A 1,3-dimetilamilamina (DMAA) é um estimulante que passou a ser adicionada aos suplementos alimentares e compostos emagrecedores a partir de 2006, sendo amplamente consumida por atletas e militares americanos. No entanto, após relatos de toxicidade a DMAA foi proibida por agências regulatórias do Brasil e Estados Unidos. Porém, mesmo após a sua proibição, a DMAA ainda pode ser encontrada em suplementos alimentares. A sua origem foi relacionada ao óleo essencial de Pelargonium graveolens, e, no entanto, inúmeros autores questionaram os resultados originais e a sua origem natural. Adicionalmente, os óleos essenciais de espécies de Pelargonium tiveram a sua atividade antimicrobiana reportada frente a bactérias e fungos. Assim, considerando os aspectos abordados, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a presença de DMAA nos óleos essenciais de Pelargonium spp. por GC-MS, DART-MS/MS e LC-MS/MS; assim como nas folhas das mesmas espécies, utilizando a extração por headspace, previamente otimizada, seguida de análise por GC-MS. Também se propôs a investigar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de P. graveolens de diferentes origens e desenvolver uma formulação contendo uma nanoemulsão do óleo para o tratamento de candidíase vaginal. Por fim, teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia de screening para avaliar a presença de DMAA e outros estimulantes em suplementos alimentares apreendidos, através de DART-MS/MS. Os resultados revelaram que a DMAA não está presente nos óleos essenciais de diferentes espécies de Pelargonium spp. obtidos por hidrodestilação, do Rio Grande do Sul. Após a otimização através de desenho experimental, a técnica de headspace provou ser eficaz na extração dos constituintes voláteis presentes nas folhas e, no entanto, a DMAA não foi detectada, assim como nos óleos essenciais comerciais de P. graveolens do Brasil, China, Egito, África do Sul, Albânia e Ilhas Reunião. Os óleos essenciais apresentaram atividade antifúngica frente às cinco espécies de Candida. Ainda, este efeito antifúngico apresentou melhores resultados com a nanoformulação contendo o óleo essencial. A análise de screening por DART-MS/MS se mostrou eficaz na detecção de DMAA, efedrina, sinefrina, cafeína, sibutramina e metilfenidato, em amostras de suplementos alimentares apreendidos, apresentando resultados positivos para todos os estimulantes. Com base nos resultados obtidos e nos objetivos propostos, verificou-se que mesmo após a 12 utilização de três técnicas analíticas distintas e uma nova alternativa para extração dos constituintes voláteis, a DMAA não foi econtrada nos óleos essenciais e nas folhas das espécies de Pelargonium, corroborando com outros estudos realizados, e indicando que a sua origem não é natural nestas espécies. A formulação final contendo a nanoemulsão com o óleo essencial apresentou atividade antifúngica superior a do óleo essencial livre. As análises das amostras apreendidas mostraram que mesmo após a sua proibição pelas agências regulatórias, os suplementos contendo DMAA e outros estimulantes ainda são comercializados, representando um grande risco para a saúde dos seus usuários. / 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a stimulant that started to be added in dietary supplements and weight loss compounds since 2006 and is widely consumed by athletes and the USA army. However, after reports of toxicity DMAA has been banned by regulatory agencies in Brazil and United States. However, even after its prohibition, DMAA still can be found in dietary supplements. Its origin was related to the essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens, and, however, many authors questioned the results and its natural origin. In addition, the essential oils of species of Pelargonium, had their antimicrobial activity reported against bacteria and fungi. Considering the aspects mentioned, this work aimed to determine the presence of DMAA in the essential oils by GC-MS, DART-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS; as well as in the leaves of the same species using the headspace extraction, previously optimized, followed by analysis through GC-MS. It has also been proposed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils of P. graveolens from different origins and develop a formulation containing an oil nanoemulsion for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Finally, it aimed to develop a screening method to evaluate the presence of DMAA and other stimulants in seized dietary supplements by DART-MS/MS. The results showed that DMAA is not present in the Rio Grande do Sul’s essential oils of Pelargonium spp. obtained by hydrodistillation. After optimization through experimental design, the headspace technique proved to be effective in extracting volatile constituents present in the leaves and, however, DMAA was not detected, as well as in commercial essential oils of P. graveolens from Brazil, China, Egypt, South Africa, Albania and Reunion Islands. The essential oils presented antifungal activity against five Candida species. Furthermore, this antifungal effect presented better results with the nanoformulation containing essential oil. DART-MS/MS screening was effective in detection of DMAA, ephedrine, synephrine, caffeine, sibutramine and methylphenidate in seized dietary supplements, showing positive results for all stimulants. Based on the results obtained and proposed objectives, it was verified that even after using three different analytical techniques and a new alternative for volatile constituents extraction, DMAA was not found in essential oils and leaves of Pelargonium spp., corroborating with other studies carried out, and indicating that its origin is not natural in these species. The final formulation containing the nanoemulsion with the essential oil had antifungal activity superior compared to 14 dispersed essential oil. The analysis of seized samples showed that even after its prohibition by regulatory agencies, supplements containing DMAA and other stimulants are still commercialized, representing a major health risk for their users.

