This study aims to demonstrate the critical role of waste management in urban sustainability, promote planners' contribution to proactive and efficient waste management, and facilitate the integration of waste management into mainstream sustainability planning. With anticipated increases in population and associated waste generation, timely and effective waste management highlights one of the most critical challenges of sustainable development, which calls for meeting "the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (WCED, 1987). Waste management in urban areas plays a particularly important role, given that waste generated from urban areas are often exported out of the region for processing and treatment, and the impacts of waste disposal activities may pass on to the other jurisdictions, and even to the next generations. An urban system cannot be sustainable if it requires more resources than it can produce on its own and generates more wastes than the environment can assimilate. The current waste management practice, which focuses on short-term impacts and end-of-pipe solutions, is reactive in nature and inadequate to promote sustainability within urban systems, across jurisdictions, and across generations. Through material flows in and out of urban systems, many potential opportunities exist to reduce waste generation and to minimize the negative impacts on the environment, the economy, and the society. City planners' involvement in waste management, however, has been largely limited to siting waste management facilities. Linking waste management with three important lenses in planning-land use, economic development, and environmental planning, this study investigates the impacts of urban growth on waste management activities, the need of transforming the reactive nature of current waste management, and the challenges and opportunities that planners should address to promote urban systems' self-reliance of material and waste management needs. This study includes three empirical analyses to complement theoretical discussions. First, it connects waste statistics with demographic data, geographic characteristics, and policy instruments at the county level to examine whether waste volume can be decoupled from urban population growth. Second, it examines the life cycle costs of different waste management options and develops a simulation study to seek cost-effective strategies for long-term waste management. Third, it compiles evidence of geographic-specific characteristics related to waste management and demonstrates why waste management policies cannot be one-size-fit-all. This study finds that, with successful implementation of strategic policy design, waste generation and its associated impacts can be decoupled from population and urban growth. Good lessons about waste reduction programs can be learned from different communities. Meanwhile, this study also reveals various challenges facing communities with heterogeneous characteristics, such as housing density, building age, and income. Accordingly, this study discusses the potential opportunities for planners to contribute to community-specific waste management programs, the prospect of transforming waste management practice from a cost burden to a long-term economic development strategy, and the need to incorporate waste management into the sustainable urban planning agenda.

Sustainable development has created new demands and led to a new way of thinking within the community-planning realm and has grown in use due to the increasing and changing awareness of environmental issues and their connection to growth within communities. As part ofthe Canadian Federal Gas Tax Fund requirement, municipalities must develop an Integrated Community Sustainability Plan (ICSP). Currently, many municipalities are working towards a sustainable or environmental vision for their community and have developed master plans and policies to implement environmental practices. The issue facing municipalities is how do existing bodies of work support and integrate into the development of an ICSP? The Town of Oakville is used as a case study to investigate the method of reconciling master plans and policies to develop an ICSP. The research methods include a case study, interviews, the analysis ofICSP toolkits and municipal ICSPs. The research identifies successes, limitations, and improvements for the proposed approach.

