The American Heart Association recommends consuming fish (particularly oily fish) at least two times per week, which would provide ae 0.5 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Previous analyses indicate that this recommendation is not being met; however, few studies have assessed different ethnicities, subpopulations requiring additional n-3 fatty acid intake (i.e., children and pregnant and/or lactating women), or deciles of intake. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2008 was used to assess n-3 fatty acid intake from foods and supplements in the US population, according to age, sex, and ethnicity. A unique "EPA equivalents" factor, which accounts for potential conversion of shorter-chain n-3 fatty acids, was used to calculate total long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake. Data are reported for 24,621 individuals. More than 90% consumed less than the recommended 0.5 g/day from food sources (median = 0.11 g/day; mean = 0.17 g/day). Among the top 15% of n-3 fatty acid consumers, fish was the largest dietary contributor (71.2%). Intake was highest in men aged 20 years or more, and lowest in children and women who are or may become pregnant and/or are lactating. Among ethnicities, intake was lowest in Mexican-Americans. Only 6.2% of the total population reported n-3 fatty acid supplement use, and this did not alter median daily intake. Additional strategies are needed to increase awareness of health benefits (particularly among Mexican-Americans and women of childbearing age) and promote consumption of oily fish or alternative dietary sources to meet current recommendations.

Background: The World Health Organisation (WHO) initially recommended F100 formula in the treatment of severe malnutrition. F100 is made with full cream milk powder, sugar, oil and water with added minerals and vitamins. Ready to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is a highly nutrient dense food enriched with minerals and vitamins, with a similar nutrient profile but greater energy and nutrient density than F100. RUTF has shown to be effective in the treatment of severe and moderate wasting and is associated with an increased recovery rate. In South Africa no studies are available on the recovery rate of children with severe acute malnutrition treated with RUTFs. Aim: To compare the recovery of clinically stable severe acute malnourished children, between the age of 12 and 60 months, treated with either F100 or RUTF as nutrition supplement. Methods: A randomised clinically controlled trial was performed. All children referred to Clairwood hospital with severe acute malnutrition (SAM), defined as a weight for height measurement of <70 percent of the median and/or < -3 SD below the mean WHO reference values or the presence of bilateral oedema were included in this study. Children were stratified according to age and gender and subsequently randomly assigned with randomisation tables to either the RUTF or F100 group. A total of 35 children were included in this study and data from 34 were analysed with 17 in each group. Results: Most children included in this study were between 12 and 18 months with boys in the majority. Both groups had a large percentage of HIV-infected children (70 percent in the RUTF group and 76 percent in the F100 group), with Tuberculosis (TB) co-infection in some of the children. One child died due to HIV related complications. The rate of weight gain was 7.77g/kg/day in the RUTF group and 6.11g/kg/day in the F100 group. There was no statistical significant difference established between groups (p = 0.46). The majority of children recovered within 21 days on the RUTF while the majority of children in the F100 group recovered after 6 weeks. There were no changes in height during the rehabilitation of these children. MUAC changes were observed with 92 percent having a mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of > 11.5cm after a 6 week intervention with RUTF and F100. Conclusion: RUTF resulted in better rates of recovery and can be used efficiently in rehabilitating children with SAM in a supervised facility setting. These preliminary results also point towards significant potential savings regarding hospitalisation costs since faster recovery has been demonstrated by children in the RUTF group.

