Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese2008_Andreia_Vitor.pdf: 720178 bytes, checksum: 3c6505b8992ec266a19192cbb8d7619a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-26 / Corneal anesthesia is required in order to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) and eyelid blockades may also be necessary, using local anesthetic agents in horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the IOP and the corneal touch threshold (CTT) at the central area of the cornea, after eyelid blockades with anesthetic 0.75% ropivacaine, 0.75% levobupivacaine and 2% lidocaine. Nine adult female animals of undefined breed horses, which received 2.0 ml of anesthetic for supraorbitary blockade and 2.5 ml for auriculopalpebral blockagde. All animals were anesthetized with the three anesthetic drugs, with an interval period of seven days between drugs, performing a Latin square 3x3x3. The IOP and CTT were measured before and 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 minutes after the blockades. The PIO was maintained within the limits considered normal in all three anesthetic drug groups evaluated. After 10 minutes, there was significantly CTT values decrease for all three anesthetics. The recovery time of CTT was higher in 30 the animals anesthetized with lidocaine than those anesthetized with levobupivacaine and ropivacaine / Os agentes anestésicos locais possuem ampla utilização e aplicação na oftalmologia de grandes animais, uma vez que os eqüinos e os bovinos apresentam o músculo orbicular potente, exercendo vigoroso fechamento das pálpebras na presença de dor ou pela simples tentativa de manipulação pelo examinador. Sendo assim, os bloqueios palpebrais são requeridos desde a realização de exame clínico oftálmico de rotina a procedimentos cirúrgicos locais em cavalos. Nesse estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos de soluções anestésicas a base de cloridrato de ropivacaína a 0,75%, cloridrato de levobupivacaína a 0,75% e cloridrato de lidocaína a 2% na pressão intraocular (PIO), no limiar de sensibilidade ao toque corneal (LSTC), na produção lacrimal e na movimentação e sensibilidade palpebral em nove eqüinos, adultos, fêmeas, submetidas ao bloqueio auriculopalpebral e supraorbitário. A PIO e o LSTC foram mensurados antes e aos 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 minutos após os bloqueios palpebrais. Foi possível observar que a ropivacaína a 0,75% e a levobupivacaína a 0,75% acarretam em diminuição da pressão intra-ocular quando se comparada com a lidocaína a 2%, porém com flutuações dentro da faixa de PIO considerada normal para eqüinos. Verificou-se também que a ropivacaína e levobupivacaína diminuem de forma significativa LSTC, da área central da córnea, e o mantém em níveis que proporcionam anestesia corneal por até 100 minutos. A produção lacrimal foi mensurada utilizando-se o Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer 1 (STT-1) e Teste de Schirmer 2 (STT-2) antes dos bloqueios e o STT foi mensurado aos 20, 60 e 100 minutos após os bloqueios anestésicos palpebrais. Foi observado que valores de STT nos bloqueios palpebrais com ropivacaína a 0,75%, levobupivacaína a 0,75% e lidocaína a 2% foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao STT-2 e que não houve diferença significativa entre STT-1 e STT, após bloqueio anestésico do auriculopalpebral e supra-orbitário, não sendo observadas também diferenças da produção lacrimal relativamente aos diferentes fármacos anestésicos. A movimentação e a sensibilidade palpebrais foram avaliadas utilizando os testes neurológicos de reflexos de ameaça e palpebrais Foi possível concluir que, a ropivacaína a 0,75% e a levobupivacaína a 0,75% promoveram semelhantes bloqueios motor e sensitivo, enquanto que, a lidocaína 2% determinou um rápido retorno da movimentação e da sensibilidade palpebral em cavalos submetidos aos bloqueios do supraorbitário e auriculopalpebral