This study presents a framework for assessing settlement patterns and trends to guide sustainable settlement development planning in South Africa. The rationale for the study is the persistence of multi-faceted interrelated, settlement challenges. At the beginning of the post-apartheid period in 1994, the new democratic government in South Africa adopted progressive policies to promote sustainable human settlements that integrate the various facets of human activity such as transportation, housing and socio-economic facilities. However, unsustainable and inefficient patterns of apartheid era planning persist more than 15 years into the post-apartheid settlements. Compounding this situation are new, unsustainable emerging trends such as the peripheral location of mono-functional low income housing developments in cities. This study argues that the main reason for the persistence of settlement challenges is the absence of comprehensive frameworks for the formulation of sustainable development plans that are informed by substantive theory, best practice and also the dialectical relationship among various settlement facets. It therefore develops a new framework and model for assessing settlement patterns and trends to guide sustainable development plans. The operational method is informed by a new synthetic theory of settlement patterns and trends, application of the theory to international and local patterns of policies and dynamics, empirical synthetic techniques for assessing settlement patterns and trends including the deductive formulation of sustainable development plans in localities, based on these interrelated components of the framework and model. Empirical synthetic techniques for the practical assessment of settlement patterns and trends are based on the translation of key theories and concepts of the synthetic theory into measurables. The synthetic empirical techniques use EThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu Natal province, South Africa as the case study since the municipality contains settlement typologies and systems that are typical of the province. The analysis of EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality revealed that prevailing settlement patterns and trends are not sustainable. On the other hand the municipality‟s development plans are not responsive to the heterogeneous socio-economic characteristics of the population in different settlement typologies including Local Economic Development (LED) potentials in the nodes in different functional regions of the municipality. On these grounds, the research study proposes alternative sustainable settlement development plans for EThekwini Municipality. The thesis recommends a dialectical deductive formulation of development plans based on the new framework of assessing settlement patterns and trends developed by this research. As such socio-economic investment priorities must be informed by the potential of economic growth in different town centres and functional regions all the same being responsive to social, economic and physical characteristics of the population. Pro-growth and pro-poor LED strategies should also be adopted, depending on the nature and extent of heterogeneity in the factors of production in the different town centres and settlement typologies they serve. Therefore, sustainable development plans can be achieved in South Africa if this new framework and model is adopted to guide future settlement patterns and trends. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cities are at the heart of the debate on sustainable development. The urbanization over recent decades has brought with it many challenges around the urban sustainability. The cleaner energy generation, proper disposal of solid waste, urban mobility and the availability of green areas are some of goals in different agendas of sustainable cities. In this context, the adoption of management practices for sustainable urban development is able to produce urban conditions that may be mentioned: raising the quality of life and well-being of the population, reduction of environmental impacts and the adoption of a healthy lifestyle in the cities. This distinctive urban environment is able to provide, among other things, attracting qualified people, most social interaction between them and the attraction of investments. Several authors suggest that these factors, among others, may be associated with the generation of positive externalities that promote economic development and increase the ability to produce innovation. A qualified urban environment that values diversity, fosters creativity and enables the knowledge sharing can be considered suitable for the increased creativity and innovation. In this sense, the study aims at analyzing the importance of management practices for sustainable urban development to promote favorable urban conditions to the formation of innovative urban environments in sustainable cities. For this, a qualitative and exploratory research, through a case study was carried out. The case of Curitiba city has been studied, in view of its representativeness in urban sustainability, which enabled the analysis of the phenomenon in a context that allowed the achievement of the objectives. It was possible to know the city's characteristics and the key management practices for sustainable urban development conducted in Curitiba. Above all, it could be noted urban conditions, as a result of these practices, capable of favoring the creation of an innovative urban environment, among which are: (1) social integration and articulation between the actors; (2) Attraction of qualified companies; (3) adequate mobility and urban infrastructure; (4) attracting and retaining talented / skilled human