Nesta tese foram estudadas configurações de cordas em movimentos de rotação e de oscilação no âmbito da correspondência AdS/CFT. Estas cordas movimentam-se nos espaços AdS5 × S5, de Lunin e Maldacena, R1, 9 e R1, 9 deformado. Para o caso da corda em rotação, determinou-se a existência do mágnon gigante e da corda farpada. Para o caso da corda oscilante, foram encontradas as soluções das equações de movimento clássicas e determinada a energia. Também calculamos explicitamente o número de supercargas preservadas para os espaços AdS5 × S5 e para R1, 9 deformado. / In this thesis we studied rotating and oscillating strings under the AdS/CFT correspondence. These strings move in the AdS5 × S5, Lunin and Maldacena, R1, 9 and deformed R1, 9 spaces. In the case of the rotating string, the giant magnon and the spiky string were determined. In the case of the oscillating string, we found the solutions fo the classical equations of motion and the energy. We also explicitly calculated the number of preserved supercharges for the AdS5 × S5and deformed R1, 9 spaces.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho, a formulaÃÃo pseudo-clÃssica da superpartÃcula de Brinck-Schwarz relativÃstica e nÃo-relativÃstica à apresentada. Tal formulaÃÃo possui uma parte representada por variÃveis de Grassmann que descrevem os graus de liberdade de spin. Durante a formulaÃÃo da teoria, utilizou-se a teoria dos vÃnculos para possibilitar a quantizaÃÃo do sistema e foi construÃda tambÃm uma Lagrangeana que represente sistemas Grassmannianos. Tal sistema à invariante sob supersimetria e reparametrizaÃÃo. A equaÃÃo de Dirac surge como um vÃnculo da teoria. / In this work, the pseudo-classical formulation of relativistic and non-relativistic Brinck-Schwarz superparticle is presented. Such a formulation has a portion represented by Grassmann variables that describe the degrees of freedom of spin. During the formulation of the theory, we use the theory of constraints to allow quantization of the system and also we constructed a Lagrangian representing Grassmannian systems. Such a system is invariant under supersymmetry and reparameterizations. The Dirac equation appears as a constrainst of theory.

Estimar de forma realista o alcance de descoberta de um experimento de colisão de altas energias, como o realizado no Large Hadron Collider (LHC) do CERN, é uma tarefa complexa, principalmente em vista das técnicas de simulação de eventos e dos métodos de estatística multivariada utilizadas pelas colaborações experimentais na comparação dos dados com as predições teóricas. Descobrir uma nova partícula, contudo, é apenas o primeiro passo na investigação experimental. De modo a estabelecer qual dos eventuais modelos teóricos concorrentes é favorecido pelos dados, torna-se imprescindível o estudo das propriedades desta nova partícula e de suas interações com o restante do espectro. Informações como os números quânticos de spin, conjugação de carga ($C$) e paridade ($P$), podem ser obtidas através do estudo das correlações entre os momentos das partículas produzidas codificadas nas distribuições cinemáticas. O discernimento entre os vários modelos, portanto, passa a ser um problema de combinar todas estas informações de forma eficiente e compará-las aos dados experimentais através de um teste estatístico e decidindo, assim, pela confirmação ou não de um novo sinal e sobre o modelo que melhor explica aqueles dados. No trabalho realizado nesta tese, investigamos o limite do LHC, operando a uma energia de centro-de-massa de 14 TeV, para a descoberta de um modelo supersimétrico (SUSY) simplificado e de seu discernimento em relação a um modelo de dimensões extras universais mínimas (MUED), usando eventos de produção de novas partículas coloridas decaindo, através de cadeias curtas, em jatos e missing energy. Nossa abordagem avança em diversos aspectos em comparação a fenomenologias mais simplificadas: utilizando uma análise estatística multivariada, levando em conta incertezas sistemáticas nas normalizações das seções de choque e no formato das distribuições, empregando técnicas de identificação de jatos de quarks e glúons para uma melhor separação dos backgrounds do Modelo padrão (MP), escaneando e otimizando os cortes retangulares, simulando eventos de forma cuidadosa e com correções de ordem superior da cromodinâmica quântica (QCD). Eventos de SUSY e MUED foram simulados para 150 diferentes espectros de massa, ainda não excluídos pelo LHC, e estimamos o potencial de descoberta e de discernimento SUSY versus MUED no plano de massas de squarks e gluinos utilizando as técnicas