal compris, cependant un lien entre le changement de mode de rupture et les domaines d'apparition d'instabilités de l'écoulement plastique est clairement établi. Au cours de cette étude nous avons étudié ce phénomène d'instabilités, effet Portevin Le Chatelier, de l'alliage 718 au cours d'essais de traction menés dans une large gamme de températures et de vitesses de déformation. Différents domaines d'instabilités ont pu être mis en évidence, dont les caractéristiques suggèrent l'interaction des dislocations avec des solutés de différentes natures : interstitiels aux plus basses températures, et substitutionnels pour les températures les plus élevées. Des essais de spectroscopie mécanique sur l'alliage 718 et des alliages de compositions voisines montrent un effet de la mobilité des atomes de molybdène au sein du matériau dans cette gamme de températures. Des essais dédiés à l'étude des phénomènes d'interaction entre plasticité et oxydation ont aussi été réalisés. Les résultats mettent en évidence un fort effet de vitesse sur les propriétés mécaniques de l'alliage 718 en atmosphère inerte et sur les caractéristiques de l'endommagement intergranulaire assisté par l'oxydation lors d'essais sous air laboratoire. La discussion engendrée par l'ensemble des résultats présentés permet d'émettre certaines hypothèses sur les couplages entre mécanismes de déformation et endommagement par l'oxydation à l'origine des phénomènes de fissuration observés. / Alloy 718 is the superalloy the most widely used in industry due to its excellent mechanical properties, as well as oxidation and corrosion resistance in wide range of temperatures and solicitation modes. Nevertheless, it is a well-known fact that this alloy is sensitive to stress corrosion cracking and oxidation assisted cracking under loading in the range of temperatures met in service. Mechanisms explaining this phenomenon are not well understood: nevertheless, it is well established that a relation exists between a change in fracture mode and the apparition of plastic instabilities phenomenon. During this study, the instability phenomenon, Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, in alloy 718 was studied by tensile tests in wide ranges of temperatures and strain rates. Different domains of plastic instabilities have been evidenced. Their characteristics suggest the existence of interactions between dislocations and different types of solute elements: interstitials for lower temperatures and substitutionals for higher testing temperatures. Mechanical spectroscopy tests have been performed on alloy 718 and various alloys which composition is comparable to that of alloy 718. These tests prove the mobility of molybdenum atoms in the alloy in the studied temperature range. Specific tests have been performed to study interaction phenomenon between plasticity and oxidation. These results highlight the strong effect of plastic strain rate on both mechanical behavior and intergranular cracking in alloy 718. The subsequent discussion leads to propose hypothesis on coupling effects between deformation mechanisms and oxidation assisted embrittlement in the observed cracking processes.

The topic of this thesis is the formation of microporosity in cast test bars of nickel-base superalloy Inconel 713LC during solidification. The theoretical part consists of nickel alloys, their macrostructure, the method of casting and crystallization of nickel-based superalloys. The second part is devoted to the design of casting conditions, the production of shell molds, the size and shape of grains, evaluation of microporosity by various available methods, comparing the influence of grain size and the proportion of microporosity on the resulting values of the mechanical tests. Experiments were carried out in cooperation with PBS Velká Bíteš and ÚST foundry department.