Muitas são as técnicas empregadas para se amaciar a carne. Entre as mais recentes está o uso de vitamina D3, que tem importância na mobilização do cálcio, e é importante na ativação das proteases cálcio-dependentes (m- e m-calpaína). Neste estudo, 36 machos inteiros (Nelore) foram suplementados por via oral com 4 níveis de vitamina (0, 3, 6 e 9 milhões de UI de vitamina D3/animal/dia) por um período de dez dias antes do abate. Após esse período de suplementação, os animais foram abatidos e o amaciamento e perdas por cozimento (aos dias 1, 8 e 15 dias de maturação), análise sensorial, pH, área do olho do lombo, espessura de gordura, rendimentos da carcaça, concentração de minerais no plasma (cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, sódio e potássio) e de cálcio no músculo Longissimus dorsi foram estudados. Os resultados mostraram que, não houveram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) para as principais características da carcaça, glicose plasmática, concentração de minerais no plasma e músculo, perdas por evaporação, e suculência estimada pela análise sensorial. Houve efeito das doses de vitamina D3 e tempo de maturação (P<0,05), sobre as perdas por gotejamento, perdas totais por cozimento, força de cisalhamento e maciez, sabor e avaliação sensorial. Para as perdas por gotejamento e perdas totais, as menores perdas foram aquelas para a dose 6x10 6 UI/an/dia. Para a força de cisalhamento (FC)a dose 0x10 6 UI/an/dia resultou na menor FC encontrada e em relação ao tempo de maturação foi encontrada uma tendência de redução, onde quanto maior o tempo de maturação, menor a força de cisalhamento encontrada. Para as características estudadas na análise sensorial, a dose 3x10 6 UI/an/dia afetou positivamente as características de maciez, sabor e avaliação geral. / Among several techniques to improve beef tenderness, vitamin D3 (important to calcium mobilization) become, recently, to be used to actives the intracellular calcium-dependent proteases (m- and m-calpain). Ten days prior to slaughter 36 intact males were fed with 0, 3, 6 and 9 million IU of supplemental vitamin D3 per head per day. After that period, the animals were slaughtered and tenderness (shear force), cooking losses (1, 8 and 15 days of aging time), sensory evaluation, muscle pH, Longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, carcass yield grade, blood plasma measurements (glucose, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium), and muscle mineral levels from the Longissimus dorsi muscle were determined. The results showed that, there were not significant differences (P>0,05) for carcass quant itative and qualitative traits, blood plasma glucose concentration, blood plasma and muscle minerals concentration, evaporation losses, and sensory juiceness. There was effect of vitamin D3 doses and ageing (P <0,05) on drip loss and total cooking loss, shear force, sensory tenderness, flavor and overall palatability. For drip and total loss, the smallest losses went those to 6x106 UI/an/day. 0x106 UI/an/day dose resulted in the smallest shear force and in ageing time was observed a reduction tendency, where the longer the ageing time, smaller was the shear force observed. For sensory evaluation, 3x10 6 UI/an/day dose affected the tenderness, flavor and overall palatability characteristics positively.

Title: The problems of nutrition and doping in bodybuilding and fitness Purposes: The aim of the thesis was to find differences in the area of nutrition and doping in condition fitness exercisers, active amateur competitors and professional athletes in bodybuilding and fitness, in the area of macro nutrients intake, drinking regimen, dietary supplements and abuse of doping. Methods: For the research, the qualitative method was chosen as a survey. The survey is divided into questions identifying information about problems of nutrition and doping. It contains a combination of open, closed and semi- closed questions. The selected set of examinations was a random sample of condition fitness exercisers, amateur and professional bodybuilding and fitness athletes. Results: The survey shows that although condition fitness exercisers perceive the optimal macronutrient and micronutrient intake, drinking regimen and dietary supplements as part of success in bodybuilding and fitness, their awareness and discipline do not reach the same level as competing respondents (amateurs and professional athletes). The diet of the competitors corresponds more with the recommendations in the literary sources. Minimal differences were found between the nutrition of condition fitness exercisers and athletes (amateur and...

The regulations of many food products in the United States have been made and followed very well but unfortunately some products are not put under such rigorous standards as others. This leads to products being sold, that are thought to be healthy, but in reality contain unknown ingredients that may be hazardous to the consumers. With the use of several instrumentations and techniques the detection, characterization and identification of these unknown contaminates can be determined. Both the AZ-100 and the TE2000 inverted microscope were used for visual characterizations, image collection and to help guide the extraction. Direct analyte-probed nanoextraction (DAPNe) technique and nanospray ionization mass spectrometry (NSI-MS) was the technique used for examination and identification of all adulterants. A Raman imaging technique was than introduced and has proven to be a rapid, non-destructive and distinctive way to localize a specific adulterant. By compiling these techniques then applying them to the FDA supplied test samples three major adulterants were detected and identified.

