Software engineers and researchers in the field are constantly developing new technologies to manage the complexity of current software systems. There is an increasing need for mechanisms that can deal with dynamics in the systems’ environment, goals, and requirements. Self-adaptive software systems are a solution to manage the complexity caused by dynamics or runtime variations. Software reuse is a classical solution to deal with complexity and increase the quality of a system in a systematic and efficient way. Despite the large amount of research on self-adaptation, no systematic study has been found, which surveys and reports the application of reuse methods and techniques for the development of self-adaptive software systems. A systematic analysis of reuse methods and techniques for the development of self-adaptive systems is interesting as it provides useful insights for researchers and practitioners in the self-adaptive area. This study systematically reviews relevant research work published between the years 2000 and 2020 at eight well-known venues on self-adaptation and software engineering. By following the systematic litera-ture review method, 97 studies were reviewed and 40 primary studies identi-fied for addressing the research questions. The main objectives of the review are 1) to collect and analyse the reuse-based methods studied and applied for the design and development of self-adaptive software systems, 2) analyse the challenges in the application of reuse-based methods for the development of self-adaptive software systems. The review shows that most of the analysed studies support reuse with component-based software engineering. The pri-mary studies propose different reuse-based methods to allow faster and sim-pler development of self-adaptive systems. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the reviewed studies report several challenges related to the configura-tion process, design, performance and uncertainty in the application of reuse methods for the development of self-adaptive systems.

The present study provides a systematic overview of the most important software requirement prioritization techniques. Software requirement prioritization is a process in software engineering that precludes the actual development of software application programs and deals with assigning priorities to single requirements to define the order of their implementation. The study aims to help researchers and practitioners in deciding about the right technique since each has its advantages and limitations. Compared to the existing reviews, the current one not only captures the most promising techniques but the more general trends behind them. The study utilizes the review protocol method that aims to answer four research questions about the most popular techniques, their taxonomy, their limitations, and involved processes. The empirical data was collected from six databases for scientific manuscripts and put under scrutiny to identify the most relevant and elaborated papers. The results from 53 selected manuscripts and 106 discovered techniques demonstrate that there is evidence of a gradual shift from purely manual elicitation methods to computed-assisted and/or algorithmic ones.

Web services discovery is the process of finding the right Web services that best match the end-users’ functional and non-functional requirements. Artificial intelligence, natural language processing, data mining, and text mining techniques have been applied by researchers in Web services discovery to facilitate the process of matchmaking. This thesis contributes to the area of Web services discovery and recommendation, adopting the Design Science Research Methodology to guide the development of useful knowledge, including design theory and artifacts. The lack of a comprehensive review of Web services discovery and recommendation in the literature motivated us to conduct a systematic literature review. Our main purpose in conducting the systematic literature review was to identify and systematically compare current clustering and association rules techniques for Web services discovery and recommendation by providing answers to various research questions, investigating the prior knowledge, and identifying gaps in the related literature. We then propose a conceptual model and a typology of Web services discovery systems. The conceptual model provides a high-level representation of Web services discovery systems, including their various elements, tasks, and relationships. The proposed typology of Web services discovery systems is composed of five groups of characteristics: storage and location characteristics, formalization characteristics, matchmaking characteristics, automation characteristics, and selection characteristics. We reference the typology to compare Web services discovery methods and architectures from the extant literature by linking them to the five proposed characteristics. We employ the proposed conceptual model with its specified characteristics to design and develop the multi-layer data mining architecture for Web services discovery using word embedding and clustering techniques. The proposed architecture consists of five layers: Web services description and data preprocessing; word embedding and representation; syntactic similarity; semantic similarity; and clustering. In the first layer, we identify the steps to parse and preprocess the Web services documents. Bag of Words with Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and three word-embedding models are employed for Web services representation in the second layer. Then in the third layer, four distance measures, including Cosine, Euclidean, Minkowski, and Word Mover, are studied to find the similarities between Web services documents. In layer four, WordNet and Normalized Google Distance are employed to represent and find the similarity between Web services documents. Finally, in the fifth layer, three clustering algorithms, including affinity propagation, K-means, and hierarchical agglomerative clustering, are investigated to cluster Web services based on the observed documents’ similarities. We demonstrate how each component of the five layers is employed in the process of Web services clustering using random-ly selected Web services documents. We conduct experimental analysis to cluster Web services using a collected dataset of Web services documents and evaluating their clustering performances. Using a ground truth for evaluation purposes, we observe that clusters built based on the word embedding models performed better compared to those built using the Bag of Words with Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency model. Among the three word embedding models, the pre-trained Word2Vec’s skip-gram model reported higher performance in clustering Web services. Among the three semantic similarity measures, path-based WordNet similarity reported higher clustering performance. By considering the different words representations models and syntactic and semantic similarity measures, the affinity propagation clustering technique performed better in discovering similarities among Web services.