Human muscle metabolism, the biochemical reactions which lead storage and usage of energy, is complex, but important in understanding human health and disease. Optimal muscle metabolism can help maintain a healthy organism by adequately storing and utilizing energy for subsequent use in contraction and recovery and adaption from contraction and exercise. Dysregulated muscle metabolism can lead to insulin resistance and obesity among other health problems. Flux balance analysis (FBA) and constraint-based modeling have successfully elucidated important aspects of metabolism in single-celled organisms. However, limited work has been done with multicellular organisms. The foci of this dissertation are (1) to show how novel applications of this technique can aid in the investigation of human nutrition and (2) to elucidate metabolic phenotypes associated with the insulin resistance (IR) characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). First, for human nutrition a novel steady-state constraint-based model of skeletal muscle tissue was constructed to investigate the effect of amino acid supplementation on protein synthesis. Several in silico supplementation strategies implemented showed that amino acid supplementation could increase muscle contractile protein synthesis, which is consistent with published data on protein synthesis in a post-resistance exercise state. These results suggest that increasing bioavailability of methionine, arginine, and the branched-chain amino acids can increase the flux of contractile protein synthesis. Thus, this dissertation introduces the prospect of using systems biology as a framework to investigate how supplementation and nutrition can affect human metabolism and physiology. Second, given the complexity of metabolism, the cause(s) of the altered muscle metabolism in IR remain(s) unknown. Attempting to elucidate this complexity, the constraint-based modeling framework was expanded upon to develop the first in silico analysis of muscle metabolism under varying nutrient conditions and during transitions from fasted to fed states. Systematic perturbations of the metabolic network identified reactions which mimic IR phenotypes: reduced ATP/creatine phosphate synthesis, reduced TCA cycle flux, and reduced metabolic flexibility. Reduced flux through a single reaction is not sufficient to recapitulate the IR phenotypes, but knockdowns in pyruvate dehydrogenase in combination with either reduced lipid uptake or lipid/amino acid oxidative metabolism do so. These combinations also decrease complete lipid oxidation and glycogen storage. Thus, the computational model also provides a novel tool to identify candidate enzymes contributing to dysregulated metabolism in IR.

