Soit (M,ω) un variété symplectique fermée et connexe.On considère des sous-variétés lagrangiennes α : L → (M,ω). Si α est monotone, c.- à-d. s’il existe η > 0 tel que ημ = ω, Paul Biran et Octav Conea ont défini une version relative de l’homologie quantique. Dans ce contexte ils ont déformé l’opérateur de bord du complexe de Morse ainsi que le produit d’intersection à l’aide de disques pseudo-holomorphes. On note (QH(L), ∗), l’homologie quantique de L munie du produit quantique. Le principal objectif de cette dissertation est de généraliser leur construction à un classe plus large d’espaces. Plus précisément on considère soit des sous-variétés presque monotone, c.-à-d. α est C1-proche d’un plongement lagrangian monotone ; soit les fibres toriques de variétés toriques Fano. Dans ces cas non nécessairement monotones, QH(L) va dépendre de certains choix, mais cela sera irrelevant pour les applications présentées ici. Dans le cas presque monotone, on s’intéresse principalement à des questions de déplaçabilité, d’uniréglage et d’estimation d’énergie de difféomorphismes hamiltoniens. Enfin nous terminons par une application combinant les deux approches, concernant la dynamique d’un hamiltonien déplaçant toutes les fibres toriques non-monotones dans CPn. / Let (M,ω) be a closed connected symplectic maniflod. We consider lagrangian submanifolds α : L →֒ (M,ω). If α is monotone, i.e. there exists η > 0 such that ημ = ω, Paul Biran and Octav Cornea defined a relative version of quantum homology. In this relative setting they deformed the boundary operator of the Morse complex as well as the intersection product by means of pseudoholomorphic discs. We note (QH(L,Λ), ∗) the quantum homology of L endowed with the quantum product. The main goal of this dissertation is to generalize their construction to a larger class of spaces. Namely, we consider : either the so called almost monotone lagrangian submanifolds, i.e. α is C1-close to a monotone lagrangian embedding, or the toric fibers of toric Fano manifolds. In those cases, we are able to generalize the constructions made by Biran and Cornea. However, in those non necessarily monotone cases, QH(L) will depend on some choices, but in a way irrelevant for the applications we have in mind. In the almost monotone case, we are mainly interested in displaceability, uniruling and ernegy estimates for hamiltonian diffeomorphsims. Finally, we end by an application, that combine the two approaches, concerning the dynamics of hamiltonian that displace all non-monotone toric fibers of CPn.

Le sujet de cette thèse est la question du nombre minimal d’orbites de Reeb distinctes sur une variété de contact qui est le bord d’une variété symplectique compacte. L’homologie symplectique S1-équivariante positive est un des outils principaux de cette thèse; elle est construite à partir d’orbites périodiques de champs de vecteurs hamiltoniens sur une variété symplectique dont le bord est la variété de contact considérée.Nous analysons la relation entre les différentes variantes d’homologie symplectique d’une variété symplectique exacte compacte (domaine de Liouville) et les orbites de Reeb de son bord. Nous démontrons certaines propriétés de ces homologies. Pour un domaine de Liouville plongé dans un autre, nous construisons un morphisme entre leurs homologies.Nous étudions ensuite l’invariance de ces homologies par rapport au choix de la forme de contact sur le bord. Nous utilisons l’homologie symplectique S1-équivariante positive pour donner une nouvelle preuve d’un théorème de Ekeland et Lasry sur le nombre minimal d’orbites de Reeb distinctes sur certaines hypersurfaces dans R2n. Nous indiquons comment étendre au cas de certaines hypersurfaces dans certains fibrés en droites complexes négatifs.Nous donnons une caractérisation et une nouvelle fa ç on de calculer l’indice de Conley-Zehnder généralisé, défini par Robbin et Salamon pour tout chemin de matrices symplectiques. Ceci nous a mené à développer de nouvelles formes normales de matrices symplectiques. / This thesis deals with the question of the minimal number of distinct periodic Reeb orbits on a contact manifold which is the boundary of a compact symplectic manifold.The positive S1-equivariant symplectic homology is one of the main tools considered in this thesis. It is built from periodic orbits of Hamiltonian vector fields in a symplectic manifold whose boundary is the given contact manifold.Our first result describes the relation between the symplectic homologies of an exact compact symplectic manifold with contact type boundary (also called Liouville domain), and the periodic Reeb orbits on the boundary. We then prove some properties of these homologies. For a Liouville domain embedded into another one, we construct a morphism between their homologies. We study the invariance of the homologies with respect to the choice of the contact form on the boundary.We use the positive S1-equivariant symplectic homology to give a new proof of a Theorem by Ekeland and Lasry about the minimal number of distinct periodic Reeb orbits on some hypersurfaces in R2n. We indicate how it extends to some hypersurfaces in some negative line bundles. We also give a characterisation and a new way to compute the generalized Conley-Zehnder index defined by Robbin and Salamon for any path of symplectic matrices. A tool for this is a new analysis of normal forms for symplectic matrices.