As Redes Empresariais de Negócios são um tipo de arranjo que determinados segmentos de empresas e outras entidades privadas e independentes, localizados em diferentes elos de uma mesma cadeia produtiva, encontraram para atuar de forma conjunta e orientação estratégica comum, a fim de fortalecer as suas condições de competição pela conquista de maior espaço no mercado. Da inter-relação de seus negócios por um determinado produto, linha ou mercado de atuação, gera-se dinâmica que implica fenômenos orientados por estratégia definida pela governança supra-empresarial, que significa o exercício de atuação informal ou velada sobre as empresas da rede, para alterar o seu poder competitivo. Esse conceito de governança supra-empresas é distinto e diferente daquele de governança corporativa. A partir dessa perspectiva, objetivou-se, principalmente, estudar essas redes de empresas em segmentos de mercados específicos, na presença e relevância de seus atributos, verificados em fenômenos ou efeitos de competitividade. O conjunto de métodos e ferramentas estatísticas constituiu uma metodologia que possibilitou a pesquisa e análises de hipóteses em que se destacam abordagens de Multicritérios de Apoio à Decisão (MCDA), Modelagem Experimental, e interpretação por meio da Lógica Fuzzy, além do desenho de um Modelo Teórico Conceitual Preliminar. Foram pesquisados dois conjuntos de empresas atuantes no Brasil, sendo um do setor alimentício no segmento de serviço-varejista e outro do setor do agronegócio, especificamente na produção, industrialização e comercialização de café. Entrevistaram-se 42 dirigentes das empresas e das organizações envolvidas. A partir das análises descritivas e das hipóteses, foi possível identificar os fenômenos, efeitos ou atributos componentes de rede empresarial de negócios, bem como constatar o diferencial de poder de competitividade. Além disso, são também apresentados resultados com a representação do comportamento global e comparativo de cada um desses atributos dos conjuntos. As constatações permitem afirmar que existem as redes empresariais de negócios orientadas por estratégia definida em plano supra-empresarial e os atributos componentes que foram objeto de estudo, embora alguns deles se manifestem em níveis de intensidade diferentes. Foi possível investigá-las a partir de métodos, que no seu conjunto gerou nova metodologia. / The Business Enterprise Networks are some kind of arrangement which some segments of enterprises and other private and independent organizations, located in different parts of the same productive chain, found to act with common strategy to reinforce their conditions of competing for a bigger place in the market. From the interrelation of its business by a specific product, line or market, it is generated a dynamic that implicates in some phenomenon oriented by a strategy and defined by an informal or veiled coordination or action, turned to the competitive power and resulted from the group of enterprises named supra-enterprise governance, which is a distinct concept and it is different from the corporative governance. From this perspective, it was aimed mainly to study these enterprise networks in segments of specific markets, which have common strategic orientation defined by a supra-enterprising organization, in the presence and relevance of the verified attributes in phenomenon or effects of competitiveness. Orienting the efforts of the research a review was made about the literature existent on the specific theme and about other themes related which are associated to the main one. The joint of methods and statistics tools constituted a methodology which made possible the research and analysis of hypothesis, in which are emphasized the Multicriteria Decision Aid (MCDA), Design of Experiments, interpretation by Fuzzy Logic and the drawing of a Preliminary Conceptual Theoretical Model. Two groups of enterprises operating in Brazil were investigated, one of them is from the food sector in the retail service segment and the other is from the agribusiness specifically in the fields of production, industrialization and trade of coffee. It was interviewed 42 leaders of the enterprises and organizations involved. From the descriptive analysis and the hypothesis it was possible to identify the phenomenon, effects and component attributes of the business enterprise network and to notice the differential power of competitiveness. There are results with the representation of the global behavior of these groups in each of the attributes. It was concluded that the studied component attributes to characterize the business enterprise network exist and that there is a supra-enterprises lining up for strategy in common and it was possible to investigate them from methods which in whole generated a new methodology.