Objetivos: Determinar si existe asociación entre la suplementación con vitamina A y la presencia de síntomas de infecciones respiratorias agudas, en niños de 6 a 59 meses. Métodos: Análisis de datos secundarios de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES), realizada en los años 2016 y 2017, tipo de estudio transversal. La variable de resultado fue la presencia de infecciones respiratorias en los últimos 14 días, reportado por la madre, y la variable de exposición fue la suplementación de al menos una dosis de Vitamina A, de acuerdo a la información del carnet de vacunación, o reporte de la madre. Resultados: Un total de 17668 registros fueron analizados, constituida por mujeres con una edad promedio de 31,6 (DE 10,4) y sus hijos menores con una edad promedio de 30,1 (DE 16,9). La proporción de niños que recibieron suplementación con Vitamina A fue de 40,7% (IC 95%: 39,9%- 41,4%), mientras que, la proporción de niños que reportaron síntomas compatibles con infecciones respiratorias agudas, fue de 33,8% (IC 95%: 33,1%- 34,5%). Ajustado por potenciales confusoras, no se encontró asociación significativa entre suplementación con Vitamina A y síntomas de Infecciones respiratorias (RP = 0,99, IC 95% 0,95- 1,04). Conclusión: Recibir la suplementación de vitamina A no estuvo asociado con la presencia de infecciones respiratorias agudas. / Objectives: To determine if there is an association between vitamin A supplementation and the presence of symptoms of acute respiratory infections among children aged 6 to 59 months. Methods: Secondary data analysis from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), from 2016 and 2017; cross-sectional study. The outcome of interest was the presence of acute respiratory infections in the last 14 days, reported by the mother, and the exposure variable was the supplementation of at least one dose of vitamin A, according the vaccination card´s information or mother´s report. Results: Data of 17668 records was analyzed; information include women with a mean age of 31.6 (SD: 10.4) and their children had a mean of 30.1 (SD: 16.9) months. The proportion of children who received Vitamin A supplementation was 40.7% (95% CI: 39.9% - 41.4%), whereas the proportion of children who reported symptoms compatible with acute respiratory infections was 33.8% (95% CI: 33.1% - 34.5%). Adjusted for potential confounders, no significant association was found between Vitamin A supplementation and symptoms of acute respiratory infections (PR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.95 – 1.04). Conclusion: Receiving vitamin A supplementation was not associated with acute respiratory infections among children aged 5 to 59 months. / Tesis

In this analysis, we plan on developing vegetable mixes with high nutritional qualities and instant fuel consumption. These are to be used as a nutritional supplement in the feeding of children from 6 months of age. Initially, I selected the raw material, due to its high protein content and low cost (soy, tarhui, Cuban corn, rice, wheat, barley). They formed mixes with nutritional characteristics similar to the control for reference (15.5% of protein, 419 kcal of energy). From these formulas, different tests of completed production of mixtures, going so far as to obtain eight mixes with good nutritional and organoleptic characteristics. The eight mixes and the control for reference were subjected to sensory analysis tests (sensory quality test and acceptability and preference test), Of these mixes, 4 were selected (WA1, WA2, WA5 and the control for reference WA7) such as finished women mixtures. The same groups were subjected to a bromatologic analysis and biological tests with animals from the laboratory. Finally, the study of industrial viability of a small processing plant of instant vegetable mixtures was conducted.

No description available.

African Americans have lower vitamin D levels and reduced health outcomes compared to white Americans. Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to adverse health outcomes in African Americans. We hypothesized that race would be associated with vitamin D status and testing in African Americans veterans, and that vitamin D status is a major contributor to health care costs in African American veterans compared to white veterans. A retrospective analysis of the medical data in the Veterans Integrated Service Network 9 (southeastern United States) was performed, and 14 148 male veterans were identified. Race was designated by the patient and its relationship to vitamin D levels/status and costs was assessed. Vitamin D levels were significantly lower and the percent of patients with vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in African American veterans. This difference was independent of latitude and seasonality. Vitamin D testing was done significantly more in white veterans compared to African American veterans (5.4% vs 3.8%). While follow-up testing was 42% more likely if a patient was found to be vitamin D deficient, white veterans were 34% more likely than African American veterans to have at least 1 follow-up 25-hydroxyvitamin D performed. African American veterans had significantly higher health care costs, which were linked to lower vitamin D levels; however, the cost differential persisted even after adjusting for vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in African American veterans and needs improved management within the Veteran Administration system. Vitamin D status appears not to be the sole contributor to increased health care costs in African American veterans.

Background and purpose: Celebrity endorsements have a profound impact on consumers’ purchases and lifestyles. Pharmacists and student pharmacists must be aware of celebrity endorsements of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and dietary supplements to properly advise patients regarding safety and effectiveness, or lack thereof, of endorsed products. Educational activity and setting: An application-based activity was utilized in a self-care course to apply OTC medication and dietary supplement regulations to celebrity endorsements of these products. Students were asked to identify a celebrity endorsement of a product, providing: (1) the product endorsed, (2) celebrity endorser, (3) location of the endorsement, (4) summary of the endorsement and the endorsement itself, (5) assess if the endorsement violated any regulations, and (6) assess if the endorsement was in disagreement with evidence-based resources. Findings: Student pharmacists concluded that 30% of celebrity endorsements violated laws and regulations while 35% concluded the claims made were not supported by evidence-based literature. Interestingly, student pharmacists who selected the same endorsements did not always arrive at the same conclusions. Studied endorsements were frequently found to be in violation of laws and regulations governing OTC medications and dietary supplements and frequently were not supported by evidence-based literature. The activity described provides an innovative active-learning strategy to teach laws and regulations affecting OTC medications and dietary supplements.