Inspired by problems in gauge field theory, this thesis is concerned with various aspects of infinite-dimensional differential geometry. In the first part, a local normal form theorem for smooth equivariant maps between tame Fréchet manifolds is established. Moreover, an elliptic version of this theorem is obtained. The proof these normal form results is inspired by the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction for dynamical systems and by the Kuranishi method for moduli spaces, and uses a slice theorem for Fréchet manifolds as the main technical tool. As a consequence of this equivariant normal form theorem, the abstract moduli space obtained by factorizing a level set of the equivariant map with respect to the group action carries the structure of a Kuranishi space, i.e., such moduli spaces are locally modeled on the quotient by a compact group of the zero set of a smooth map. In the second part of the thesis, the theory of singular symplectic reduction is developed in the infinite-dimensional Fréchet setting. By refining the above construction, a normal form for momentum maps similar to the classical Marle–Guillemin–Sternberg normal form is established. Analogous to the reasoning in finite dimensions, this normal form result is then used to show that the reduced phase space decomposes into smooth manifolds each carrying a natural symplectic structure. Finally,the singular symplectic reduction scheme is further investigated in the situation where the original phase space is an infinite-dimensional cotangent bundle. The fibered structure of the cotangent bundle yields a refinement of the usual orbit-momentum type strata into so-called seams. Using a suitable normal form theorem, it is shown that these seams are manifolds. Taking the harmonic oscillator as an example, the influence of the singular seams on dynamics is illustrated. The general results stated above are applied to various gauge theory models. The moduli spaces of anti-self-dual connections in four dimensions and of Yang–Mills connections in two dimensions is studied. Moreover, the stratified structure of the reduced phase space of the Yang–Mills–Higgs theory is investigated in a Hamiltonian formulation after a (3 + 1)-splitting.

Wir konstruieren Beispiele von Kontaktmannigfaltigkeiten in jeder ungeraden Dimension, welche endliche nicht-triviale algebraische Torsion (im Sinne von Latschev-Wendl) aufweisen, somit straff sind und keine starke symplektische Füllung haben. Wir beweisen, dass Giroux Torsion algebraische 1-Torsion in jeder ungeraden Dimension impliziert, womit eine Vermutung von Massot-Niederkrüger-Wendl bewiesen wird. Wir konstruieren unendlich viele nicht diffeomorphe Beispiele von 5-dimensionalen Kontaktmannigfaltigkeiten, welche straff sind, keine starke symplektische Füllung zulassen und keine Giroux Torsion haben. Wir erhalten Obstruktionen für symplektische Kobordismen, ohne für deren Beweis die SFT Maschinerie zu verwenden. Wir geben eine provisorische Definition eines spinalen offenen Buchs in höherer Dimension an, basierend auf der vom 3-dimensionalen Fall aus Lisi-van Horn Morris-Wendl. In einem Anhang geben wir in gemeinsamer Autorenschaft mit Richard Siefring eine wesentliche Zusammenfassung der Schnitttheorie für punktierte holomorphe Kurven und Hyperflächen an, welche die 3-dimensionalen Resultate von Siefring auf höhere Dimensionen verallgemeinert. Mittels der Schnitttheorie erhalten wir eine Anwendung für holomorphe Blätterungen von Kodimension zwei, die wir benutzen um das Verhalten von holomorphem Kurven in unseren Beispielen einzuschränken. / We construct examples in any odd dimension of contact manifolds with finite and non-zero algebraic torsion (in the sense of Latschev-Wendl), which are therefore tight and do not admit strong symplectic fillings. We prove that Giroux torsion implies algebraic 1-torsion in any odd dimension, which proves a conjecture of Massot-Niederkrüger-Wendl. We construct infinitely many non-diffeomorphic examples of 5-dimensional contact manifolds which are tight, admit no strong fillings, and do not have Giroux torsion. We obtain obstruction results for symplectic cobordisms, for which we give a proof not relying on SFT machinery. We give a tentative definition of a higher-dimensional spinal open book decomposition, based on the 3-dimensional one of Lisi-van Horn Morris-Wendl. An appendix written in co-authorship with Richard Siefring gives a basic outline of the intersection theory for punctured holomorphic curves and hypersurfaces, which generalizes his 3-dimensional results to higher dimensions. From the intersection theory we obtain an application to codimension-2 holomorphic foliations, which we use to restrict the behaviour of holomorphic curves in our examples.