acima mencionadas. Mostramos, em primeiro lugar, que mesmo de forma simplificada, inserir incertezas sistemáticas é essencial para uma estimativa mais realista do potencial do acelerador, principalmente no que diz respeito ao aumento de luminosidade integrada. Para incertezas nas normalizações da ordem de 20%, o ganho no potencial de busca torna-se mais limitado. Por exemplo, passando de 100 a 3000 fb$^{-1}$, o alcance na massa dos squarks aumenta de 2.8 para ~ 3.1$ TeV, ao passo que, sem levar em conta estas incertezas, a estimativa é mais otimista, indo de 3.0 a ~ 3.5 TeV para as mesmas luminosidades. Performance similar é observada no discernimento SUSY versus MUED, onde é possível obter uma significância de $5\\sigma$ para massas de squarks de até ~ 2.7 TeV e gluinos ~ 5 TeV, mantendo-se as incertezas sistemáticas a um nível menor do que 10% aproximadamente. De forma geral, concluímos que um modelo supersimétrico simplificado, como o estudado aqui, pode ser descoberto e confirmado (em relação a um dos seus mais populares concorrentes, MUED) para um espectro com squarks, gluinos e neutralinos de aproximadamente 2.5, 5.0 e 0.3 TeV, respectivamente, se as incertezas sistemáticas puderem ser controladas a um nível de 10 % ou menos, após 3 ab$^{-1}$ de luminosidade integrada. / The problem of estimating, in a realistic way, the reach of an experiment in high energy physics, such as the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), is a difficult task. Specially due to the simulations techniques and the multivariate statistics for data and theory comparisons, used by experimental collaborations. The discovery of a new particle is just the first step in the experimental exploration. The properties of this particle, like parity, spin and charge are conditions to assert which physics model is favored by the collected data. It is possible to measure these properties with the analyses of the particle momentum correlations through the kinematical distributions. The discriminations among different models turns into a problem of combining all this informations, in a efficient way, and compare with experimental data through a statistical test, and choosing for the confirmation or exclusion of a signal and which model best describes the data. In this work, we investigate the limits of the LHC, working in a center of mass energy of 14 TeV, for the discovery of a simplified model of supersymmetry (SUSY) and the discrimination with a model of minimal universal extra dimensions (MUED), using productions of heavy colored particles decaying, through short decays chains, in jets and missing energy. Our approach progresses in different aspects compared with simplified phenomenological analyses: we used a multivariate statistical analysis, considered systematical uncertainties in the rate and shape of distributions, implemented techniques of quarks and gluons jet tagging identification for a good separation between signal and backgrounds, scanning for the best rectangular cuts and simulating events in a careful way with 1-loop corrections from quantum chromodynamics. Our events were simulated for 150 different mass spectrums, not excluded by the LHC, and we estimate the potencial for discovery and discrimination of SUSY versus MUED in a squarks-gluinos mass plane, using the techniques mentioned above. We proved, in first place, that even in a simplified way, inserting systematical uncertainties it\'s essential for an estimative more realistic of the collider\'s reach, mainly with the increasing of integrated luminosity. For systematical rate uncertainties in the distribution of 20%, the gain in the discovery potencial is very limited. For example, increasing from 100 to 3000 fb$^{-1}$, the reach in the squark mass increase from ~ 2.8 to 3.1 TeV. On the other hand, without systematical uncertainties in rate distributions, the reach is more optimistic, from 3.0 TeV to ~ 3.5 TeV, for the same luminosities. Similar performance was observed in the discrimination of Susy versus MUED, where it\'s possible to obtain significance of $5\\sigma$ for squark masses up to ~ 2.7$ TeV and gluinos of ~ 5 TeV, keeping systematical uncertainties at a level about 10%. In general, we conclude that a supersymmetryc model, like we studied here, can be discovered and confirmed (compared to one of its more popular competitors, MUED) for a mass spectrum of squarks, gluinos and neutalinos about 2.5, 5.0 and 0.3 TeV, respectively, if it\'s possible to control the systematical uncertainties at a level about 10%, after 3 ab$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity.