This study offers a narrative of literary responses to lost texts, ancient and modern, from the age of Petrarch to the age of Milton. Whether continental scholars or English poets, the authors whom I consider share an abiding belief that the imagination is the right vehicle to access the otherwise irretrievable past, and that absent texts can be put to practical uses. Bringing together the work of textual critics, bibliographers, and literary scholars, the introduction evaluates available methods of studying lost texts and proposes an integrated framework for further research. The four chapters that follow provide four distinct answers to the question, what did early modern scholars and poets make out of lost texts? The first chapter finds Petrarch in his De remediis utriusque fortunae inaugurating a long-lasting tradition, the lament for lost books and libraries. I argue that, with help from Petrarch, the Florentine circle of Leonardo Bruni developed what would become a conventional language for explaining these losses. A chapter on scholarly misbehavior examines fifteenth- and sixteenth-century narratives—i.e., legends, lies, and slanders—about lost texts alongside the emergence of the humanist supplements, the efforts of early modern editors (e.g., Erasmus, Ermolao Barbaro) to fill lacunae in partial classical texts with their original compositions, sometimes surreptitiously. This practice of imitation-as-emendation led English authors—Shakespeare, Chapman, Jonson, and Burton—to complete the partial texts of their recent and medieval predecessors and to apprehend with their imaginations the literary heritage that they could not hold in their hands. In the two latter chapters, I argue that this interest sometimes took the form of an imaginative supplement, as when Spenser completes Chaucer's fragmentary Squire's Tale in The Faerie Queene, and sometimes the form of a meditation, as when Milton in "Il Penseroso" envisions English literary history as a series of incomplete works. Likewise, earlier claims about lost texts could simply be revived (e.g., in the invective of Thomas Nashe), or they could be repurposed in self-conscious tropes, as when Ben Jonson and Edmund Spenser entice their readers with representations of lost, unpublished, and unwritten works. / 2019-08-01T00:00:00Z

In my study I was examining the influence of the probiotic Bifidobacterium sp. on the functional status of the cattle´s rumen. Two adult cows Aberdeen-angus were used in this experiment. They were treated with a permanent cannula, which served for daily dosing of probiotics Bifidobacterium sp.. Samples of rumen fluid were analyzed for the amount of volatile fatty acids, protozoans, pH and the quantity of ammonia. When we tested the effect of the probiotics on each variable, the fixed effect of the influence of an individual has not been proved. When we tested the data without the effect of the individual in a linear model, the variables best describing my data were the butyric and acetic acids. The amount of protozoans increased as there levels grew. There is a strong effect of the individual as only two individuals were used. My results indicate that the influence of the probiotics Bifidobacterium sp., on the functional status of the rumen is low. These results could be affected by the low number of experiment-replication as well as by small quantity of tested animals.

A 1,3-dimetilamilamina (DMAA) é um estimulante que passou a ser adicionada aos suplementos alimentares e compostos emagrecedores a partir de 2006, sendo amplamente consumida por atletas e militares americanos. No entanto, após relatos de toxicidade a DMAA foi proibida por agências regulatórias do Brasil e Estados Unidos. Porém, mesmo após a sua proibição, a DMAA ainda pode ser encontrada em suplementos alimentares. A sua origem foi relacionada ao óleo essencial de Pelargonium graveolens, e, no entanto, inúmeros autores questionaram os resultados originais e a sua origem natural. Adicionalmente, os óleos essenciais de espécies de Pelargonium tiveram a sua atividade antimicrobiana reportada frente a bactérias e fungos. Assim, considerando os aspectos abordados, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a presença de DMAA nos óleos essenciais de Pelargonium spp. por GC-MS, DART-MS/MS e LC-MS/MS; assim como nas folhas das mesmas espécies, utilizando a extração por headspace, previamente otimizada, seguida de análise por GC-MS. Também se propôs a investigar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de P. graveolens de diferentes origens e desenvolver uma formulação contendo uma nanoemulsão do óleo para o tratamento de candidíase vaginal. Por fim, teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia de screening para avaliar a presença de DMAA e outros estimulantes em suplementos alimentares apreendidos, através de DART-MS/MS. Os resultados revelaram que a DMAA não está presente nos óleos essenciais de diferentes espécies de Pelargonium spp. obtidos por hidrodestilação, do Rio Grande do Sul. Após a otimização através de desenho experimental, a técnica de