capital; (5) high quality of life; (6) active cultural scene. Thus, as a sustainable city, Curitiba was demonstrated an urban environment that promotes such conditions, which create positive externalities that favor the increase in innovative capacity in their territory. We can see, yet, a closer association of these conditions with the activities related to the service sector, such as the creative economy. We can see, yet, a closer association of these conditions with the activities related to the service sector, such as the creative economy. The research presents evidences to confirm the theoretical presupposition of the study, namely: management practices for sustainable urban development are able to provide conditions for the formation of innovative urban environments in sustainable cities. / As cidades estão no centro do debate em busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. A acelerada urbanização ocorrida nas últimas décadas trouxe consigo diversos desafios em torno da sustentabilidade urbana. A geração de energia mais limpa, a destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos, a adequada mobilidade urbana e a disponibilidade de áreas verdes são alguns dos objetivos presentes nas diversas agendas das cidades sustentáveis. Nesse contexto, a adoção de práticas de gestão para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável é capaz de produzir determinadas condições urbanas, entre as quais, podem ser citadas: a elevação da qualidade de vida e do bem-estar da população, a redução dos impactos ambientais e possibilidade de adoção de um estilo de vida saudável nas cidades. Este ambiente urbano diferenciado é capaz de proporcionar, entre outros aspectos, a atração de pessoas qualificadas, a maior interação social entre elas e a atração de investimentos. Diversos autores sugerem que esses fatores, entre outros, podem estar associados à geração de externalidades positivas, capazes de promover o desenvolvimento econômico e o aumento da capacidade de produzir inovações. Um ambiente urbano qualificado, que valorize a diversidade, favoreça a criatividade e possibilite a troca de conhecimentos pode ser considerado propício para o aumento da criatividade e da inovação. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de analisar a importância das práticas de gestão para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável na criação de condições urbanas favoráveis à formação de ambientes urbanos inovadores em cidades sustentáveis. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e exploratória, operacionalizada por meio de um estudo de caso. Foi estudado, em profundidade, o caso da cidade de Curitiba, tendo em vista sua representatividade no que se refere à sustentabilidade urbana, o que possibilitou a análise do fenômeno em um contexto que permitiu o alcance dos objetivos estipulados. Foi possível conhecer as características do município e as principais práticas de gestão para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável desenvolvidas em Curitiba. Sobretudo, puderam-se evidenciar condições urbanas resultantes dessas práticas, capazes de favorecer a criação de um ambiente urbano inovador, entre as quais, destacam-se: (1) integração social e articulação entre os atores; (2) atração de empresas qualificadas; (3) adequada mobilidade e infraestrutura urbana; (4) atração e retenção de talentos/capital humano qualificado; (5) elevada qualidade de vida; e (6) cenário cultural ativo. Desse modo, em se tratando de uma cidade sustentável, Curitiba mostrou-se um ambiente urbano capaz de promover tais condições, as quais criam externalidades positivas que favorecem o aumento da capacidade inovativa em seu território. Percebe-se, ainda, uma associação mais estreita dessas condições com as atividades associadas ao setor de serviços, a exemplo da economia criativa. A pesquisa apresenta evidências, portanto, para a confirmação do pressuposto teórico do estudo, qual seja: as práticas de gestão para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável são capazes de proporcionar condições para a formação de ambientes urbanos inovadores em cidades sustentáveis.

This is a futures study based on the citizen initiative HS2020 in Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm. The initiative has the vision to “Renew a new city”, and further develop Hammarby Sjöstad’s environmental profile towards a sustainable development until 2020. The aim of this study is to explore the possibilities for HS2020 to also work with Collaborative Consumption, which involves the sharing of goods, services, and space, as a contributing factor to the sustainable development of Hammarby Sjöstad. This study uses an explorative scenario approach together with backcasting, a normative scenario approach to create future images of Hammarby Sjöstad in 2020. These images explore the possibilities for HS2020 to also work with Collaborative Consumption in six of their sub-projects. The futures images were generated based on three workshops with participants connected to HS2020’s work, and also on the literature study and the collected background information. The future images of Hammarby Sjöstad mediate how HS2020 could further develop the existing sub-projects, by focusing more on Collaborative Consumption. The solutions presented in the theory could be implemented in Hammarby Sjöstad. They could be for anyone, restricted to members, within an apartment building or a small group of people that could also own and maintain the sharing solution. Other important actors are private companies, the municipality and non-profit organization that could initiate, own and maintain these sharing solutions. The future images show that they could contribute to increased sustainability in different ways.