O objetivo deste trabalho é calcular a ação de teoria de campos de supercordas para os dois primeiros níveis de massa da supercorda, incluindo os dois setores de projeção GSO. Considerando uma corda tipo II-A na presença de uma D9-brana instável, calcula-se a ação para o táquion, o campo de gauge e os férmions GSO(+) e GSO(-). O trabalho é realizado usando o formalismo híbrido e usando-se a ação de campos de supercordas de Berkovits, que inclui o setor Ramond. Para tanto, inclui-se amplo material de revisão sobre teorias e teorias de campos de supercordas. A construção de operadores de vértice GSO(-) no formalismo híbrido é feita em detalhes. Considerações sobre a ação obtida e perspectivas futuras do trabalho são discutidas no final. / The goal of this work is to compute the superstring field theory action contribution for the two first mass level of the superstring, including both GSO sectors. A type IIA superstring in the presence of an unstable non-BPS D9 brane is considered and the computation of the action for the Tachyon, Gauge Field and Massless fermions from GSO(+) and GSO(-) sectors is done. The main work is accomplished using the hybrid formalism and the superstring field theory action of Berkovits, including the Ramond Sector. This task is accomplished by including revision material thoroughly, for conformal and super conformal field theory. Construction of physical GSO(-) vertex operators is considered in detail. At the end, theres a discussion about the action for these fields and some future perspectives are considered.

Pour connecter la théorie des cordes à la physique observable, il est essentiel de comprendre des vides supersymmétriques à flux non triviaux. Dans cette thèse, ils sont étudiés en deux cadres mathématiques : les SU(n)-structures et la géométrie complexe généralisée. Les variétés équipées de SU(n)-structures sont des généralisations de variétés de Calabi-Yau. La géométrie complexe généralisée est un cadre géométrique qui regroupe les géométries complexe et symplectique. On donne des classes de vide à flux de supergravité de type II et de théorie-M sur des variétés équipées de SU(4)-structures. Des vides explicites sont donnés sur l'espace de Stenzel, un Calabi-Yau non-compact. Ensuite, sur cette variété, des familles de SU(4)-structures sont construites. À l'aide de celles-ci, on trouve des vides à flux sur des variétés non-symplectiques. Il est démontré que les conditions permettant une supersymétrie à d = 2, N = (2,0) de type IIB peut être reformulées dans le langage de la géométrie complexe généralisée, partiellement interprétables en termes de conditions d'intégrabilité de structures presque complexes généralisées. Enfin, la théorie de type II euclidienne est examinée sur des variétés équipées de SU(5)-structures, donnant des équations généralisées qui sont nécessaires mais pas suffisantes pour satisfaire les équations de supersymétrie. Des classes de solutions explicites sont également donnés / Understanding supersymmetric flux vacua is essential in order to connect string theory to observable physics. In this thesis, flux vacua are studied by making use of two mathematical frameworks: SU(n)-structures and generalised complex geometry. Manifolds with $SU(n)$ structure are generalisations of Calabi-Yau manifolds. Generalised complex geometry is a geometrical framework that simultaneously generalises complex and symplectic geometry. Classes of flux vacua of type II supergravity and M-theory are given on manifolds with SU(4) structure. The N = (1,1) type IIA vacua uplift to N=1 M-theory vacua, with four-flux that need not be (2,2) and primitive. Explicit vacua are given on Stenzel space, a non-compact Calabi Yau. These are then generalised by constructing families of non-CY SU(4)-structures to find vacua on non-symplectic SU(4)-deformed Stenzel spaces. It is shown that the supersymmetry conditions for N = (2,0) type IIB can be rephrased in the language of generalised complex geometry, partially in terms of integrability conditions of generalised almost complex structures. This rephrasing for d=2 goes beyond the calibration equations, in contrast to d=4,6 where the calibration equations are equivalent to supersymmetry. Finally, Euclidean type II theory is examined on SU(5)-structure manifolds, where generalised equations are found which are necessary but not sufficient to satisfy the supersymmetry equations. Explicit classes of solutions are provided here as well. Contact with Lorentzian physics can be made by uplifting such solutions to d=1, N = 1 M-theory