headspace provou ser eficaz na extração dos constituintes voláteis presentes nas folhas e, no entanto, a DMAA não foi detectada, assim como nos óleos essenciais comerciais de P. graveolens do Brasil, China, Egito, África do Sul, Albânia e Ilhas Reunião. Os óleos essenciais apresentaram atividade antifúngica frente às cinco espécies de Candida. Ainda, este efeito antifúngico apresentou melhores resultados com a nanoformulação contendo o óleo essencial. A análise de screening por DART-MS/MS se mostrou eficaz na detecção de DMAA, efedrina, sinefrina, cafeína, sibutramina e metilfenidato, em amostras de suplementos alimentares apreendidos, apresentando resultados positivos para todos os estimulantes. Com base nos resultados obtidos e nos objetivos propostos, verificou-se que mesmo após a 12 utilização de três técnicas analíticas distintas e uma nova alternativa para extração dos constituintes voláteis, a DMAA não foi econtrada nos óleos essenciais e nas folhas das espécies de Pelargonium, corroborando com outros estudos realizados, e indicando que a sua origem não é natural nestas espécies. A formulação final contendo a nanoemulsão com o óleo essencial apresentou atividade antifúngica superior a do óleo essencial livre. As análises das amostras apreendidas mostraram que mesmo após a sua proibição pelas agências regulatórias, os suplementos contendo DMAA e outros estimulantes ainda são comercializados, representando um grande risco para a saúde dos seus usuários. / 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a stimulant that started to be added in dietary supplements and weight loss compounds since 2006 and is widely consumed by athletes and the USA army. However, after reports of toxicity DMAA has been banned by regulatory agencies in Brazil and United States. However, even after its prohibition, DMAA still can be found in dietary supplements. Its origin was related to the essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens, and, however, many authors questioned the results and its natural origin. In addition, the essential oils of species of Pelargonium, had their antimicrobial activity reported against bacteria and fungi. Considering the aspects mentioned, this work aimed to determine the presence of DMAA in the essential oils by GC-MS, DART-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS; as well as in the leaves of the same species using the headspace extraction, previously optimized, followed by analysis through GC-MS. It has also been proposed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils of P. graveolens from different origins and develop a formulation containing an oil nanoemulsion for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Finally, it aimed to develop a screening method to evaluate the presence of DMAA and other stimulants in seized dietary supplements by DART-MS/MS. The results showed that DMAA is not present in the Rio Grande do Sul’s essential oils of Pelargonium spp. obtained by hydrodistillation. After optimization through experimental design, the headspace technique proved to be effective in extracting volatile constituents present in the leaves and, however, DMAA was not detected, as well as in commercial essential oils of P. graveolens from Brazil, China, Egypt, South Africa, Albania and Reunion Islands. The essential oils presented antifungal activity against five Candida species. Furthermore, this antifungal effect presented better results with the nanoformulation containing essential oil. DART-MS/MS screening was effective in detection of DMAA, ephedrine, synephrine, caffeine, sibutramine and methylphenidate in seized dietary supplements, showing positive results for all stimulants. Based on the results obtained and proposed objectives, it was verified that even after using three different analytical techniques and a new alternative for volatile constituents extraction, DMAA was not found in essential oils and leaves of Pelargonium spp., corroborating with other studies carried out, and indicating that its origin is not natural in these species. The final formulation containing the nanoemulsion with the essential oil had antifungal activity superior compared to 14 dispersed essential oil. The analysis of seized samples showed that even after its prohibition by regulatory agencies, supplements containing DMAA and other stimulants are still commercialized, representing a major health risk for their users.

