As diferentes intensidades de luz ou até mesmo a sua qualidade podem desempenhar um papel importante em algumas das principais vias metabólicas envolvidas na síntese de compostos bioativos. A radiação ultravioleta B (UV-B), além de influenciar mudanças no DNA, na atividade fotossintética e no crescimento das plantas, pode induzir a síntese e o acúmulo de metabólitos secundários. Assim, para investigar a efetividade da radiação UV-B suplementar na pós-colheita, cáqui (Diospyros kaki) e goiaba (Psidium guajava) foram submetidos a 48 horas de tratamento e posteriormente analisados em relação ao seu conteúdo de carotenoides. O acúmulo de carotenoides ocorreu de forma significativa para ambas as frutas, porém em momentos diferentes. A fim de entender os efeitos exercidos pela radiação UV-B suplementar em alimentos fontes de outros compostos bioativos, maçãs (Malus domestica) foram submetidas a 36 horas de tratamento e acompanhadas por 21 dias de armazenamento. Os parâmetros de qualidade durante o armazenamento das frutas não foram influenciados pela radiação UV-B, ocorrendo apenas perda de firmeza e de peso em todas as frutas As diferentes classes de compostos fenólicos identificados e quantificados por HPLC-MS apresentaram comportamentos diversos após o tratamento. Ácidos hidroxicinâmicos e antocianinas foram positivamente afetados pela suplementação de radiação UV-B. Para avaliar os efeitos da radiação UV-B suplementar sobre os compostos bioativos durante a pré-colheita de alimentos, alfaces verdes e roxas (Lactuca sativa) foram submetidas a 1 hora de tratamento por dia durante duas semanas. O conteúdo de carotenoides nas alfaces verdes e de compostos fenólicos nas alfaces roxas foi significativamente maior após o tratamento com radiação suplementar. Neste contexto, a radiação UV-B pode ser considerada uma tecnologia promissora no que diz respeito à modulação de compostos bioativos em alimentos, tanto durante o cultivo quanto após a colheita. / Different light intensities or even their quality may play an important role in some of the major metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. In addition to influencing changes in DNA, photosynthetic activity and plant growth, ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B) may induce the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Therefore, to investigate the effectiveness of post-harvest UV-B radiation, kaki (Diospyros kaki) and guava (Psidium guajava) were submitted to 48 hours of treatment and then analyzed for their carotenoid content. The accumulation of carotenoids occurred in a significant way for both fruits, but at different times. In order to understand the effects exerted by supplemental UV-B radiation on food sources of other bioactive compounds, apples (Malus domestica) were subjected to 36 hours of treatment and accompanied by 21 days of storage. The quality parameters during fruit storage were not influenced by UV-B radiation, with only loss of firmness and weight occurring in all fruits. The different classes of phenolic compounds identified and quantified by HPLC-MS showed different behavior after treatment. Hydroxycinnamic acids and anthocyanins were positively affected by the supplementation of UV-B radiation. To evaluate the effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on bioactive compounds during food cultivation, green and red lettuces (Lactuca sativa) were subjected to 1 hour of treatment per day for two weeks. The carotenoid content in green lettuce and phenolic compounds in red lettuce was significantly higher after treatment with supplementary radiation. In this context, UV-B radiation can be considered a promising technology for the modulation of bioactive compounds in food, both during and after harvest.