Le grand collisionneur de Hadron (LHC), plus grand accelerateur au monde situe au CERN (Organisation Europeenne pour la recherche Nucleaire), produit des collisions proton proton collectees depuis 2009 par le detecteur ATLAS a une energie atteignant 8TeV dans le centre de masse en 2012 (Run1) et 13 TeV en 2015 et 2016 (Run2). Les modeles theoriques SuperSymetrique (SUSY), extension du Modele Standard (SM), relient chaque boson (de spin entier) a un fermion specifique (de spin demi entier) comme super partenaire. De nouvelles particules elementaires sont ainsi introduites. Apres une breve presentation du SM et des principaux modeles SUSY, the LHC et le detecteur ATLAS sont decrits suivi par une etude de performance sur l'isolation des taus. La partie principale du memoire decrit ensuite en detail deux recherches de particules SUSY avec le detecteur ATLAS et les resultats obtenus.La premiere recherche decrite est celle de production directe de stau avec un etat final a deux tau de signes opposes et plusieurs jets dans des collisions pp a 8TeV et une luminosite integree de 20.1 fb-1. Des techniques d’analyse multi variables ont ete utilisees pour ameliorer la sensibilite. Aucun exces significatif par rapport au SM n’a ete observe. Dans une recherche directe de stau, un signal avec m(LSP) = 0 GeV et m(stau) = 100 GeV est exclus.La deuxieme recherche presentee est celle de la production forte de squarks et de gluions avec des etats finaux, a deux leptons de memes signes ou a trois leptons, associees a des jets dans des collisions proton-proton a $\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV$ et une luminosite integree de 13.2 fb-1. Aucun exces significatif par rapport au SM n’a ete observe. / The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), largest collider located at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). produces proton-proton collisions collected by the ATLAS detector since 2009 at a collision center of mass energy up to 8 TeV before 2012 (Run1) and 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016 (Run2). Supersymmetry (SUSY) theory models, extension of the Standard Model (SM), link each boson (of integer spin) to a certain fermion (of half integer spin) as super-partner. New elementary particles are then introduced.After a brief presentation of the Standard Model and of the main SUSY models, the LHC and the ATLAS detector are described followed by a performance study on tau isolation. The main part of the document finally describes in details two searches for SUSY particles with the ATLAS detector and the obtained results.The first one is a search for direct stau production with final state of two opposite sign taus and multi-jets in 8 TeV pp collision and 20.1 fb-1 integrated luminosity. Multivariable analysis techniques are used to improve the sensitivity. No significant excess over the SM expectation was observed. Upper-limit was set on the cross-section of the signal models. For “direct stau” search, we excluded the signalpoint with m(LSP) = 0 GeV and m(stau) = 100 GeV.The second one is a search for squarks and gluinos strong production in final states with jets and two same-sign leptons or three leptons at 13 TeV and 13.2 fb-1 integrated luminosity. No significant excess over the SM expectation was observed. Upper-limit was set on the cross-section of all the models involved. Region with gluino mass up to 1.7 TeV have been excluded.