In this work it is proposed a method for fluorine (F), bromine (Br) and iodine (I) determination in mineral-feedingstuff after sample decomposition by pyrohydrolysis. Fluoride is determined potentiometrically by means of ion selective electrode (ISE) while Br and I are determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sample decomposition is based on heating the sample at ca. of 1100 0C in presence of water vapor and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) used as accelerator of the pyrohydrolysis reaction. During the heating step the analytes are vaporized and released from the sample and react with water vapor producing HF, HBr and HI. While HF vapor is simply condensed, HBr and HI need to be condensed and then trapped in a basic solution. Parameters like amount of sample + accelerator, gas flow rate (air), decomposition time, kind and concentration of trapping solution (for Br and I) were investigated for sample decomposition by pyrohydrolysis. It was observed that best results are obtained when the amount of sample + accelerator is 1 + 5, the sample decomposition is carried out during 10 min (producing approximately 10 mL of condensed solution) and the gas flow rate is 200 mL min-1. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and a mixture of sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3/NaHCO3) were tested as trapping solution for Br and I. Best analyte recoveries were obtained by using a 50 mmol L-1 sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate solution. Therefore, the aforementioned conditions were established in the proposed method. The limits of detection (LD) of F, Br and I were 12.0 μg g-1, 0.28 μg g-1 and 0.68 μg g-1, respectively, while the relative standard deviation (RSD) was typically lower than 14%. The method was validated by analyte recovery tests, whose recoveries ranged from 88% to 109%. The method was applied for the determination of F, Br and I in several samples whose concentrations were in the range of 600 to 1800 μg g-1, 26 to 30 μg g-1 and 10 to 58 μg g-1 for F, Br and I, respectively / Neste trabalho foi proposto o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para a decomposição de suplemento mineral para a determinação de flúor (F) por potenciometria com eletrodo íon seletivo (ISE) e de bromo (Br) e iodo (I) por espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). O método consiste na decomposição da amostra por piroidrólise, cujo princípio está baseado no aquecimento da amostra em um reator de quartzo a aproximadamente 1100 ºC, na presença de vapor d água e de um acelerador (V2O5). Os analitos são liberados da amostra e formam seus respectivos ácidos em contado com vapor d água, os quais podem ser simplesmente condensados (no caso do flúor) ou condensados e absorvidos numa solução básica (no caso do bromo e iodo). Para o desenvolvimento da metodologia, foram avaliadas diferentes condições para a decomposição da amostra, dentre elas, a relação amostra + acelerador, a vazão do gás de arraste (ar atmosférico), o tempo de decomposição, a solução absorvedora (para o bromo e iodo) e sua concentração. Foi constatado que as melhores condições de piroidrólise foram mediante o uso de uma relação amostra + acelerador de 1 + 5, tempo de aquecimento de 10 min (o que produz um volume de aproximadamente 10 mL de solução condensada) e vazão do gás de arraste em torno de 200 mL min-1. As soluções absorvedoras testadas foram hidróxido de tetrametilamônio, hidróxido de amônio e carbonato de sódio/bicarbonato de sódio. Melhores recuperações de bromo e iodo foram obtidas com solução de carbonato de sódio/bicarbonato de sódio 50 mmol L-1. Nas condições estabelecidas, os limites de detecção (LD) foram 12,0 μg g-1 de F, 0,28 μg g-1 de Br e 0,68 μg g-1 de I. A metodologia foi validada a partir de testes de recuperação do analito, cujas recuperações ficaram na faixa de 88% a 109%. O método foi aplicado para a determinação dos analitos em suplemento alimentar bovino, onde foi constada a presença de flúor, bromo e iodo na faixa de 600 a 1800, de 26 a 30 e de 10 a 58 μg g-1, respectivamente

Les compléments alimentaires à visée oculaire qui envahissent le marché, contiennent dans la majorité des cas des oméga 3, des vitamines, des oligoéléments auxquels sont associés d’autres molécules connues pour leurs propriétés anti-inflammatoires et/ou anti-oxydantes. Néanmoins, à notre connaissance il n’existait pas d’étude portant sur les formes finalisées complexes de ces compléments. Notre projet a donc pour objectif d’évaluer et de caractériser in-vivo et in-vitro l’effet protecteur sur les cellules rétiniennes d’une supplémentation alimentaire à visée oculaire commercialisée en France et en Tunisie. Ce supplément contient des oméga 3, des caroténoïdes, des vitamines, des oligoéléments et du résvératrol. In-vivo, nous avons utilisé un modèle de dégénérescence rétinienne progressive induite par la lumière et in-vitro un modèle de mort des cellules d’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien (ARPE-19) induite par le peroxyde d’hydrogène (H2O2 ).Dans une première étape nous avons mis en évidence que le complément alimentaire protège la fonction (électrorétinographie, ERG) et la structure (histologie et comptage de cellules apoptotiques) de la rétine contre les lésions induites par la lumière et protège lescellules ARPE-19 contre le stress oxydant induit par le H2O2 (MTT). Dans une deuxième étape, nous avons montré qu’une semaine de supplémentation entraîne une modification du contenu en acides gras dans le plasma et les rétines in-vivo, et dans les cellules ARPE919 in-vitro, caractérisée par une augmentation des taux d’EPA et DPA, deux précurseurs de DHA(HPLC). In-vivo, ni la quantité (spectromètre) ni