I takt med att städerna växer ökar även deras negativa miljöpåverkan, städerna står idag för cirka 70 procent av världens koldioxidutsläpp. Städerna och dess medborgare har en betydande roll i arbetet med att minska miljöpåverkan och uppnå en hållbar utveckling vilket tydliggörs i de globala målen. I Malmö är intresset för miljöfrågor stort och involvering av medborgarna i det lokala arbetet med Agenda 2030 pågår. Studien syftar till att bidra med ökad förståelse och kunskap om hur medborgarnas kunskaper, deltagande och engagemang inom klimat- och miljöfrågor kan hjälpa kommunen att komma närmare sina visioner om en hållbar stad. Genom att studera exempel från andra städers arbete med medborgarengagemang och dialog, har kriterier för ett strategiskt hållbart arbetssätt samt konkreta koncept för att involvera medborgarna i Malmö tagits fram. Det har även utförts intervjuer med kommunanställda på gatukontoret, stadsbyggnadskontoret och miljöförvaltningen för att styrka värdet av koncepten. Studien visar att det finns miljömässiga fördelar med att sprida kunskap samt involvera medborgarna i arbetet för att uppnå en hållbar stad. Studien visar vidare på behov av att ytterligare utveckla arbetet med att involvera medborgarna, samt ta vara på det engagemang som finns och säkerställa en kontinuitet i arbetet. De framtagna koncepten kan bidra till att öka medborgarnas kunskaper och medvetenhet kring deras miljöpåverkan samt bidra till ett ökat engagemang och deltagande i det gemensamma arbetet mot ett mer miljömässigt hållbart Malmö. Genom att involvera alla i stadsutvecklingen ökar vi chanserna att uppnå de globala målen och närma oss en miljömässig hållbar utveckling. / As cities grow, their negative environmental impact also increases, accounting for 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, cities and its inhabitants have a significant role in reducing environmental impact and achieving sustainable development, which is embodied in the global sustainable development goals. An example of this is the study of environmental issues in the city of Malmö, and the efforts to involve its citizens in the ongoing local work for the 2030 agenda. The aim of this study is to assess, with qualitative knowledge, how citizens' knowledge, participation and commitment in climate and environmental matters can help the city of Malmö to reach their vision of becoming sustainable. By studying cases from other cities work with citizens' involvement and participation, six criterias and three draft concepts have been created for a strategical sustainable way of working. Testimonies were collected from municipal employees who worked with related issues, presenting the adequate questions to strengthen the value of the concepts. The study shows that there are environmental benefits by sharing knowledge as well as involving citizens in the work to achieve a sustainable city. Consequently, the study also supported the need to further develop the work towards involving citizens as well as, to utilizing existing commitment and ensuring continuity. The realization of the draft concepts will contribute to raising citizens' knowledge and awareness about their environmental impact and thereby raising their commitment and participation for a more environmentally and sustainable Malmö.

This paper uses an exploratory multiple case study research approach to investigate three bottom-up temporary use projects in Malmö. The aim is to provide an understanding of starting processes of temporary use through a project lens with a focus on phases and activities; key stakeholders and motivations; and project key enablers. Regarding temporary use project phases and activities, this study found that there are five steps/phases among the three cases: (1) inspiration; (2) ideation and feasibility; (3) preparation; (4) implementation; and (5) on-going operation. Furthermore, the common key stakeholders found in the projects are founders; landowner; intermediary; authority; temporary user (participant, volunteer, or tenant); researcher; local community; and funding body. Although the stakeholder groups were pretty similar, they engaged in different intensities in different projects. Their different motivations can be grouped in three different groups: personal interest; assigned task; or monetary incentive. Some stakeholders had mixed motivation. Moreover, this paper discovers 14 key project enablers: (1) municipality support; (2) landowner support; (3) intermediary support; (4) financial support; (5) communication & expectation management; (6) network; (7) good planning; (8) community support; (9) openness and engagement; (10) partnership; (11) space and location advantage; (12) project team and entrepreneurial mindset; (13) luck; and (14) influence from the neighbor city. The study recommends creating a municipal temporary use activating unit in order to grow this type of bottom-up movement in the city. This recommendation is in line with the discourse of the researchers in integrating bottom-up temporary use into the strategy and planning level of top-down activities. This research might allow future project leaders to get reference points and guidance for their own bottom-up temporary use projects, as well as provides understanding to researchers who are interested in temporary use and other bottom-up urban development fields.

The discussion of a ‘cultural’ dimension of sustainability has been brought forward in sustainable development and in particular sustainable urban development (SUD) in the last three decades. Despite both an advancement of scientific discourse and advocacy through international organisations, empirical examples discussing explicitly leadership and organisation for implementation of culture in SUD are still rare. Through the lens of leadership and organisation, important questions regarding norms, values and behavior are being addressed that provide the foundation for future development. To advance empirical knowledge in the described field, the thesis takes a look at the city of Malmö in the form of a case study. In Malmö, culture has been assigned an important and all-encompassing role in the city’s organisation and sustainable development plan, manifested through a local policy, the so called ‘Culture Strategy’. This in-depth study aims at understanding the practical application of culture in SUD, given a theoretical framework including the possible roles of culture in SUD and the meanings of creative organisation and leadership in a neoliberal urban context. It is followed by a comprehensive analysis of a range of official documents and eight semi- structured interviews. Asking for the communication of visions and actors’ roles and understandings of culture in relation to practices and organisational structures, the thesis shows that the cultural strategy so far has a dual function as a catalyst and representative for the discussion of culture in SUD. Over-departmentalisation and a lack of communication present hinders for organisational change and the potential of development through learning is not given adequate space and time so far. In conclusion, the municipal organisation must detach from the idea to control, and rather enable ‘spaces’ for diverse actors to collectively employ creativity and allow for an experimental process to unfold.