In this thesis, central configurations, regularization of Simultaneous binary collision, linear stability of Kepler orbits, and index theory for symplectic path are studied. The history of their study is summarized in section 1. Section 2 deals with the following problem: given a collinear configuration of 4 bodies, under what conditions is it possible to choose positive masses which make it central. It is always possible to choose three positive masses such that the given three positions with the masses form a central configuration. However, for an arbitrary configuration of 4 bodies, it is not always possible to find positive masses forming a central configuration. An expression of four masses is established depending on the position x and the center of mass u, which gives a central configuration in the collinear four body problem. Specifically it is proved that there is a compact region in which no central configuration is possible for positive masses. Conversely, for any configuration in the complement of the compact region, it is always possible to choose positive masses to make the configuration central. The singularities of simultaneous binary collisions in collinear four-body problem is regularized by explicitly constructing new coordinates and time transformation in section 3. The motion in the new coordinates and time scale across simultaneous binary collision is at least C^2. Furthermore, the behavior of the motion closing, across and after the simultaneous binary collision, is also studied. Many different types of periodic solutions involving single binary collisions and simultaneous binary collisions are constructed. In section 4, the linear stability is studied for the Kepler orbits of the rhombus four-body problem. We show that, for given four proper masses, there exists a family of periodic solutions for which each body with the proper mass is at the vertex of a rhombus and travels along an elliptic Kepler orbit. Instead of studying the 8 degrees of freedom Hamilton system for planar four-body problem, we reduce this number by means of some symmetry to derive a two degrees of freedom system which then can be used to determine the linear instability of the periodic solutions. After making a clever change of coordinates, a two dimensional ordinary differential equation system is obtained, which governs the linear instability of the periodic solutions. The system is surprisingly simple and depends only on the length of the sides of the rhombus and the eccentricity e of the Kepler orbit. In section 5, index theory for symplectic paths introduced by Y.Long is applied to study the stability of a periodic solution x for a Hamiltonian system. We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for stability of the periodic solution x in two and four dimension.

Dynamical maps for magnetic components are fundamental to studies of beam dynamics in accelerators. However, it is usually not possible to write down maps in closed form for anything other than simplified models of standard accelerator magnets. In the work presented here, the magnetic field is expressed in analytical form obtained from fitting Fourier series to a 3D numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations. Dynamical maps are computed for a particle moving through this field by applying a second order (with the paraxial approximation) explicit symplectic integrator. These techniques are used to study the beam dynamics in the first non-scaling FFAG ever built, EMMA, especially challenging regarding the validity of the paraxial approximation for the large excursion of particle trajectories. The EMMA lattice has four degrees of freedom (strength and transverse position of each of the two quadrupoles in each periodic cell). Dynamical maps, computed for a set of lattice configurations, may be efficiently used to predict the dynamics in any lattice configuration. We interpolate the coefficients of the generating function for the given configuration, ensuring the symplecticity of the solution. An optimisation routine uses this tool to look for a lattice defined by four constraints on the time of flight at different beam energies. This provides a way to determine the tuning of the lattice required to produce a desired variation of time of flight with energy, which is one of the key characteristics for beam acceleration in EMMA. These tools are then benchmarked against data from the recent EMMA commissioning.

This thesis is mainly concerned with the study of hypersymplectic structures in gauge theory. These structures arise via applications of the hypersymplectic quotient construction to the action of the gauge group on certain spaces of connections and Higgs fields. Motivated by Kobayashi-Hitchin correspondences in the case of hyperkähler moduli spaces, we first study the relationship between hypersymplectic, complex and paracomplex quotients in the spirit of Kirwan's work relating Kähler quotients to GIT quotients. We then study dimensional reductions of the ASD equations on $mathbb R^{2,2}$. We discuss a version of twistor theory for hypersymplectic manifolds, which we use to put the ASD equations into Lax form. Next, we study Schmid's equations from the viewpoint of hypersymplectic quotients and examine the local product structure of the moduli space. Then we turn towards the integrability aspects of this system. We deduce various properties of the spectral curve associated to a solution and provide explicit solutions with cyclic symmetry. Hitchin's harmonic map equations are the split signature analogue of the self-duality equations on a Riemann surface, in which case it is known that there is a smooth hyperkähler moduli space. In the case at hand, we cannot expect to obtain a globally well-behaved moduli space. However, we are able to construct a smooth open set of solutions with small Higgs field, on which we then analyse the hypersymplectic geometry. In particular, we exhibit the local product structures and the family of complex structures. This is done by interpreting the equations as describing certain geodesics on the moduli space of unitary connections. Using this picture we relate the degeneracy locus to geodesics with conjugate endpoints. Finally, we present a split signature version of the ADHM construction for so-called split signature instantons on $S^2 imes S^2$, which can be given an interpretation as a hypersymplectic quotient.