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar os níveis de inibição pré-sináptica (IPS) durante a iniciação do passo entre indivíduos com doença de Parkinson (DP) com bloqueio motor (BM), sem-BM (S-BM) e indivíduos saudáveis pareados pela idade (ISPI) e, possíveis correlações entre os níveis de IPS com as variáveis comportamentais (amplitude e tempo do ajuste postural antecipatório [APA]) e os escores do New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOG-Q). A amostra foi composta por 22 indivíduos com BM e 12 S-BM (estágio 3 da DP avaliados no estado on da medicação). Dezesseis ISPI também foram incluídos no estudo. Todos atenderam os critérios de inclusão. Os indivíduos foram avaliados em dois dias. No primeiro dia, todos responderam uma anamnese e o Mini Exame do Estado Mental. Para os indivíduos com DP foi aplicada a escala de estadiamento da DP e a parte III da Escala Unificada de Avaliação da DP (UPDRS) e somente os indivíduos com BM foram avaliados com o NFOG-Q. No segundo dia, todos os indivíduos realizaram a tarefa iniciação do passo na plataforma de força AMTI para avaliação da amplitude e do tempo do APA com ou sem a evocação do reflexo-H na condição teste ou condicionado. O estimulador portátil Nicolet® Viking Quest da CareFusion foi utilizado para evocar o reflexo-H teste e condicionado. O estímulo elétrico foi evocado quando a amplitude do APA ultrapassasse 10 a 20% da linha de base. Todos indivíduos realizaram a tarefa iniciação do passo em 3 condições: 1) sem estímulo; 2) estímulo teste estimulação no nervo tibial; e 3) estímulo condicionado estimulação do nervo fibular antes (intervalo de 100 ms) da estimulação do nervo tibial. Nas três condições, os indivíduos foram instruídos a realizarem 15 passos, logo, 15 estímulos nas condições 2 e 3 de maneira aleatória. A ANOVA one way mostrou diferenças significantes nos valores de IPS entre os três grupos, onde os ISPI apresentaram valores maiores de IPS do que os outros dois grupos e, indivíduos S-BM apresentaram valores maiores IPS comparado aos indivíduos com BM (P<0,001), porém, todos os indivíduos deste último grupo apresentaram facilitação. Adicionalmente, amplitudes maiores e tempos menores do APA foram observados somente para os ISPI (P<0,05), além disso, não foram observadas diferenças entre essas variáveis para os dois grupos de DP (P>0,05). Em relação às correlações, especialmente para os indivíduos com BM, observamos que valores maiores de facilitação estão: fortemente associados com os escores maiores do NFOG-Q (r = -74; P<0,0001); moderadamente associados com as amplitudes menores do APA (r = 0,54; P<0,004); e fracamente associados com os tempos maiores do APA (r = -0,42; P<0,244). Por fim, houve uma forte associação entre as amplitude menores do APA e escores maiores do NFOG-Q (r = -,075; P<0,0001). Em conclusão, indivíduos com BM apresentam facilitação (ausência de IPS) durante a iniciação do passo e associada com deficiências na amplitude e tempo do APA e a severidade do BM. Isso indica que a medula espinhal tem participação na iniciação do passo e pode ser fortemente influenciada por alterações sensório-motoras / The aims of this study were to compare the presynaptic inhibition levels (PSI) in the step initiation between subjects with Parkinson\'s disease (PD) with freezing of gait (FoG), non-FOG (non-FoG), and age-matched healthy controls (HC) and, possible correlations between the PSI levels with the behavioral variables and the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOG-Q) scores. Twenty individuals with FoG, 12 individuals with non-FoG (stage 3 of PD assessed in the clinically defined on state), and 16 HC met the inclusion criteria. Subjects visited the laboratory for two days. On the first day, all of the subjects answered the anamnesis and the Mini-Mental State Examination. However, only in the subjects with PD were assessed the severity of disease and the motor symptoms (Unified Parkinson´s Disease Rating Scale part III [UPDRS-III], but the FoG severity was assessed only in the subjects with FoG. On the second day, all of the subjects performed the step initiation on the force platform (AMTI) to assess amplitude and time of anticipatory postural adjustment with or without evoking H-reflex in the test or conditioned condition. The constant-current stimulator (Nicolet® Viking Quest portable EMG apparatus, CareFusion) was used to evoke the H-reflex. The electrical stimulus was evoked when the APA amplitude exceeded 10 to 20% of the baseline. All of the subjects performed the step initiation in 3 conditions: 1) without stimulation of the nerve; 2) test stimulus stimulation of the tibial nerve; and 3) conditioning stimulus - stimulation of the fibular nerve before (100 ms interval) stimulation of the tibial nerve. At three