Relations between propagators and Green<p>functions of Hamiltonians which are SUSY partners have been obtained. New exact propagators for the family of multi-well, time-dependent and non-hermitian potentials have been calculated.<p><p>Non-conservative SUSY transformation has been studied in<p>the case of multichannel Schrodinger equation with different thresholds. Spectrum (bound/virtual states and resonances) of the<p>non-conservative SUSY partner of zero potential has been founded. <p><p>Exactly solvable model of the magnetic induced Feshbach resonance<p>has been constructed. This model was tested in the case of Rb$^{85}$.<p><p>Conservative SUSY transformations of the first and the second order have been studied in the case of multichannel Schrodinger equation with equal thresholds. Transformations which introduce non-trivial coupling between scattering channels have been founded. <p><p>The first order SUSY transformation which preserves $S$-matrix eigen-phase shifts and<p>modifies mixing parameter has been founded in the case of two channel scattering with partial waves of different parities. In the case of coinciding parities we have found the second order SUSY transformation which preserves $S$-matrix eigen-phase shifts and modifies mixing parameter. <p><p>Phenomenological two channel $^3S_1-^3D_1$<p>neutron-proton potential has been obtained by using single channel, phase equivalent and coupling SUSY transformations applied to zero potential. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La recherche de solutions du vide en présence de flux non-triviaux dans la théorie des cordes est importante pour la construction de modèles pertinents à la phénomenologie de la physique des particules. Dans le cadre de la correspondance AdS/CFT, les théories de jauge en 4d, considérées comme descendantes de N=4 SYM, sont duales à des configurations de champs en 10d avec des géometries ayant un facteur AdS_5 asymptotiquement. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions des déformations de masse qui brisent la supersymétrie (partiellement ou totalement) du côté de la théorie des champs et qui sont duales aux états de la théorie IIB avec flux non-nuls du côté gravitique. Les équations du mouvement de la supergravité contraignent les paramètres de la théorie de jauge à satisfaire certaines relations. En particulier, nous trouvons que la somme des carrés de la masse des bosons est égale à celle fermions, rendant ces modèles problematiques pour des applications phénomenologiques. L'étude des théories duales de supergravité pour des déformations plus générales de la théorie conforme des champs exige des techniques qui vont au-delà des outils géometriques standards. La Géometrie Généralisée Exceptionelle fournit une façon très élégante d'intégrer les flux de supergravité dans la géometrie. Nous examinons les solutions AdS_5 avec des flux génériques conservants huit supercharges et nous montrons que celles-ci satisfont des relations particulièrement simples qui ont une interprétation géometrique dans le cadre de la Géometrie Généralisée. Ceci ouvre la voie pour l'étude systématique des déformations marginales supersymétriques de la théorie / The search for string theory vacuum solutions with non-trivial fluxes is of particular importance for the construction of models relevant for particle physics phenomenology. In the framework of the AdS/CFT correspondence, four-dimensional gauge theories which can be considered to descend from N = 4 SYM are dual to ten- dimensional field configurations with geometries having an asymptotically AdS_5 factor. In this Thesis, we study mass deformations that break supersymmetry (partially or entirely) on the field theory side and which are dual to type IIB backgrounds with non-zero fluxes on the gravity side. The supergravity equations of motion constrain the parameters on the gauge theory side to satisfy certain relations. In particular, we find that the sum of the squares of the boson masses should be equal to the sum of the squares of the fermion masses, making these set-ups problematic for phenomenology applications. The study of the supergravity duals for more general deformations of the conformal field theory requires techniques which go beyond the standard geometric tools. Exceptional Generalized Geometry provides a very elegant way to incorporate the supergravity fluxes in the geometry. We study AdS_5 backgrounds with generic fluxes preserving eight supercharges and we show that these satisfy particularly simple relations which admit a geometrical interpretation in the framework of Generalized Geometry. This opens the way for the systematic study of supersymmetric marginal deformations of the conformal field theory in the context of AdS/CFT.

The Large Hadron Collider is the most powerful particle accelerator built to date. It is a proton-proton and heavy ion collider which in 2015 and 2016 operated at an unprecedented center of mass energy of √s = 13 TeV. The Tile Calorimeter is the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter covering the central region of the detector. It is designed to measure hadrons, jets, tau particles and missing energy. In order to accurately be able to properly reconstruct these physical objects a careful description of the electronic noise is required. This thesis presents the work done in updating, monitoring and studying the noise calibration constants used in the processing and identication of hadronic jet in the 2011 data. Moreover the results of the searches for compressed supersymmetric squark-neutralino and large extra dimensions models are also presented in this thesis. The present work uses an experimental signature with a high energy hadronic jet and large missing transverse energy later often referred to as monojet signature. The search for supersymmetry is carried out using an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb-1 recorded by the ATLAS experiment in 2015. The search for large extra dimensions presented in this work uses the full 2015 + 2016 dataset of 36.1 fb-1. No signicant excess compared to the Standard Model prediction has been observed on the production of squark pairs with the subsequent decay of the squark in a quark and a neutrino. Exclusion limits are set on squark production as a function of the neutralino mass. Squark masses up to 608 GeV are excluded for a mass difference between the squark and the neutralino of 5 GeV. In the second search for the presence of large extra spatial dimensions in the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali model scenario a good agreement between data and Standard Model prediction is observed and exclusion limits are set on the effective Planck scale MD of 7.7 and 4.8 TeV for two and six hypothesized large extra dimensions respectively signicantly improving earlier results.