la vitesse de régénération de la rhodopsine (ERG) ne sont affectées. Au cours de l’exposition à la lumière, l’expression des cytokines (milliplex) est orientée vers un profil anti-inflammatoire et l’expression génique (qPCR) d’iPLA2, PPAR-α, Caspase-12 est maintenue élevée tout au long de l’exposition à la lumière cyclique intense chez les animaux supplémentés. En conclusion, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l’accumulation préférentielle des acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaine (EPA et DPA) participe à l’effet protecteur du complément alimentaire en permettant 1/ un renouvellement facilité du DHA rétinien et 2/ ainsi le maintien de l’activité d’iPLA 2. Le DHA libéré des membranes activerait les voies de signalisation anti-inflammatoire et anti-oxydante par l’intermédiaire du récepteur nucléaire PPAR-α. / Dietary supplement for ocular purpose have exploded on the market. In most cases, they contain omega 3, vitamins and trace elements associated with molecules known for their anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oxidant proprieties. However, to our knowledge no studies had evaluated dietary supplements on their finalized complex formulation. In this context, the aim of our project was to evaluate and characterize in-vivo and in-vitro the protective effect on retinal cells of a dietary supplement for ocular purpose marketed in France and Tunisia. This dietary supplement contains omega 3, vitamins, trace elements, carotenoids and resveratrol. Therefore, we have used,an in-vivo experimental model of progressive light-induced retinal damage and an in-vitro model of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2 )-induced retinal pigment cells (ARPE-19) death. First, we have demonstrated that the dietary supplement prevented retinal function (electroretinography, ERG) and structure (histology and detection of apoptotic nuclei) from light-induced retinal damage and protects ARPE-19 cells (MTT) from H2O2 induced oxidative stress. Second, we have shown that one-week supplementation induced modifications in retinal (in-vivo), plasma (in-vivo) and ARPE-19 cells (in-vitro) fatty acids contents, characterized by an increase in EPA and DPA contents, the two synthetic precursors of DHA (HPLC). In addition, in-vivo neither rhodopsin content (spectrometer) nor response recovery (ERG) were affected. Furthermore, during light-exposure cytokines expression (milliplex) were oriented towards an anti-inflammatory profile and gene expression (qPCR) of iPLA2, PPAR-α, Caspase-12 was kept high throughout exposure to intense cyclic light in retina of supplemented animals. In conclusion, we hypothesized that preferential accumulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DPA ) is involved in the protective effect of dietary supplement allowing : 1 / facilitated renewal of retinal DHA and 2 / maintaining of iPLA 2 activity. DHA released from membranes activate the anti- inflammatory and antioxidant signaling pathways via the nuclear receptor PPAR- α.

abstract: Dietary supplement (DS) use among adults is on the rise. This growing trend in DS use mirrors the quick and exponential growth of the fitness industry. The fitness industry focuses on the “appearance of health”, although some individuals focus on their appearance over and above their health. As a result of this focus on appearance, certain aspects of this unregulated industry promote unhealthy standards of beauty and an increase in negative body image, and influences at-risk youth to engage in dangerous practices such as extreme diet and exercise routines, or the misuse of dietary supplements. All of these factors have been linked to appearance and performance enhancing drug use, which is associated with substance use in athletes and non-athletes. This study sought to explore the role of gender as it pertained to dietary supplement use, specifically how gender differences amongst predictors of DS use (including BMI, physical activity, and body image) were associated with overall substance use in college students. The relationship between current DS use and other substance use was also examined. Students recruited from ASU fitness centers completed a survey which included questions on demographics, height and weight to calculate BMI, and several published, standardized questionnaires used to measure drug use, physical activity, body image, steroid and ephedrine use and attitudes, and dietary supplement use. There were significant gender differences in DS use as well as predictors or DS use. Controlling for demographic information, energy enhancing DS use and knowing someone who used steroids increased the likelihood an individual intended on using steroids in the future. Body image was not related to substance use in males, and physical activity mediated the relationship between DS use and substance use in males. While body image was associated with substance use in females, neither physical activity nor body image mediated the relationship between DS use and substance use in females. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2017