conditions, subjects were instructed to perform 15 steps, thus, 15 stimuli at conditions 2 and 3 in a random order. The ANOVA one way showed significant differences in the PSI values between the three groups, where the ISPI presented higher values of PSI than the other two groups, and S-BM individuals had higher PSI values compared to individuals with BM (P<0.001), however all of the individuals with FoG presented facilitation. In addition, larger amplitudes and smaller times of APA were observed only for ISPI (P<0.05); in addition, no differences were observed between these variables for the two PD groups (P>0.05). In relation to correlations, especially for individuals with FoG, we observed that greater values of facilitation are: strongly associated with the higher NFOG-Q scores (r = -0.74; P<0.0001); moderately associated with the smaller APA amplitudes (r = 0.54; P<0.004); and weakly associated with higher APA times (r = -0.42, P<0.244). Finally, there was a strong association between the smaller APA amplitudes and higher NFOG-Q scores (r = -0.75, P<0.0001). In conclusion, individuals with FoG presented facilitation (absence of PSI) in the step initiation which was associated with deficits in amplitude and time of APA and FoG severity. This indicates that the spinal cord has participation in the step initiation that can be strongly influenced by the abnormal sensory motor

Une perte auditive neurosensorielle est généralement associée à uneréduction de l’intelligibilité de la parole, et ce tout particulièrement dans le bruit.Les contributions respectives d’une réduction de l'audibilité et de déficitssupraliminaires sont encore débattues.L'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'évaluer l'effet spécifique desdéficits supraliminaires sur l’intelligibilité de la parole. L'effet de l'audibilité étaitcontrôlé en mesurant l’intelligibilité de signaux de parole sans signification filtrésdans les régions basses et moyennes fréquences au sein desquelles la détection desons purs était normale chez des auditeurs malentendants présentant par ailleursune perte auditive en hautes fréquences. Dans ces régions fréquentielles oùl’audibilité est supposée normale, des déficits d'intelligibilité de la parole légers àsévères ont été observés dans le silence comme dans le bruit chez les auditeursmalentendants. Les déficits étaient similaires dans les bruits masquantstationnaires et fluctuants. Ces résultats démontrent l’influence des déficitsauditifs supraliminaires sur l’intelligibilité de la parole.Le second objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'origine de ces déficitssupraliminaires. Les résultats indiquent qu’une réduction de la sélectivitéfréquentielle cochléaire ne peut pas expliquer entièrement les déficitsd’intelligibilité de la parole des auditeurs malentendants. L'influence de lasensibilité à la structure temporelle fine reste incertaine / Speech intelligibility is reduced for listeners with sensorineural hearingloss, especially for speech in noise. The extent to which this reduction is due toreduced audibility or to supra-threshold deficits is still debated.The main goal of this PhD work was to investigate the specific influenceof supra-threshold deficits on speech intelligibility. The effect of audibility wascontrolled for by measuring speech intelligibility for hearing-impaired listenersusing nonsense speech signals filtered in low- and mid-frequency regions wherepure-tone sensitivity was normal. Hearing-impaired listeners with hearing loss inhigh-frequency regions showed mild to severe intelligibility deficits for speechboth in quiet and in noise in these frequency regions of normal audibility. Similardeficits were obtained for speech in steady and fluctuating masking noises. Thisprovides additional evidence that speech intelligibility may be strongly influencedby supra-threshold auditory deficits.The second aim of this PhD work was to investigate the origin of thesesupra-threshold deficits. Results showed that reduced frequency selectivity cannotentirely explain the speech intelligibility deficits of the hearing-impaired listeners.The influence of temporal fine structure sensitivity remained unclear