A semi-systematic literature review of research carried out on the evolution of the concept of Euroscepticism since the term first was reportedly used in 1986 with special focus on articles published around the year before the 2019 European Parliament elections and to this date. The thesis was conducted with a particular interest in gathering more knowledge on using an evidence-based method in political science. The purpose was twofold, therefore: one to see how the concept itself has evolved in research, in terms of definition and salience as well as in terms of measuring and explanatory factors, and the other to see if the method used is appropriate to this purpose. From the data gathered, it can be said that the method is pertinent and relevant when assembling research from a widespread and multifaceted area in terms of geography and content, since it is meant to avoid the pitfalls of ‘picking and choosing’ data. The articles thus uncovered have shown that there is a red thread in research on Euroscepticism, that its context has changed and therefore its content, and that Euroscepticism 2020 is a salient issue.

The presented systematic literature review seeks answers to the question "Does weeping in adults increase the probability of prosocial behavior among observers?". Our methodology follows the PRISMA Statement recommendations. On the basis of predefined key words 2278 records have been identified in the Scopus and PsycINFO databases. Overlapping records have been removed and abstracts and whole texts have been screened to evaluate the fulfilment of the eligibility criteria and the relevance for the predefined question and this resulted in the inclusion of 8 articles representing 10 experiments into the final analysis. This thesis brings an overview of these studies and their conclusions and methodologies. It discusses the strengths and weaknesess of the various approaches. It turned out that the fact, whether participants are presented with a decontextualized stimulus material or whether they are at least slightly acquainted with the context, plays an important role in the research. If the context is included, it appears that the influence of tears on the willingness to help is not as strong as in the case of its absence. Furthermore, many other factors have been found to be relevant that affect this relationship. We also discuss the adequacy of the the concept "prosocial behaviour" as hypotheses...

The purpose of this research is to define which instruments with their characteristics exist to mitigate the communication issues in modern software development as well as the exact issues that emerge during software architecture design with their characteristics and validity. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is used as a major method of the research. Also, this thesis presents the vision of an ideal tool as well as an attempt to approbate the findings from the SLR in a small surrogate project of the ‘Battleship’ game while applying usual non-functional requirements from highly-collaborative industry projects. Additionally, we make the emphasis on simplicity and ease of use of the tools as well as the importance of the popularisation and promotion of both found and future tools to facilitate verification and adoption in the industry. The most popular Agile approaches (Scrum, Kanban, Extreme Programming, DevOps) do not specify, how these aspects of planning and documentation have to be managed and there are no existing additional widely-used and accepted tools for this purpose. In this work, a significant amount of attention is paid to the verification of the found tools in practice with feedback. For the tools which are not verified in practice, this work does a comparison against the vision of an ideal tool to understand. This helps to understand whether the given tool can be quickly adopted in practice, if further research is continued, or whether certain changes are required. Unfortunately, this work cannot present any existing tools which conform to our vision and are popularised, heavily verified in practice or relatively widely used in the industry. The closest solutions found were introduced in two industry papers concentrating on repurposing the existing Agile practices to mitigate the planning and documentation issues. During an SLR, a few tools were found, which we believe can be relatively easily taken to verification in practice or promoted to be used in industry on an everyday basis. However, we admit that further research of the found tools, which do not satisfy our requirements, can be used to reevaluate them in future to check for the desired properties again. Furthermore, we define a roadmap for future research for both the search for a tool and the development of a new instrument.