Humanity is facing massive sustainability challenges, such as climate change and the associated loss of biodiversity, water scarcity and food insecurity. Capitalist urbanisation drives furthermore profound transformations in rural and urban areas and thus in the agriculture and food systems, presenting both challenges and opportunities. Urban agriculture as a part of a local food system, where food is produced in an urban area and sold to consumers in that area, presents a new food production model, generating innovative tools to lower agricultural land use, improving resource use efficiency and biodiversity. Consequently, great potential can be attributed to a sustainable transformation of the agri-food system through urban agriculture.  Like many cities around the world, Malmö has recognised the need for sustainable development. Therefore, the city of Malmö has been addressing environmental, social and economic challenges for several years and is committed to a holistic and sustainable urban development. Although the city is aware of the benefits of small-scale urban agriculture, there are no policies that enable the upscaling of urban agriculture in the city. Botildenborg, a sustainable urban farm and meeting place in Malmö, on the other hand, has recognised the potential for sustainable business and development through urban agriculture for several years, by setting itself the goal to increase the local and ecologically produced food within the city through this form of agriculture. Botildenborg serves therefore as a case study of this research.  In order to be able to provide indications for policies to shape the transformation steps towards sustainability within the agri-food system in Malmö, structures and patterns, as well as possible drivers and potential obstacles of a sustainable transition, are examined in the course of this research. The empirical results from qualitative and quantitative data are systematically processed using the multi-level perspective in combination with the urban political ecology.  The results indicate that the identified barriers tend to be structural and are predominantly located in the economic and especially the political sphere. It seems that the non-monetary added value from urban agriculture is not perceived to its full potential by the city of Malmö. Botildenborg is stabilising itself mainly through knowledge sharing and network building, and thus will sooner or later be able, through the movement behind the network, to change the dominant agri-food regime. The rapidity of the transformation depends on the political ii willingness of the city of Malmö to explicitly integrate urban agriculture into its policies and regulations.

How can local governments in the absence of national regulations or incentive schemesmotivate private owners of post-war mass-housing for investments into ambitious retrofittingfor energy efficiency? The million-program houses’ lifecycle currently makes renovationsnecessary and this would be an excellent opportunity to realize an upgrading of their energyefficiencystatus. Private owners do however show no inclination to do so. An intertwinedarray of barriers towards energy-efficient renovation is explored in this study, while it seeks tofind out which new drivers are needed to overcome these barriers and create an intrinsicmotivation for the owners to undertake the anticipated investments. In an exploratory casestudy, these points are investigated in the context of the exemplifying case of the Bygga omDialogen project in Malmö, Sweden.Bygga om Dialogen, is reframing the situation of investments into energy-efficiency in abroader socio-economic context and thrives to create new drivers pushing the owners toundertake the investments via the tools of strategic niche management and reflexivegovernance. This study explores how a strategic niche management and reflexive governancecan be used to motivate a variety of stakeholders to scrutinize and reconsider theirassumptions of the renovation-business-case and how this can stimulate the owners to activelycontribute to the establishment of a new, innovative, cross-sectoral approach seeking torealize energy-efficient investments in the context of holistic sustainable development in theneighborhood of Lindängen. Additionally it is explored how strategic niche management canbe used to deal with the contextual, strategic and institutional uncertainties that the establishednetwork is facing. Ideally the vision of mutually realizing energy-efficient renovations as partof an inclusive socio-economic upgrading of the neighborhood, could act as a building blockand exemplifying case for similar neighborhoods nationwide- or even all over Europe.