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation, I grapple with the problem of global drug resistance and moral responsibility which, as far as I am aware, has so far not been presented as a topic of ethical inquiry. It represents a conundrum involving three major factors: microbial adaptation and change, human social factors and environmental changes. Drug resistance is a phenomenon in which certain microorganisms, when exposed to antimicrobial agents, may acquire the beneficial trait of drug resistance which ensures a better potential for their survival. The acquired trait of drug resistance I argue renders such microorganisms 'supra-natural '. Supra-natural is a term I coin for entities that have been imposed upon nature by human design; they do not follow the natural evolutionary processes of adaptation and change. Drug resistance is classified as an emerging infectious disease. Human social factors and environmental change (particularly population growth, density and consumerist practices) enhance the rise of emerging infectious diseases. Through such increasing destructive practices, stress is placed on the environment. Environmental stress facilitates the rise of new and old infectious diseases and the spread of drug resistant supra-natural microorganisms. Thus, our ability to treat successfully illnesses and injuries in humans, animals and plants is increasingly impaired. Morally, we are responsible for the problem of global drug resistance. Drug resistant microorganisms exist in nature and concerning this, we can do nothing. At best, we can only try to control the problem using prudential measures. The problem of global drug resistance represents both a biomedical ethical and an environmental ethical issue. Is there a way out of the human-nature debate? Through Bryan Norton's enlightened anthropocentrism, I identify the ways in which his thesis may be applied to the problem of human and environmental concerns and show its applicability in broadening the parameters of biomedical ethics education to include environmental concerns. Key words: biomedical ethics, environmental ethics, drug resistance, Supra-natural' microorganisms, ethics education, enlightened-anthropocentrism. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif bespreek ek die probleem van die verskynsel dat mikroorganismes op 'n globale skaal weerstand begin bied teen mediese middels (globale middel-weerstandigheid) en die morele verantwoordelikheid wat dit oproep - 'n probleem wat, na my beste wete, nog nooit aangebied is as 'n tema van etiesfilosofiese ondersoek nie. Dit verteenwoordig 'n kompleks van drie belangrike oorwegings: mikrobiese aanpassings en veranderinge, menslike sosiale faktore, en omgewingsveranderinge. Middel-weerstandigheid is 'n verskynsel waarin sekere mikro-organismes, wanneer hulle blootgestel word aan antimikrobiese agente, die (vir hulself) voordelige kenmerk kan bekom van weerstandigheid teen die middel; iets wat 'n beter potensiaal vir hul eie oorlewing verseker. Hierdie bekomde kenmerk (middel-weerstandigheid) maak, volgens my argument, sulke mikro-organismes 'supra-natuurlik'. Supra-natuurlik is 'n term wat ek munt vir entiteite wat aan die natuur blootgestel is as gevolg van menslike ontwerp; hulle volg nie die natuurlike evolusionêre prosesse van adaptasie en verandering nie. Middel-weerstandigheid word geklassifiseer as 'n opkomende aansteeklike siekte. Menslike sosiale faktore en omgewingsveranderinge (veral bevolkingsgroei, -digtheid and verbruikerspraktyke ) vergroot die opkoms van aansteeklike siektes. Deur sodanige toenemende destruktiewe praktyke word stres geplaas op die omgewing. Omgewingstres fasiliteer die opkoms van nuwe en ou aansteeklike siektes asook die verspreiding van weerstandige supra-natuurlike mikro-organismes. Ons vermoë om siektes en beserings van mense suksesvol te behandel, word gevolglik toenemend ondermyn. Moreel gesproke is ons verantwoordelik vir die probleem van globale middelweerstandigheid. Middel-weerstandige mikro-organismes bestaan in die natuur, en aan daardie feit as sodanig kan ons niks doen nie. Ons kan, ten beste, probeer om die probleem te beheer deur middel van verstandige maatreëls. Die probleem van globale middel-weerstandigheid verteenwoordig sowel 'n biomedies-etiese as 'n omgewingsetiese kwessie. Is daar 'n uitweg uit die mens-natuur debat? Ek identifiseer, met 'n beroep op Bryan Norton se swak antroposentrisme, maniere waarop sy tese toegepas sou kon word op die probleem van menslike en omgewingsoorgwegings Ek wys ook op die toepaslikheid daarvan vir die verbreding van die parameters van biomediese etiek-opvoeding ten einde omgewingsoorwegings deel van lg. te maak. Kembegrippe: biomediese etiek, omgewingsetiek, middel-weerstandigheid, 'Supra- . natuurlike' mikro-organismes, etiek-opvoeding, swak antroposentrisme.