In this thesis we present the deformation theory of Lie groupoid morphisms, Lie subgroupoids and symplectic groupoids. The corresponding deformation complexes governing such deformations are defined and used to investigate a Moser argument in each of these contexts. We also apply this theory to the case of Lie group morphisms and Lie subgroups, obtaining rigidity results of these structures. Moreover, in the case of symplectic groupoids, we define a map between the differentiable and deformation cohomology of the underlying groupoid, which is regarded as the global counterpart of a map $i$ defined by Crainic and Moerdijk (2004) which relates the (Poisson) cohomology of the Poisson structure on the base $M$ of the groupoid to the deformation cohomology of the Lie algebroid $T^{*}M$ associated to it. / Nesta tese apresentamos a teoria de deformação de morfismos de grupoides de Lie, subgrupoides de Lie e grupoides simpléticos, definimos os correspondentes complexos de deformação que controlam as deformações destas estruturas, e usamos estes complexos para desenvolver o argumento de Moser em cada um destes contextos. Também aplicamos esta teoria ao caso de morfismos de grupos de Lie e subgrupos de Lie obtendo resultados de rigidez de tais estruturas. Ademais, no caso de grupoides simpléticos, definimos uma função entre a cohomologia diferenciável e a cohomologia de deformação do grupoide, que é interpretada como o análogo global da aplicação $i$ definida por Crainic e Moerdijk (2004) que relaciona a cohomologia de Poisson da estrutura de Poisson induzida na base $M$ do grupoide com a cohomologia de deformação do algebroide de Lie $T^{*}M$ associado à estrutura de Poisson.

Bundles and morphisms between bundles are defined in the category of Fr¨olicher spaces (earlier known as the category of smooth spaces, see [2], [5], [9], [6] and [7]). We show that the sections of Fr¨olicher bundles are Fr¨olicher smooth maps and the fibers of Fr¨olicher bundles have a Fr¨olicher structure. We prove in detail that the tangent and cotangent bundles of a n-dimensional pseudomanifold are locally diffeomorphic to the even-dimensional Euclidian canonical F-space R2n. We define a bilinear form on a finite-dimensional pseudomanifold. We show that the symplectic structure on a cotangent bundle in the category of Fr¨olicher spaces exists and is (locally) obtained by the pullback of the canonical symplectic structure of R2n. We define the notion of symplectomorphism between two symplectic pseudomanifolds. We prove that two cotangent bundles of two diffeomorphic finite-dimensional pseudomanifolds are symplectomorphic in the category of Frölicher spaces.

Dans la première partie de cette thèse, on donne, sous certaines hypothèses, une minoration du nombre de points d’intersections d’une sous-variété Lagrangienne monotone L avec son image par une isotopie Hamiltonienne. Dans le cas où L est un espace K(pi, 1), et en particulier à courbure sectionnelle strictement négative, le minorant est 1 + beta1(L), où beta1 est le premier nombre de Betti à coefficients dans Z2. Une autre conséquence est la non-déplaçabilité d’un plongement Lagrangien monotone de RPn × K (où K est une sous-variété à courbure sectionnelle strictement négative telle que H1(K, Z) ≠ 0) dans certaines variétés symplectiques. Dans la seconde partie, on considère une sous-variété Lagrangienne monotone L non déplaçable. En utilisant l’homologie de Floer définie pour les Lagrangiennes qui sont C-1-proches de L, on obtient des informations sur son nombre de Maslov. De plus, si L peut être approchée par une suite de Lagrangiennes déplaçables, alors, sous certaines hypothèses topologiques sur L, l’énergie de déplacement des éléments de cette suite tend vers l’infini. / N the first part of the thesis, we give, under some hypotheses, a lower bound on the intersection number of a closed monotone Lagrangian submanifold L with its image by a generic Hamiltonianisotopy. For monotone Lagrangian submanifolds L which are K(pi, 1) and, in particular with negative sectional curvature, this bound is 1 + beta_1(L), where beta_1 is the first Betti number with coefficients in Z_2. Another consequence, is the non-displaceability of a monotone Lagrangian embedding of RPn x K (where K is a submanifold with negative sectional curvature such that H^1(K, Z) ≠ 0) in some symplectic manifolds. In the second part, given a closed monotone Lagrangian submanifold L, which is not displaceable, we use Floer homology defined on Lagrangians which are C^1 - close to L, to get information about it Maslov number. Besides, if L can be approached by a sequence of displaceable Lagrangians, then, under some topological assumptions on L, the displacement energy of the elements of this sequence converge to infinity.