Introdução: A prevalência de condições crônicas em todo o mundo vem apresentando significativo crescimento, todavia os serviços de saúde, ainda, encontram-se, majoritariamente, organizados para o atendimento de condições agudas de saúde. Na saúde suplementar essa lógica não é diferente e considerando que o mercado de saúde suplementar responde, atualmente, pelo atendimento de parcela expressiva da população brasileira torna-se relevante a compreensão da qualidade nesse cenário. Objetivo: Compreender a percepção acerca da qualidade de um serviço de saúde suplementar, perspectiva do usuário. Caminho metodológico: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, cujo cenário foram os serviços próprios de saúde de uma empresa de autogestão. Os participantes foram usuários desse serviço, localizado em Brasília-DF. Os dados foram coletados após anuência do Comitê de Ética, por meio de entrevista associada à estratégia da observação, no período entre agosto e outubro de 2014. O corpus de dados foi apresentado em forma de narrativas e analisados segundo a análise de conteúdo. Achados: A partir das narrativas foram estabelecidas cinco categorias de análise que possibilitaram ampliar a compreensão, a saber: o vínculo como elemento de liga na qualidade do cuidado; a família como cimento do cuidado da condição crônica; a relação biopolítica do cuidado; a percepção da condição crônica; e a integralidade e continuidade do cuidado. As categorias foram discutidas à luz da sociologia do quotidiano, proposta por Maffesoli, possibilitando a compreensão da construção do imaginário de qualidade e do cuidado dos participantes. Para análise interpretativa dos dados foi utilizado o referencial da Trajetória da Doença Crônica, apresentada por Bury. Considerações finais: O estudo permitiu compreender o imaginário de qualidade compartilhado por usuários de um serviço de autogestão, que apresentam características próprias no consumo e acesso a serviços de saúde, em muito relacionadas à cultura organizacional compartilhada. Assim, a qualidade para o usuário de uma autogestão apresenta como elementos fundamentais o vínculo, a integralidade solidariedade orgânica. / Introduction: The prevalence of chronic conditions around the world has shown significant growth, however health services also are, mostly, organized for the care of acute health conditions. In the health insurance that logic is no different and considering the supplementary health market is now responsible for a significant portion of care of the population becomes relevant to understanding the quality in this scenario. Aim: To comprehend the perception of the quality of a supplementary health service user perspective. Methods: A qualitative study, whose scenario was the very health services in a self-management company. The participants were users of that service, located in Brasilia. Data were collected after approval of the Ethics Committee, through interviews associated with the observation strategy in the period between August and October 2014. The data corpus was presented as a narrative and analyzed according to content analysis. Findings: From the narratives were established five categories of analysis that enabled broaden the understanding, namely: the link as an alloying element in quality of care; the family as cement care of chronic conditions; biopolitics relationship of care; the perception of chronic condition; and the completeness and continuity of care. The categories were discussed in light of everyday sociology proposed by Maffesoli, enabling the understanding of the quality of imaginary construction and care of the participants. For interpretative analysis of the data it was used the reference of Trajectory of Chronic Disease, presented by Bury. Final considerations: The study permitted to comprehend the quality of imaginary shared by users of a self-management service, which has specific characteristics in consumption and access to health services, closely related to the shared organizational culture. Thus, the quality for the user of a self-management features as fundamental elements the bond, integrality and organic solidarity.

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Increasing student success and retention rates are top goals for many higher education institutions. Supplemental Instruction (SI) is a widely used academic support program designed to increase students’ academic performance and provide students the learning skills they need to persist to graduation. Unfortunately, a lack of time, personnel, and resources often prevent in-depth, meaningful analysis on the effectiveness of SI programs. This study examined the relationship of attending SI sessions for first-year chemistry courses to student grade outcomes and retention rates for attendees. The gender of SI leaders and SI participants was also assessed to determine if leader and participant gender were related to SI attendance, final course grades, or retention. The results indicated that students who attended SI earned significantly higher final course grades and were retained at significantly higher rates after one and two terms. A positive correlation was discovered between the number of SI sessions attended and final course grades. Significant differences in final grades were demonstrated between students who attended SI and those who did not at all levels of composite ACT scores. Both male and female students showed a preference for gender-matching with their SI leader, but students who attended SI sessions with both male and female SI leaders earned higher final course grades than students who gender-matched with their SI leader and students who only attended SI sessions with an SI leader whose gender differed from their own. No significant differences were found between male and female students for final course grades or retention outcomes.