Les neurones magnocellulaires du noyau supraoptique (NSO) participent à la synthèse et la libération de la vasopressine (AVP) et de l'ocytocine (OT). Ce noyau subit une plasticité neurochimique et structurale réversible en réponse aux stimulations physiologiques telles que la lactation, la parturition et la déshydratation. La noradrénaline (NA) joue un rôle critique dans cette plasticité mais les mécanismes précis de cette régulation ne sont pas encore bien élucidés. En effet plusieurs facteurs moléculaires ou cellulaires pourraient être impliqués dans cette régulation. Dans le but d'étudier les facteurs impliqués dans la régulation de l'AVP et de l'OT par la NA, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser au monoxyde azote (NO) et aux métalloprotéinases (MMP). <br /><br />Nous avons utilisé un modèle ex-vivo de tranches d'hypothalamus (400µm) de souris C3H mâle, contenant les NSO, maintenues en survie dans une chambre d'incubation, dans différentes conditions pharmacologiques. Ces tranches ont subi des traitements pharmacologiques pour 1h ou 4h en présence de la NA. Afin de déterminer l'implication du NO ou des MMP dans la voie de signalisation de la NA, des traitements par le L-arginine méthyl ester (L-NAME, inhibiteur de NO), le sodium nitroprusside (SNP, donneur de NO), l'EGTA (bloquer du Ca+2), et la phénanthroline (inhibiteur de MMP) ont été réalisé. Une quantification des deux peptides synthétisés par les neurones magnocellulaires dans ces conditions a été réalisée par le dosage immunoenzymatique, et l'étude de l'expression et de l'activité des différents peptides et facteurs a été réalisée par immunohistochimie, histoenzymologie, et zymographie in situ.<br /><br />Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons montré que la NA stimule l'expression de l'AVP et de l'OT validant ainsi notre modèle ex-vivo par rapport aux modèles in-vivo. Parallèlement, une augmentation de l'expression et de l'activité de la nNOS et la iNOS, ainsi que l'activité de la NADPH-diaphorase par la NA a été observé dans les neurones magnocellulaires du NSO. Aucune détection de la eNOS n'a été observée. L'utilisation de L-NAME au cours du traitement NA nous a permis de montrer que le NO est impliqué dans la voie de régulation de l'AVP par la NA mais pas dans celle de l'OT. L'analyse immunoenzymatique en utilisant un bloqueur de l'activité de la nNOS nous a permis de constater que le NO impliqué dans la régulation d'AVP par la NA provient à la fois de l'activité de la nNOS et de la iNOS.<br /><br />Dans le deuxième partie, nous avons montré que la plasticité neurochimique induite par la NA pourrait impliquer des molécules de la MEC. Nous avons montré que la MMP2 et la MMP9 sont exprimées dans des neurones vasopressinergiques, ocytocinergiques, ainsi que dans les astrocytes. Nous avons ensuite montré que la NA augmente l'expression et l'activité de ces MMPs dans les neurones magnocellulaires du NSO. L'implication de la MMP2 et de la MMP9 dans la régulation de l'AVP et de l'OT par la NA, réalisée par immunohistochimie en utilisant un inhibiteur des MMPs, a permis de suggérer que ces MMPs pourraient être un des facteurs impliqués dans la plasticité des neurones magnocellulaires du NSO.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Real time spectrum analysis of signals obtained through lasso catheter during radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein was performed to determine the channel with dominant frequency. Threshold algorithm was used for signals which could be classified as type I and type II AF. Type III AF Signals which were highly fractionated or differentiated were evaluated for frequency content by performing Fast Fourier Transform. Data from Seven patients was collected and an episode of 180 ± 40 seconds was recorded and analyzed for each pulmonary vein that showed electrical activation. Frequency spectra for one second segment of signal for each channel were determined. The frequencies of channels were then compared to determine the channel with highest or dominant frequency. In most cases the frequency of a single channel varied erratically between 1 to 10 Hz for every subsequent one second segment which made DF detection among the channels unreliable and a single channel with dominant frequency could not be determined. A five second averaging for each channel did not produce a stable DF output and improvement was minimal. The erratic frequency behavior could be attributed to the spatial shift of micro- reentrant circuits or temporal variation in waveform over lap at the point of detection. To determine the DF more precisely either an increase in number of electrode or increase in time segment block for DF calculation is warranted. Increasing the time segment block will defeat the purpose of real time analysis thus an increase in number of electrode mapping the area of interest would be appropriate to resolve the issue.