O colágeno hidrolisado é usado como suplemento alimentar, com intuito de suprir a perda de colágeno que ocorre com a idade. Com cadeia polipeptídica longa e peso molecular de aproximadamente 300 kDa, o colágeno em sua forma nativa possui baixa absorção pelo organismo humano. Para se obter um produto de fácil absorção é necessário hidrolisar o colágeno pela ação de enzimas, onde a matéria prima utilizada tem sido o colágeno obtido de fontes diversas, como couro do peixe, pele de frango, entre outras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo tratar colágeno de raspas de couro bovino com diferentes enzimas para se obter colágeno com frações peptídicas que o tornem facilmente absorvíveis pelo organismo. O colágeno isolado foi submetido à digestão por 6 diferentes enzimas (pepsina, colagenase, neutrase, tripsina, papaína e alcalase) nas concentrações de 0,5 e 1 g/100g de enzima sobre substrato (E/S) por 1, 2 e 4 horas de tratamento. Após o tratamento os produtos oriundos das digestões foram submetidos à eletroforese Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate - Polyacrilamide Gel Eletrophoresis para avaliação da massa molecular obtidas. Independentemente do tempo e concentração de enzima utilizadas, os tratamentos com pepsina e colagenase apresentaram frações peptídicas acima de 40 kDa. Já os tratamentos com neutrase e tripsina apresentaram amplo intervalo de fracionamento, sendo que os produtos obtidos variamram de 10 a 120 kDa. As menores frações peptídicas foram obtidas com as enzimas papaína e alcalase. A papaína não produziu bandas definidas e seu fracionamento se mostrou dependente do tempo e concentração de enzima, onde produziu todas as frações abaixo de 25 kDa somente após 4 horas de tratamento contendo 1 g/100g E/S. No entanto o tratamento contendo 0,5 g/100g de alcalase por 4 horas, e os tratamentos contendo 1 g/100g desta enzima foram capazes de fracionar todo o colágeno em bandas abaixo de 25 kDa. A papaína apesar de ter frações abaixo de 25 kDa se mostrou menos eficiente quando comparado com a alcalase, que atingiu o objetivo em um menor tempo e concentração. Desta forma as enzimas papaína e alcalase mostraram potencial na produção de colágeno hidrolisado. Estudos mais aprofundados devem ser realizados com ambas as enzimas, para caracterizar o hidrolisado produzido e determinar suas aplicações comerciais. / Hydrolyzed collagen is used as food supplement, with intention to supply the collagen loss that occurs by aging. With long polypeptide chain and molecular weight of about 300 kDa, the native form of collagen presents low absorption by the human body. To obtain an easy absorbable product, hydrolysis of collagen by enzymes action is necessary, whereas collagen from variables fonts has been used as raw material as fish leather, chicken leather, and others. The aim of this work was to treat collagen from bovine hide splits by deferent enzymes to obtain collagen peptides fractions easy absorbable by the human body. The isolated collagen was digested by 6 deferent enzymes (pepsin, collagenase, neutrase, trypsin, papain and alcalase) in concentrations of 0,5 e 1 g/100g E/S by 1, 2 and 4 hours treatment. After treatments, the products from digestions were submitted to electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for evaluation of molecular weight obtained. Independent of time and concentration of enzymes used, the treatment with pepsin and collagenase showed peptidic fraction over 40 kDa. Treatments with neutrase and trypsin showed wide interval of peptidic fraction, being that the products obtained ranged from 10 to 120 kDa. The best peptidic fractions were obtained by treatments with the enzymes papain and alcalase. The papain did not produced defined band and the fractioning showed dependent of time and concentration of enzyme, whereas produced only fractions lower than 25 kDa after 4 hours treatment with 1 g/100g E/S. however the treatment containing 0,5 g/100g of alcalase by 4 hours, and the ones with 1 g/100g of this enzyme were capable to fractionate all the collagen content in band lower than 25 kDa. The papain although has produced fraction lower than 25 kDa, showed lower efficiency when compared to alcalase, that reached the goal in a shorter time and concentration. In this way papain and alcalase showed potential on hydrolyzed collagen production. Further studies involving booth enzymes should be made, to characterize the hydrolysate produced and the commercial application.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / For the proper functioning of the human body are essential various nutrients, among these are the macro and micro. The minerals are important in the physiological and biochemical functions of the human body. Insufficient intake can cause deficiencies, on the other hand excessive intake may be toxic. For the recommended doses of each mineral we need to consume fruits, vegetables, grains and vegetables. The food supplement is useful when selecting foods in a diet has some nutrient deficiencies. However, not all nutrient contained in a food supplement can be made available to be absorbed by the body, ie bioaccessible. Thus, the study of mineral bioaccessibility in this array is necessary. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro bioaccessibility of macro and micro minerals in samples of amaranth, and quinoa multimixture, used as a food supplement. To determine the total content of minerals, samples were digested in oven with microwave cavity and the content of mineral measured by ICP OES. To evaluate the bioaccessibility, the samples were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The bioaccessible fraction was digested in the digester block prior to analysis by ICP OES. The three studied food supplements, as the total contents, are rich in Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and P, and only multimixture is a source of Ca and Zn, with respective contributions of 19.1% and 20.1%, considering : source (15-29% of RDA) and rich (at least 30% of RDA). However, the amount of Cu and Mn amaranth and quinoa multimixture exceeded the UL (upper tolerable limit intake). After in vitro digestion, there was a marked reduction in the contribution to the RDA of all the three minerals and food supplements. The bioaccessibility study results show that the amaranth is a source of Fe, Mg and Mn-rich P and Cu; multimixture is the source of Fe, Mn and high in P and quinoa source of Mn and high in P and Cu. The application of PCA (principal component analysis) showed that multimixture has higher content of K, Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe and Ca and amaranth Mg and P (total contents) and the bioaccessibility, amaranth was more bioaccessible of Ca, Fe and Mg; multimixture K and Zn; and amaranth and quinoa, similarly, Cu, Mn and P. Regarding the content of phytic acid in the samples was observed that the greater the anti-nutritional content of such lower bioaccessibility of Ca, Cu, Fe and Mn. This work shows that the study of bioaccessibility and anti-nutritional factors performed to amaranth, and quinoa multimixture were relevant, since they can be inserted more precise information on the absorption of minerals in nutritional composition tables of these foods / Para o bom funcionamento do corpo humano sÃo essenciais vÃrios nutrientes, dentre estes estÃo os macro e microminerais. Os minerais sÃo importantes nas funÃÃes fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas do corpo humano. A ingestÃo insuficiente pode causar deficiÃncias, por outro lado a ingestÃo excessiva pode ser tÃxica. Para obter as doses recomendadas de cada mineral à preciso consumir frutas, verduras, cereais e hortaliÃas. A complementaÃÃo alimentar à Ãtil quando a seleÃÃo de alimentos em uma dieta possui carÃncias de algum nutriente. Contudo, nem todo nutriente contido em um complemento alimentar pode estar disponÃvel para ser absorvido pelo organismo, ou seja, bioacessÃvel. Logo, o estudo da bioacessibilidade de minerais nessa matriz faz-se necessÃrio. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a bioacessibilidade in vitro de macro e microminerais em amostras de amaranto, multimistura e quinoa, usadas como complemento alimentar. Para a determinaÃÃo dos teores totais dos minerais, as amostras foram digeridas em forno de micro-ondas com cavidade e o teor dos minerais medidos por ICP OES. Para avaliaÃÃo da bioacessibilidade, as amostras foram submetidas à digestÃo gastrointestinal in vitro. A fraÃÃo bioacessÃvel foi digerida em bloco digestor antes das anÃlises por ICP OES. Os trÃs complementos alimentares estudados, quanto aos teores totais, sÃo ricos em Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn e P, e apenas a multimistura à fonte de Ca e Zn, com respectivas contribuiÃÃes de 19,1% e 20,1%, considerando: fonte (15-29% da RDA) e rico (no mÃnimo 30% da RDA). No entanto, a quantidade de Cu e Mn no amaranto, multimistura e quinoa excedeu a UL (Limite superior tolerÃvel de ingestÃo). ApÃs digestÃo in vitro, houve uma reduÃÃo acentuada na contribuiÃÃo para a RDA de todos os minerais e nos trÃs complementos alimentares. Os resultados do estudo de bioacessibilidade mostram que o amaranto à fonte de Fe, Mg e Mn e rico em P e Cu; a multimistura à fonte de Fe, Mn e rica em P e a quinoa fonte de Mn e rica em P e Cu. A aplicaÃÃo da PCA (anÃlise de componentes principais) mostrou que a multimistura possui maior teor de K, Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe e Ca e o amaranto de Mg e P (teores totais) e com a bioacessibilidade, o amaranto foi mais bioacessÃvel em Ca, Fe e Mg; a multimistura em K e Zn; e o amaranto e a quinoa, de forma similar, em Cu, Mn e P. Quanto aos teores de Ãcido fÃtico nas amostras observou-se que quanto maior à o teor desse antinutricional menor a bioacessibilidade de Ca, Cu, Fe e Mn. Este trabalho mostra que o estudo de bioacessibilidade e dos fatores antinutricionais realizados para amaranto, multimistura e quinoa foram pertinentes, uma vez que podem ser inseridas informaÃÃes mais precisas quanto à absorÃÃo de minerais em tabelas de composiÃÃo nutricionais desses alimentos.