It has become possible to say that the metaverse is a great opportunity for investment and trade, as it provides massive financial returns. The metaverse is the next evolution in social connection and the successor to the mobile internet. Non-fungible tokens represent the ownership of unique items in the metaverse and allow the creator to tokenize things like art, real estate, and collectibles. Trading NFT in the metaverse faces challenges, including security, fraud, and scams. Those challenges have negatively affected the stability of this market. “How can NFT trading in metaverse be improved?” is the main question of this thesis to overcome the challenges. The author performed a systematic literature review to survey and explore the possibility of using technologies to reach the ideal use of NFT in the metaverse. The systematic literature review will guide the researcher to gain more information to evaluate it in the research area. Furthermore, Pointing and identifying the gaps and knowledge needed between the research elements. Three main challenges are presented (identity verification, fraud, and ownership) in areas in which technologies that can provide (flexibility, reliability, accuracy, and performance) can apply. Three dominant solutions, smart contracts, oracle nodes, and blockchain are the study and analysis results to realize the research question and identified problem. The elected technologies show an ability to address challenges in different ways and thus maintain the security and effectiveness of trading operations. Also, the result section mentions other solutions not counting on the dominant solutions. Open issues which provide a ground for future research with practical implementations are also discussed.

Background: Previous research shows that people with dementia seem to experience outdoor environments as positive for their mental wellbeing. There are instances where the availability of such environments is limited, due to the perception that it is unsafe. Aim: The aim was to describe the experiences of the outdoor environment in people with dementia. Method: A systematic literature review containing a descriptive synthesis by Evans was used to analyze and compile the data of 11 articles. Findings: The results of the descriptive synthesis formed two themes and two subthemes, the first was reawakening of latent abilities along with the subthemes reminiscing and affected autonomy. The second was support of human interactions along with the subtheme's social communion and experience of meaningful participation. The result shows a relationship between reminiscing, well-being and self-image while residing outdoors, and how the experience of the outdoor environments changes the self-image for people with dementia. Conclusions: Despite findings that suggest positive benefits in relation to visiting the outdoor environment, the lack of research makes the findings inconclusive. Therefore, more research is needed to confirm the positive influence the outdoor environment has on people with dementia.

Being green has never been as omnipresent as nowadays. Finite resources, growing population, natural resources degradation, and biodiversity loss to name some examples are reasons why major changes towards greener strategies in the economy are needed (Volery, 2015). Although research in the field of sustainable entrepreneurship has increased in the past two decades, no clear definition of ecopreneurship is existing yet. Many different terms are used to describe a similar concept (Gast, Gundolf, and Cesinger, 2017). It is self-explanatory that ecological sustainable entrepreneurship is a subfield of entrepreneurship, but the relation to social entrepreneurship gets blurry. With the help of a systematic literature review and interviews with experts, the question of how ecological sustainable entrepreneurship, which in the following is named ecopreneurship, can be defined as a subfield of entrepreneurship, is answered. The results of the literature review are analyzed with the focus on similarities and differences in definitions and put into context in a concept map to create a new and clearer definition of ecopreneurship. Furthermore interviews with experts in research and the industry are used to verify the newly formed definition and compare the findings in the literature with how researchers and practitioners see the field. Throughout the analysis, the question of how ecopreneurship differentiates from social entrepreneurship, is present. A detailed analysis of the relations between sustainability-related subforms of entrepreneurship brings better insights on how ecopreneurship is linked to social entrepreneurship. In summary defining ecopreneurship is di cult, because some characteristics can be interpreted in many dfferent ways depending on the perspective it is looked at. Findings in the literature are very much in line with how researchers and practitioners see and define the field. Nevertheless, different approaches towards ecopreneurship result in slightly different characteristics of ecopreneurship. This work provides future researchers with a clear defini- tion of what ecopreneurship is and how it is related to concepts like social entrepreneurship, sustainability entrepreneurship and traditional entrepreneurship.

It is crucial for schools and teachers to consider the cultural diversity and various backgroundsof students in education. This is essential to ensure an inclusive and fair learning environment.Students with different linguistic backgrounds may have varying needs in understanding andexpressing mathematical concepts. Teachers should be aware of these differences. The purpose of my study is to carefully examine and analyze existing research on mathematicslearning for multilingual students. By compiling results and conclusions from prior studies andresearch, I aim to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge in this crucial area.I have employed a systematic literature review as the methodology. The selection of studies wasbased on thorough searches across multiple databases. The chosen studies encompass acombination of qualitative and quantitative methods to achieve a broader and more diverseunderstanding of the subject. The study's findings indicate that multilingualism is seen both as a resource and sometimes as achallenge for students' learning. Interaction and communication are crucial in mathematicseducation regardless of linguistic background, necessitating an inclusive environment to supportstudents. The socio-cultural background is emphasized as vital to students' comprehension,requiring teachers to consider and adapt instruction to students' diverse cultural experiences.