Dans cette thèse intitulé "Dynamique quantique de la phase et de la charge dans des chaînes des jonctionsJosephson", une étude expérimentale et une description théorique des effets quantiques des phases et descharges dans les chaînes de jonctions Josephson est présenté.La dynamique des chaînes de jonctions est dominé par deux échelles d'energie: l'energie Josephsonrelié a la superposition des fonctions d'ondes de deux électrodes et l'energie de charge relié a l'énergieélectrostatique des charges sur les deux électrodes. La réalisation d'un état quasi-classique de la chargenécessite une énergie de charge importante pour diminuer lesfluctuation quantique de la charge. En plus,le temps de relaxations de la jonctions dois être augmenté par un environnement a haute impédance.Un état de charges localisé a été réalisé sur une jonctions Josephson dans un environnement inductiveréalisé par une chaîne de jonction Josephson. L'état de charge localisé se manifeste par l'apparition d'undomaine a haute résistances dans les caractéristques courant-tension.Une chaînes des jonctions n'est pas une inductances parfaite. Des résonances electro-magnétique lié a lacapacité vers la masse des îlots supra-conducteurs altèrent la localisation de charge.Une characterisation des effets de pertes et des non-lineartés de ces résonances a été effectué. / In this thesis entitled ' Quantum phase and charge dynamics in Josephson junction chains ' an experimental study and theoretical description of quantum effects of phases and charges in chains of Josephsonjunctions is presented.The dynamics of Josephson junction chains are dominated by two different energy scales: the Josephsonenergy, which is related to the overlap of the superconducting wave functions of the two superconductorsforming the junction and the charging energy that is related to the electrostatic energy of the Cooper-pairs on the islands. The realization of a well-defined charge state on a Josephson junction requires a highcharging energy to suppress the quantumfluctuations of the charge. In addition, the charge relaxationtimes must be increased by inserting the junction in a high impedance environment.We have realized such a well-defined charge state on a Josephson junction in an inductive environmentthat is formed by a Josephson junction chain. The localized charge state manifest itself by the appearanceof a high resistive regime in the current-voltage characteristic.A Josephson junction chain is however not a perfect inductor. Electromagnetic resonances related withthe finite ground capacitance of the superconducting islands influence the charge localization.We have characterized the effect of losses and nonlinearities on the electromagnetic resonances of Josephson junction chains in microwave spectroscopy measurements.

Em nossa leitura do diálogo Fédon, partiremos da análise dos motivos que Sócrates apresenta para não temer a morte, os quais se baseiam no discurso acerca da natureza da alma, para analisar os indícios que a racionalidade, mais precisamente a phronesis, oferece acerca dos limites entre o domínio supra-sensível e o domínio da vida humana. Tal reflexo, ao mesmo tempo em que denuncia sua natureza e orienta o homem verso ao exercício de filosofar, dá indicações acerca das limitações do intelecto para dizer sobre esse domínio, distinto do domínio da sensibilidade. Verificaremos a colaboração da phronesis na elaboração do discurso sobre a imortalidade, o qual justifica o destemor da morte, e os vários sentidos em que podemos compreendê-la no diálogo. / In our searching of the dialogue Phaedo, we will start by analyzing the reasons that Socrates presents to not fear death, wich are based on discourse about the nature of the soul, to examine the evidence that rationality, specifically the phronesis, offers about the boundaries between the area of the super-sensitive and the human life´s area. Such reflection, while denouncing their nature and guides the man towards to the exercise of philosophy, also provides at same time references about the limitations of the intellect to say about this area, distinct of the area of sensitivity. We will check the collaboration of phronesis in the development of the discourse on immortality, wich justifies the fearlessness of the death, and the various ways in which we can understand it in dialogue.