With a growing world population, estimated to 9.6 billion in 2050, the world food demand is estimated to increase with 45-50 %. One way to meet the demand is to increase the areal yield from the agricultural sector, where rain-fed agriculture has the highest potential. 95 % of the agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is rain-fed and the same region is predicted to holds the largest share of poor people in 2015. Since 40-70 % of the rural households highly depend of on-farm sources, investments to increase the agriculture productivity target both the poverty alleviation in the region as well as the world’s food security. By a tripartite methodology, this study analyzed the use of small-scale rain water harvesting (RWH) ponds for supplemental irrigation (SI) of cereals to reduce the inter-annual variability and to increase the areal yield in semi-arid areas in Ethiopia. A physically based simulation model (CoupModel) considering the plant-soil-atmosphere system was used to study how a C4-plant responded to different irrigation scenarios with 30 years climate data (1980-2009) from six regions in Ethiopia. Moreover, two years field data with maize yield from Triple Green project’s experimental fields in Ethiopia was used to analyze the correlation between SI and yield. Finally, ten farmers that used RWH ponds for SI of cereals within Triple Green project were interviewed to find out their perception of the RWH and SI. The model results showed that irrigation almost eliminated the inter-annual variability and increased the areal yield for all the climates. SI was most efficiently used in areas with more than 900 mm precipitation/year were the two annual rain periods could be bridged to create a prolonged growth season (>180 days). The mean annual irrigation water demand was estimated to 224 mm distributed over 7 irrigation events. The field results showed a moderate but significant 10 % increase of the areal yield with SI. None of the farmers wanted to use the RWH for SI of cereals, instead they wanted to use it to water their livestock, grow cash crop seedlings and fruit trees. If the future world food demand is to be targeted, the study suggests societal investments to build infrastructure to collect, store and distribute water for irrigation.

Increasing the number of farmers’ markets and implementing Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) systems for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) at more farmers’ markets have been suggested as strategies to overcome food access issues, but little is known about their availability in the rural South. This study examines differences in availability of farmers’ markets and SNAP/EBT at markets by county-level rural/urban classification, percentage poverty, percentage racial/ethnic minority, and percentage obese residents in North Carolina counties. Data were collected using a cross-sectional survey. Though results related to rurality and economic status are mixed, regression analyses indicate that the percentage of African American residents is inversely associated with the number of markets and number of markets that accept EBT. Results suggest that access to farmers’ markets varies in North Carolina, and additional research is needed to determine whether this impacts obesity.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the United States' largest government assistance program that aims to alleviate food insecurity. The SNAP program allows low-income individuals and families the ability to purchase nutritious foods through a monthly benefit. However, the current body of literature presents evidence of the program's counterproductive effect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether incentivizing SNAP recipients to purchase additional fruits and vegetables was beneficial in increasing such purchases. Social cognitive theory was used as a theoretical framework to address research questions associated with shopping patterns and attitudes and beliefs. This quantitative study used a randomized controlled trial to study differences between incentivized and control groups. The Healthy Incentives Pilot Program (HIP) used a stratified sampling of 55,095 SNAP households receiving benefits between July, 2011, and December, 2012. Statistical analyses (t test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis) were conducted to identify changes in food shopping patterns and eating behaviors associated with the HIP intervention. Results indicated that (a) incentivizing SNAP recipients leads to an increase in fruit and vegetable purchase, and (b) a correlation exists between fruit and vegetable purchase and attitudes and beliefs. No correlation was found between the intervention and changes in food shopping patterns. Positive social change implications include the improvement of health outcomes in over 43 million people currently enrolled in the SNAP program on a national level.

The current study is a secondary analysis of a National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) study in which 122 women received treatment for their substance abuse problems. Three models of substance abuse treatment were administered. One included standard substance abuse treatment alone and two models included supplemental couple's therapy in addition to standard treatment. The current study examined the significance of the relationship between changes in the women's levels of intimacy and autonomy, during and after treatment, and their treatment outcomes according to the treatment modality they received. It was hypothesized that the relationship would be significant in that levels of intimacy and autonomy would be important variables with regard to treatment outcomes in couple's therapy. No statistical significance was reported although some significant trends were found with regard to the fluctuation of intimacy and autonomy levels during and after treatment. Implications for policy, practice, and future research are reviewed.