De nombreuses mesures cosmologiques et astrophysiques tendent à montrer que notre galaxie serait englobée par un halo de matière sombre non-baryonique. La détection directionnelle vise à mesurer la direction du recul nucléaire issu d'une interaction avec une particule de matière sombre. Cela permettrait de mettre en évidence la forte dépendance angulaire de la distribution de reculs due à la rotation du système solaire autour du centre galactique. Cette thèse aborde la détection directionnelle par une approche multi-thématique : phénoménologie, expérimentale et analyse de données. L'objectif des études phénoménologiques est de montrer l'apport d'un détecteur directionnel en terme de recherche de matière sombre. Grâce au développement de méthodes statistiques dédiées, on montre qu'un détecteur tel que celui proposé par la collaboration MIMAC, devrait permettre de découvrir la matière sombre avec une grande significance jusqu'à des sections efficaces 2 à 3 ordres de grandeur en dessous des limites actuelles. La mise en place d'une méthodologie d'analyse de données directionnelles constitue un second objectif de cette thèse car la reconstruction 3D des traces mesurées est un point clef de cette nouvelle stratégie de détection. On présente ainsi une nouvelle méthode d'analyse basée sur une approche par vraisemblance, permettant d'optimiser l'estimation des paramètres de chaque événement mesuré: position dans le détecteur et direction. Dans le cadre de la discrimination du bruit de fond électronique, on a mis en place une étude basée sur la topologie de la trace et utilisant une analyse par arbres de décision boostés qui nous permet d'obtenir des facteurs de rejet environ 20 fois supérieurs à ceux obtenus avec des analyses séquentielles. Du point de vue expérimental, on présente une méthode originale de la mesure de vitesse de dérive des électrons permettant d'obtenir des incertitudes de l'ordre du pourcent et de contraindre simultanément les coefficients de diffusion longitudinale. On termine enfin sur l'analyse des données obtenues auprès du champ de neutrons AMANDE permettant de valider la stratégie de détection du projet MIMAC. / A large number of cosmological and astrophysical measurements supports the fact that our galaxy should be immersed in a halo of non-baryonic dark matter. Directional detection aims at measuring the direction of recoiling nucleus following an elastic scattering with a Dark Matter particle. This should allow us to show the expected strong angular dependence of the recoil distribution due to the rotation of the Solar System around the galactic center. This thesis presents a comprehensive study of directional detection following three different aspects: phenomenology, experimental and data analysis. The goal of the phenomenological studies is to explore the interest of directional detection in terms of galactic dark matter search. With the use of dedicated statistical tools we show that a detector, as the one proposed by the MIMAC collaboration, should be able to discover dark matter with a high significance down to cross sections 2 to 3 orders of magnitude below current limits. Setting up a new strategy of data analysis is a second goal of this thesis as an efficient 3D track reconstruction is compulsory to achieve an accurate directional detection of dark matter. We present a new method based on a likelihood approach aiming at the optimisation of the estimation of the parameters of each measured track: position in the detector volume and direction. In the context of reducing the electronic background, we present a method based on the analysis of the track topology using a boosted decision tree algorithm which enhances the rejection power by a factor 20 with respect to a sequential analysis. In the context of experimental measurement, we present a new method dedicated to the measurement of the electron drift velocity with uncertainties of the order of the percent and constraining the longitudinal diffusion coefficients. Eventually, we discuss the results of a data analysis obtained during an acquisition using a neutron field which validate the detection strategy of the MIMAC experiment.