In a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement, three energy supplements and two species (cows and ewes) were evaluated in two identical experimental periods: gestation and lactation. The three supplement treatments were a control, barley, and sugar beet pulp (SBP). The basal diet was tall wheatgrass straw (5.52% CP). Forage and total dry matter intake (FDMI and TDMI, respectively) interacted (P=.04) with species, supplements, and physiological stages. An interaction of physiological stage and sampling time occurred for pH. Supplement and sampling time interacted for butyric acid proportion and total VFA concentration. Diet digestibility displayed an interaction between species and physiological stage. Digestibility was lower during lactation than gestation for cows, but similar for ewes. Retention time interacted for species, supplement, and physiological stage. Fill of the gastrointestinal tract responded to physiological stage. Fill of the gastrointestinal tract responded to physiological stage, with values of .80 and 1.36% BW for gestation and lactation, respectively. Methane output displayed an interaction between species and physiological stage when data where analyzed as g CH4 d-1kg-1 BW. The highest and more variable values in CH4 losses were from ewes. From gestation to lactation, both species increased CH4 production. Energy lost in feces responded to physiological stage (P=.0008). Across species and supplements, 48 and 60% of the GEI were lost as feces during gestation and lactation, respectively. The use of energetic supplements in ewes depresses FDMI in late gestation, but stimulates it during lactation when a diet based on low-quality forage is fed. For cows, the use of energetic supplements does not affect FDMI during late gestation or lactation. The source of energy does not have an effect, and thus the decision will depend on the cost of supplements. Intake is more strongly affected in ewes than cows when low-quality forage is used. However, for both species, dry matter intake (DMI) is strongly depressed in late gestation.

År 2007 började ett fåtal gymnasieskolor i Skåne att organisera samverkansinlärning (SI), och nu pågår ett stort projekt som syftar till att sprida konceptet till gymnasieskolor i alla kommuner i Skåne. Meningen med projektet är att öka elevernas kompetens i matematik. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad eleverna har att säga om frivilliga SI-möten, och vilka erfarenheter de har från SI. Frågeställningarna är:Varför deltar/deltar inte elever i SI-mötena?Hur vill eleverna själva beskriva samverkansinlärning? Hur uppfattar elever nyttan av SI-möten som läranderesurs?För att undersöka detta genomfördes en enkätstudie, i en elevgrupp om 26 personer på en gymnasieskola i Skåne som erbjuds frivilliga SI-möten. Undersökningen genomfördes på en ordinarie matematiklektion. Resultaten visar att eleverna deltar på SI-möten för att de uppfattar dem som bra lärandetillfällen. De tycker det är roligt samt att det finns en trevlig, avslappnad stämning med bland annat fika. Anledningar till att de inte deltar på SI-mötena är på grund av dålig schemaläggning, låg motivation och prioritet, samt för lite eller ingen information om SI och SI-verksamheten. För att beskriva SI använder eleverna till stor del positiva ord. Bland annat använde de ''samarbete'', ''givande'', ''tänka'', ''matte'', ''fika'' och ''roligt'', men även ''svårt'' och ''folktomt'' när de beskrev SI. Eleverna har en positiv syn på SI även om de är neutrala till att införa SI-arbetsmetoder, helt eller delvis, i de ordinarie matematiklektionerna. Ett påstående som sammanfattar elevernas ståndpunkt väldigt väl är: SI-mötena är bra, men jag är så mycket i skolan så att jag inte orkar gå på dem.Nyckelord: Alternativ läranderesurs, enkät, gymnasiet, matematik, samverkansinlärning, SI, Supplemental Instruction